Lillian Diana Gish jibbinaddo hitaande 1893 e lewru October ňialawma sapo e nay wonnoko Amerique najo, naalanke, garddido e bindannoddo e daandorde.
Gish wonnokko keptinna no fewwi e batte mogo guila hittande 1912 faade 1920 e jokkondirdde makko e gardiɗo mogo D.W. Griffith.
O waɗi golle keptinnaɗe e batte ndarirguel guilay fuɗɗaare hittanɗe 1950 ha fewdde 1980, e o uddi golle makko no hawre Bette Davis hittanɗe 1987 e mogo biyatedo The whales of August.
Dentee kewɗɗe gaɗɗiɗe e Gishes ђonno ko Dunkard dzaagorɗɗe.
Yummaббe udditino ndefiirgu mawђu noddirteɗo Candy, e rewббe ina mballannomo yeyde guffi makka e Candy fewwde laamбe бoybbe mawбe mogo kucondirɗo ɗon.
Lillian jom duuббi sapo e jeedidi ɗaninoma fewde Shawnee, Oklahom, taun miňum Alfred Grant Gish e debbo mum Maude kodno.
Bammako yalti aduna taun to Norman, Oklahoma hittande 1912 kono o ruttinoma taun to Ohio duubi gardiɗi ɗi.
No Lillian e Dorothy puɗɗi ferrtude nde бe kettoji to mogo to, ebbe ɗannotono moni fof bange mum e baɗɗe certtude.
Gish jokitti baɗɗe e dinђiral e hittande 1913, dogdu A Good Little Devil, jinne tokkoso mojo.
Badde makko e nder ɗenɗon sahaji бuбdi rokkinomo cehhe juutde bonde e pedelli kewwdi.
O subinoma cirђinade eko wawi ha heewi yaňudemo e nder mette e ɗe o wondunno laamɗo debbo.
O ardinomo miňiko debbo biyatedo Dorothy e mogo goto, gorko mako Remodeling (1920), nde D. W. Griffith ɉettuno dental mum e moftagol.
O ruttinino ...o namndi njobdi бurndi seborde e mbeltinirdi haa suddu ndu wawa ɉettude ђartamɗam ђam wawa beydude ňantagol mogo ji di- omo subottono бurbe wawde golle ɗe, bindannoddo e daandorde...
Kewde e duubi dejddi e rewbe ardibe e nder hen Gish e Pickford ђonno koy rento e surrare, kono futɗorde 1930 (caggal nde dille de nanondira e hadde Motion Pictire Production beyda dolle) de do pecce sikkano koko yawti.
“Louis Mayer yitno ko sujde hare (“”fiddemo e koydde mako””) faade renndinde mojere yimбe fewde GGish, kono Lilian yidaano sujde kambe ɗiɗdo e ňiffirgol danndorgal he, e ruttade gudo mako gadani o, mogo o.”
Noбe ђartanno mogo ji, Gish subanoma e Academy Award ђam бurgol mako tinnade hittande 1946 e Didoy nanђe.
Sikanno komo waawi gedde kewde fewde sujde e nder Gone witht he Wind “ Yadde e henddu ” hetude e Ellen O’Hara, yumum Scarlet (jaanodo Barbara O’Neil), taun to dzejowo hore mum Belle Waltling (jaanodo Ona Munson).
O jaltiino e Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna taun to ђurndam ndamбam hitaande 1965 Broadway musical Anya
O namdanoma e daandorɗe mogo kolitowo ɳuura Hollywood: Pidjiirlodzi mogo deedzɗo e Amerique (1980)
Omo dzoguino hoddere to Hollywood Walk of Fame e hittande 1720 Vine Street.
Taun to firfirre Cannes, Gish hebbino similadzi sappo yimmƃe ɳumminoma foƃandemo
"Feccere witeende “ Marry for Murder ” hollitanoma e ňande dzenayi lewru september 9, 1943."
O rokkanoma raajje Academy Honorary Awaed hittande 1971, e nde hittande 1984 o hebbino AFI bijateɗo Rajje gajnirdde ɳuura
Duɗɗal ƃurngal mawnude ɳal rokkino Gish rajje o teddinira rajje Cafrowo e cujowo nanlangakal ňalawma dewɗo hen o.
Caggal no Gaish yalti aduna 1993, duɗɗal ƃurngal mawnude suttino ngalu ɳam jadznude karallagal kolitowal hebde ko jedzudtaake taun to leydi Gish
Dzokkondirgolmako e D.W Griffithno ina ƃattino haa sikkita won ko ƃatti ɗon, ɗum ɗono meɗɗani ɗum dzabde kanko Gish, Kowaɗum ko hewƃƃe e nden fedde ina ɳandunno haysso sedda eƃe ndiejaano hen.
E kitaale 1920, Gish dzokodirino e Duell o wontti ko nande sedda e bonnedzi dzeƃirde no o sokhlimo e no sarri kalako wonno e hakunɗe maƃƃe
GeorgeJean Nathan weltinoma no fewwi nden Gish holitti ko laaƃƃi- yidde ƃerdemo e Eleonora Duse
Nden nde saha mette kawgel taun to Amerique juutino guila e fuɗɗorde hare sakkitinde haa nobe mema taun to Pearl Harbor, o naɳtinoma e nantinowo emo jukondorane laamu.
Joseph Frank Keaton (jibbinado ňande naji lewru October 1895 e sankki ňande go lewru february hiitande 1966) gandiraɗo tigui e inde Buster Keaton wonnoko Amerique nadzo, cujowo, gardiɗɗo dandorguel, pewnanoɗo, bindanoɗo daandorde e cippirtenoɗo
Golle mako ndartinoma no o dakondira kanko e Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer e o usorra foftere nalankagalmako
Kewde mogo dzi Keaton guila e kittale 1920 kiddima e ƃuurɗi ndaarede, enen mbawi limmde Sherlock Jr (1924), Garddiɗo (1926), e pilmannoɗɗo o (1928).
Bammako wiyetenoko Joseph Halie “Joe” Keaton,dzeynooɗo ɗaanogol e Harry Houdini noditeɗo o Mohawk taun to Inde e fedde saffara, tagnoɗɗo jyggol e dinguirral e connoɗo udditirɗɗe e nden bangue”
E ciimtol Keaton, o wonnokoy duuƃi dzeegom mako saha o nde mussiba o yetti nde, e Harry Houdini tottinomo nden inde waccore.
Nden ɗon mogo ƃurno tumnade ko e ndialnika.
Bahanel nguel o dzoguino o ňootano koy comci Keaton nde waluude dillere mum
Cagalmum, Buster wonno ko bawɗo hollitde ardiƃe ƃe o heƃƃno ňawande wala dzjiye kelde
Sahadzi kewɗi mi ɗo warano sowona mi ɗo wawno tertaade no ulundu ni
No njirrtimi ko ɗum saabino dental ɳal usude dialede, o fellitino haldde cupugel ƃurgel andede e ndoy sujaata.
saha fof e sartudzi tartogol kamniɳol e dinguire ndjimri e ginɳiirle djimmri taun to United kingdom, Keaton wonnoko hoddere ummotonde e mogo.
“E lewru February 1917, o fotte Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle taun e cuurel Talmadge e saare New York, to Arbuckle wonno e dakkondiral e Joseph M.Schenck.”
Buster meɗɗa waylade e mogo mum gaddiɗo o, The Butcher Boy “ Cukolel Kuttowel
Keater arti caggal ngam woyttade nde kokanko wonno dewɗo en gaediiɗo Arbuckle o e dennaɳal naalankoƃe saare nde.
ɗum tuumninoko mogo dewɗo lawol, The New Henrietta timtanoɗo saha gooto, iniiraɗo Lamb, e Douglas Fairbanks sujaano gardiiɗo
Kanko d o waɗɗino mogo dzi ɗiɗi fewde e ndialniika, e nder hen ko wiyaate One week (1920), The Playhouse (1921), Cops (1922), e The Electric House (1922).
“Gardiɗo ndialnikka Leo McCarey, e noditgol balɗe gzagol biifi e wadde mogo dze pinndirgol kelle, o wiino “ Enen fof enn ettinoma wudzudde e hakkunde men wiyatebbe naalankobe ndialnnika”.
E nder mogo pewɗoy e ndargol ndijam e lawol lano dzamɗe to Sherlock Jr, Keaton tudzino nde bempedze ummiɗe to towwi ndzippi e mako, kono o tinaanoɗo haa kittale hesso.
Neɗɗagu Keaton ummiko to hay goto anda, sabiɗum ko falentere wootere udittinde.
Sara umade e Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928), sujannobe mogo ƃurnoƃe tampiinde didi-juutgol e nder hen Our Hospitality (1923), The Navigator (1924), Sherlock Jr. (1924), Seven Chances (1925), The Cameraman (1928), e The General (1926).
Haysiko ene siketeno ko ɗumɗon woni golle Keaton ƃurɗɗe juuƃuude e geɗɗen makko, mogo o heƃƃi deftagol dziƃƃiɗe e onn saha
Carantuunoɗomo o, United Artists ‘ dental naalankoƃe reftinomo e ko hewi faade pewdzugol gardiɗo kalfiinaɗo ngalu e gzokondirino e gedde mogo dzi sedda.
Windunobbe ɗen hidzuu dzi ina pono huňaade ko fatte alkulle ɗemɳal ɳal e keeri e saha tokosso e caggal mum.
Gardinoɗo o wiyate ko Jules White, deftotonoɗo sawru fiyoru e dzalniika watno mogo dzi kewɗɗi nandudi e gandaado White biyateddo The three stooges shorts.
Caggalɗum, gardiɗɗo White’s siftinino jofgol, kareli bonɗɗi mbaɗɗino taun to Columbia seɗɗa e wonoko e ciftorɗɗe ƃurɗɗi lesɗikinnade e mo o waɗi
O waɗɗi no male batinndide to El Moderno Barba Azul 1946 taun to Mexico, mogo o wonno baɗe ηalu, e ina wawno wasde yiyede taun to United States haa de o wopita e VHS nde kitale 1980, ɓurɗo endirede Boom in the moon “dile mawde e nder lewru ”
E nder ceɗɗu mbelngu, Keaton e hooremum ardinoma koode Judy Garland e Van Johnson e diηiral gadiηal kamɓe ɗiɗɗo, no ɓe pergitte lawol ngol
Baɗɗe mawɗe seɗɗa to saare kawrital Los Angeles ngam hokude Keaton mogo mo jeyyi e sujde nde hittande 1950
Debbo Buster Keaton ganɗiraaɗo Eleanor yiyanoma kadi e mogo ʣi (ɓurɗo heptinede hen Juliet e fade Buster Romeo e maale mogoyel tokossel).
Saha ʣi Keaton yaltanno e daandorɗe nde kitalle 1950 faade 1960 wallino ɓamtugol ɓamtaare e mogo ʣi mako deʣɗi
Jontaado e duubi capanɗe ʣeɗiɗi mum, Keaton ɓamti baɗe mum ɓoyde, o natinino hen dartingol ηol o woɗɗirno kojngal gottal e dauw ʣoɗirgel, o fawi koyngal ηal sara mum e o ʣotori bongolo dauw hendu seeɗa hade mako diwde e leydi dingiram ηal.
“ Keaton heɓɓino diidi e Three Ages, Sherlock Jr, Steamboat Bill, Jr., ɗuɗal mangal (gonga mo arani), e tokkose “ The boat ” e “ My wife,s Relation ”, mo Keaton e Rohauter nden werla taun to Cellulose mo mogo acetate gummiɗo e bonaande daandorɗe moftiirɗe mogo”
E nder nʣeygol daandorɗe faade Simon Pure Beer fewnino hiitande 1962 onn Jim Mohr taun to Buffalo, New York, Keaton yehino ndillu e sedaji mogoʣi taun to mogoʣi deʣɗi e balde.
“Nden e december hitande 1958, Keaton wonno e hoddere heptiinande e nder pecce ɗe “ Avery Merry Christmas ” ɗo The Donna Reed diηingiral ABC.”
Hitande 1960, o ruttinimo to MGM nηam tawtorede saha battindiɗo, juanoɗo mbarodi ndarindi nden hitanɗe 1960 dakonɗirgol Mark Twain,s The adventures of Huckleberry Fin.
“O golodima e ʣalniiɗo Ernie Kovacs e gardiɗo dandorgal gottal bijateɗo ""Medcine Man”, potgol diηirle e nder sapo e ɗiɗi january 1962—ňalawma gadiɗo cankagol Kovacs e nder ʣangol laana tubako. """
O ɗaninoma e n fongo Canada e goɗo lana ndiroka, omo ɓornino cosane kufna mbaba tuggal e omo sujanno e modo ʣi baɗinone e ɗiin ɗon mogo ʣi e mo capanɗe ʣeeɗiɗi kitaale gadiɗe.
Ehen no hitande 1965, o ɗaninoma saare Italy ηam sujde e nder Due Marines e un General, omo rendano e ndargol Franco Franhi e Ciccio Ingrassia.
E nder pontagol mousngol woni The Frozen North (1922), ndialnika e tambogol William S. Hart’s Western e dental mogo ʣi, ɓurɗi andede (1916) e The Narrow Trail (1917).
Ndiluʣi e kitale e 1920 heptinna e ndialnika e miʣoli mogo ʣalniɗi e mettinoʣi
Tokoso o ina wonde e cikitali cujgol baaɗi gonnoɗo e deftugol batte ɓetgol
“Ciftingol: Source ʣummino e nodingol ciftingol Keaton e “ Great Stone face”
Keaton rewino o Dorothy Sebastian cujannoɗo puɗɗinoɗo e kittale 1920 e Kathleen Key e futɗorde 1930
O ɓocitttinoma wuute e no wonde jikku mo jangui sara Harry Houdini
O ňanguinoma ceeral hitande 1935 cagal o yitti Keaton no wonde Leah Clampitt Sewell, debbo jom ngallu Barton Sewell, e suddu yoɓatendu taun to Santa Barbara
O dartinoma ngam yarde duuɓi ʣoy
Dewgal ηal waɗɗi ha nde o sankki
Cutgol mako e curon safara e nder balɗe mako cakkitiɗe, Keaton wono ko mo foftotako e jaʣni suddu ndu hawo tampi, o yiɗino ruttade e cuɗɗi mako
Onn dandorgal mogo, mo idney Shelddon waɗi, gardinoɗo mogo o kadi, o woɗnoko ʣej nodo hore mako e ngura Keaton kono e hewwino jumde e dental rewɓe mako tato e gotngol neɗo gooto
O mo fellitno adude dental ngal hettade ngurndam e golle Keatam, ʣejanoɗo e nder ngotam kewndam e nder dandorɗe e pewnugol mogo ʣi, sujanoɓe, miʣotonoɓe, windatnoɓe, naalankoɓe, windatnoɓe, nanlankoɓe, e pewnatnoɓe, e nder hen yitnoɓe ko hawne Buster Keaton
“Hirschfeld winno koode mogo ʣi kessi ngono ɓurɗi musde e firtude, e o mogo deʣɗo e ʣalniɓe e ko nanɗi e Laurel e Hardy e Keaton “ looked their caicatures” o mo nandu no e male maɓe""."
“Film critic Rogr Ebert stated “ Mogo jurnidtodo Roger Ebert winno “ Deʣngol ɓurngol mawnude woni Buster Keaton wona tann eko o wadi kono e holko o watno hen.”
“Miʣotonoɗɗo Mel Brooks holinoma Buster Keaton nanduɗoy ňemtingol mawngol, o wino “ Min ʣeyi Buster eko mawni e fongo ʣe ɗiɗi: goto e wonde cerenam mawɗo e pewnugol mogog ʣi e to jam, e gotɗo o e wonde neɗo ʣom daraʣe baɗowo ɗe golle kawniɗe."
Cujoowo e dentinowo Johnny Knoxville wii Keaton ko ňemtinnteɗo ndo tawno omo ʣogi miʣoli feede fanɗaare Jackass.
Lewis wono ko nawaɗo no tawno de Eleanor winno gitte mako ina nande gitte Keaton ɗe.
Hitanɗe 1964, o winn naamɗatoɗo goto somo waɗa “ Nden cofdi mbabba tuggal, o fuɗinomo e Steton moʣo ɓawlinde bange o ina wonde e ndijam e suukara
Ndiaatikoyen ngonnoko Welsh
Lloyde fuɗɗinoma e golo ndir d e Roach mo uditno ligorgel mum ngel hitaande 1913.
Hitaande 1919, o woppi Lloyd yidde ʣokitde golemum e mogo ʣi.
Sarama wonde, kala nde o yeɓɓi Lloyd fof omo ɓeydo yidde ɗum
Harold Lloyd ndarino ummade taun e jimɓe mogo ndialnika e ňembuude neɗo fof e sutuura mum cuɗɗiɗo e jakkare
“ Ngam fewnuude cujowo kesso o otiri galla ɓorɗɗi kono o ɓorninoma comci pewwɗi, ko adi ɗum o ɓorninoma leɓɓi puntirgel e tekke ɗe peewani nanɗuɗe Chaplinesque “ Lonesome Luke”
“ ɓe balaaki te koɓɓe cuji ko no sikketeno ko gonga
ňande alet, nogass e najj 1919, nobe ngono e saaktude fotoʣe taun to Los Angeles cuurel Foto ʣe, o suutino ko o sikkuno ko fawde e ko fellatta e o huɓɓi ɗum e simme.
Lloyd wono ko e huɓɓude simme e nsze cuurkki pellugol ngol tane ɗum huɓɓi, nden o summi e jesso e becce kaddi o gaaňe gitte.
Lloyd e Roach nʣaadi hittande 1924, e Lloyd ʣzji no horre mum e cujgol mum mogo.
ɗiinɗon mogo ʣi fof ndewi no lawol no fewi e ndewanoma, e Lloyd wontinno cujowo ɓurɗɗo wawde jobbede e hitaande 1920
Ko wona ɗuum ko, ndargol mako cujowo e daandorɗe memotaako e Great Depression mogo e tawterede ɗen kitale 1930.
ňande nogass e tati march 1937, Lloyd jejino leydi cuurel mum, Harold Lloyd Picture Company, e nder suddu heffereɓe mo anabi Insa e caggal balɗe diine maɓɓe
O rutinoma ηir ndaarde ʣaltuugol taun to The Sin of Harold Diddlebocks, o woɗananoma tedduηal e tolno arsuke mako fewde lappol Lloyd, e gardogol Ppreston Sturges e ballal Howard Hughes
"Lloyd e STurges ndendano miʣoʣi e batte karal lagal e cikkuno saha fof e fotoʣe; Lloyd ʣejaano ko e nde Sturges heddi lebbi tati haa e najj e fewʣuude mogo gadiɗo e batuɗo tataɓo o, “"e ɗiɗɗo faade tato mo o windiɗi ɗum ko e biir wala ko seɓɓi ɗum""."
Wonn hen nʣiino The old comedyTheater pajdiɗum e fojre kossade e Lux of Radio Theater, e ɗɗum renɗinino seɗɗa e mogo ɓuurɗo andede e halankagal jontaaɓe e ňalawma renduude Allen, June Allyson, , June Allyson, Lucille Ball, Ralph Bellamy, Linda Darnell, Susan Hayward, Herbert Marshall, Dick Powell, Edward G. Robinson, Jane Wyman, e Alan Young
Cagal kittale kewɗe, pewnugol keɗorkon nogas e ʣenaj e ko hollita jijanoma e galle Lloyd, e o saha ebe kette kono kettorkon ɓoj kon kon e yillatoɓe.
O wono ko e mawƃe ardiƃe Al-Malaikah Shrine taun to Los Angeles, e o wono to sakitiɗo ko cumaɗo e ardiƃe taun to Shriners to rewwo America e kittale 1949-50
Lloyd suƃanoma kanko e Rank e Decoration mo Knight Commander mo suudu ňawatendu ndimaagu hittande 1955 e piilaɗoraaje Inspector Honorarary Capantate tati ƃo, hittande 1965.
Wjaoma eko adi, wonde Lloyd maa windu ciimtugol ngurndam mako fewde Simon e Schuster
O ƃurino anɗirede e foto ʣemakko ɗe o haltinnta terɗe makko, ina nande Bettie Page e gittannoɗo Dixie Evans, e defte worƃe heewƃe
“ Min meɗɗa fewde e maaƃe ngam sujde e piʣirlon peɗɗeli
“ ƃe ngarino sara mum, e ƃe ngaronna e lawol ngol fofo”
E fuɗorde kittale 1960, Lloyd fewnino mogo ʣi ɗiɗi e mo wonde diɳirle gummiɗe e ndialnika ƃoyka, aduna Harold Lloyd to batte ndialnika e The Funny Side of Life bange ƃurdo ʣalnade.
Saha ɳura wopino e dental mogo ʣi seɗa ha ko hewi eko dilani, e omo huutortono e ko Scharf naani e ko ʣootinaro e Lloyd.
Brownlow e Gill caaktugol e ko woni aduna holitanoma e ko ʣeja e mogo ʣi PBS e American Masters, e miʣino e ɳartam gondigal e liggej Lloyd to United States, kono mogo ʣi ɗi no ɳantu mawɗo.
“ƃe ndakondirino Gloria Freeman (1924-1986) e september hittande 1930, ko ƃe initno Marjorie Elizabeth Lloyd kono o ƃurno andirede ko “Peggy” e ɳuurndam mak fof.”
Davis sankino ko e ňaw ƃernde hittande 1969, kitalale ɗiɗe gadiɗe cankagol Lloyd.
Hittande 1925, e darnde gole mako, Lloyd naatino e Freemasonry taun to Alexander Hamilton Lodge No.
Hittande 1926, o wontino tolno capantati e ɗiɗi S cottish Rite Mason e Valley of Los Angeles, California.
Seɗɗa e miʣoli Lloyd e mogo ʣi mako deʣiɗi (e no ƃetta fodde milijoɳaaʣi ɗiɗi) bonino e August hittande 1943 no mogo mako diwi e cumu.
Cumu ɳu saaktinoma e nder galle o e Kumeʣe ketɗde ɗon ɗe
Lloyd weltinanoma e hittnde 1960 e ʣejedemo e dille foto ʣe kanko e hoddere to Hollyood Walk of the fame hittande 1503 taun to Vine Street
Daarol bantindigol ɳol wonnoko duttingol to Chaplin, mo e futɗorde yanino e McCarthyism e o daňino kajitmako fewde United States hajjta.
Gladys Marie Smith (ʣibinaɗo e ʣeetati lewru April hittande 1892, o sanki ňande nogass e ʣenaji lewru May 1979), gandanoɗo e karallagal nanduɗoji Mary Pickford, wonnoko kotɗo Amerique e Canada cujannoɗo mogo e bindannoɗo e golle tolniiɗe e duuƃi capanɗe ʣoji.
Bammako, bijatedo John Charles Smith wonoko ƃi English Methodist ɗaanijanke, golinomo ko hewwi e ko sertti.
ɳam weltinde koreʣi ʣom galemako, jumum Pickford inino ƃibemum nanduɗe Methodists ʣom peeʣe, diine bamako enn
Gladys, jummako e wondude miňiraakon mako ɗiɗon nʣillinoma United States e lawol ʣamɗe, cujinno ƃetgol tataƃol e dente mogo ʣi
Gladys wattindinoma ʣippade ɳam waludde mogo e laawol Broadway hittande 1907, The Warrens of Virgina
Caggal no o ʣokkiti moftugol dogdu nde e ʣillu mako e cujgol ngol cuggal ɗum, Pickford wonino mo gollaani
O faamino wonde cujgol mogo no ƃurno wawde wepde e no waɗirno e dingiral he onɗon ňalawma
No Pickford wiri e wunne mako e Biograph:I cujanoɗo e rewƃe jillatoƃe ƃe ƃe ina wonde rewƃe windooƃe ʣejaabe e lejaaƃe... O fellitono so o waawino nattde e fotoʣe kewɗe so ina wawi wonde, ma o ande no fewi, e ma ɗum wonano namɗal e golle ɗe.
E lewru January hittande 1910, Pickford e Biograph ɳondino taun to Los .
Cujannoƃe ƃe mbinna nokka e ňamale to duɗal Griffith to
Pickford umi noma Biograph e December hittande 1910.
O ruutinomo fewde e Broadway taun to Davis Belasco pewʣugol A good little Devil (1912)
Hittande 1913, o fellitino gollodade e onn mogo taan.
Pickford umminoma e diɳiral ɳal ɳam tawojde Zukor e nodirgel koode
Mogo ʣi ndialnika nanduɗi e Bishop Carriage e hittande (1913), Caprice (1913) e hono Heearts Adrift (1914), banoɗo ɗomo calotoɗo fade mogojoƃe
Tess mo lejddi Storm wopanoma biruʣi ʣauj e cagalmum.
Chaarlie Chalin gooto mo jawti seeɗa anangol Pickford hitaande 1916, gabitogol kawningol e calorɗe e hetatoƃe.
O wontiino ʣagaaraf mo dental Pickford mogo.
Eko saabi a bassgol cuukagu dewɳol lawol, omo weltano e watde ɗiinɗon fotoʣe
E August hitaande 1918, ko Pickford dako ndira noko gasino e ndo salino ʣokitde kanko e Zukor, o totaanoma capanɗe ʣoj uʣunere ngalu America ɳam ummade yaade nʣejgu foto ʣe jaadu
E nder nalankoƃe dental, Pickford ʣokitinno fewnude e sujde mogo ʣi mum, omo wawno kadi totudeƃe e ko o suƃino ko.
"Onn ɗon saha, o waɗino kadi Little Annie Rooney (1925), mogo gotɗo mo Pickford sujno e no woni cukolel, Sparrrows (1926), ɗum sabi tiinugol Dickensian e n wonde piigol German kaalowo e peʣe mum e My Best Girl (1927), ndialnika nʣotka ina wonde ʣiom Charles “"Buddy”" Rogers.”
O sujino mo andaaka e gondagol taun to Coquette (1929), e jewtere mako gadiɗo, e ƃuurɗomo andede engle hellano ko e bob hitande 1920
Arrnoƃe jebde ƃe nʣaabinoma mo e ƃurɗo e ko o fono sujde
Baɗaaɗoj sujoƃe Hollywood wonoƃe gargol sikkitade e halaluuʣi
O jani aala tret sujno e hittanɗe 1933 e dewgol e lupugol taati cerɗi e mogo makko batiindi ɗo o jaltinno wonde Secrets
Nde haare sakitinnde nde o jaňino coggu ʣejgol horemum Bonds, e wade mogo ʣi musɗi e ʣelagol haluʣi puɗiɗi taun to Washington D.C, taun to jiiye nʣejgu sara Charie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Theda Bara, e Marie Dressler.
E no haala e saare Chicago, o jejiino e fotde millionɳaʣi ʣojji e ɳaluu America e ko ʣiari ʣjije
E no nden haare sakitinnde nde, Pickford hebbino ʣabde Motion Relief Fund, ko fedde wallonde cujobbe wonƃe e sohla.
E ko wono hen, e hittande 1940, ɳalu hebano o waawino radude lejdi e maagol Motion Picture Country House e cafrorgel, to Woodland Hills, California
O namɗinoma (e o heƃƃino) ɗiin ɗon bawɗe hitaande 1916, e ndo wonno e ƃogol e Zukor, ƃuurɗo andede e cujgol Famous Plays (gontuɗi titɗi).
On Mary Pickford Corporation waɗoma sedda e fotoʣe taʣgol Pickford ko fewʣuuno e nden fedde.
Caktannoƃe (ʣejanoƃe e ndun suudu) nanondirino e pewnugol fedde nde e holittede e damal mogo ʣi ɗi
Wonino goto e caktugol fedde nde, hokkirde ʣeigol horemum e miʣatooƃe mogo ʣi e hettade e danndorde e louƃagol bassɳol suƃede e mogo ʣi mo dente ketdiɗɗe nʣej
Ender hen ko kanko e gotɗo fewnuno e o wonino hoodere mogo makko o, Pickford wontinno debbo ƃurɗo hewde dole e golli ɗo e Hollywood
Kanko e Chaplin ɳonino ʣokko ndir ƃe e dental ɳal ma won duuƃi sapoʣi
ňohanoma wonde o wontino reddu e ʣejde Moore nden futɗorde hitaanɗe 1910 e o daňino ƃelsude miɳel mako wala seertude e magel
ɳaal ɗon dewgal wuurdino cokki duuƃi kewɗi
E on saha, Pickford kaňumne tampino e raffi nden kitalle 1918 nden e pawle maaƃo.
ƃe ndiehino Europe e dambordu maɓe, weltaninoɓe maɓe ndialtino e keewal ɳam jiide o ɗon keptinnaɗo e dewle
Pickford ʣokinoma e raƃikinde e ko miiʣa kono ko debo cupittiɗo e kodigol
Ardiƃe leɗele e jimƃe teduƃe janoƃe jijoyde White House ɳam namɗaade so ƃe mbaawi jiide Pickfair, to huƃƃere maƃe heddi taun to Beverly Hills
Hoƃe hediƃeƃe e ʣejagol Geoge Benard ShawAlbert Einstein, Elinor Glyn, Helen Keller, H. G. Wells, Lord Mountbatten, Fritz Kreisler, Amelia Earhart, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Noël Coward, Max Reinhardt, Baron Nishi, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Austen Chamberlain, Sir Harry Lauder, e Meher Baba, e wotƃe
Wono ko wajlotako e pawgol America surgaʣi nelaaƃe ɳam wonnde ɗon aduna, piʣirɗi, taʣgol leɗe e badgol haala
ƃe ceertino ňane sapo January hittande 1936
O werlinomaƃe kure e batte katan maƃƃe, e nder Ronnie mbadi tokosiri e ňiʣe Roxanne oňiide
ƃe o ʣiidi juuma e baba, Lottie e Jack, kamƃe ɗiɗo fof haldoƃe e sangara hitaande 1936 reftude 1933
Pickford fottino e o wontino gotto, e siftinde ko hewi nder Pickfair e ʣabgol nʣilu e umade Lillian Gish, keyniko Douglas Fairbanks Jr e wone jimƃe
O jehino e ňawirgel e hitaande 1959, e ndargol e mo rendu no diɳiral dandorgel North Carolina WSJS-TV
“Charles “Buddy” Rogers no totanno saha fof hopƃƃe biʣirgol Pickfair, e nder ndargol ʣinejagal hirnange ʣarirgel Pickford e sodino fewde Douglas Fairbanks, e ƃetgol Pickford e nder suddu dessingol”
Omo ʣogino galle taun to Toronto,Ontario, Canada
Diidi ʣuɗe mako e diidi koyɗe mako kolitanoma e Gauman to Chinese Theatre to Hollywood, California
Theater Mary Pickford taun to James Madison Memorial Building e curel defte Congress e bijaatedo e tedduɳal mako
Dogdugol mogo gadiɗo to Cathedral City, California wijate mogo Mary Pickford, baɗanoɗo ňande nogas e ʣoji hitaande 2001
E nder maƃe ina woni garowo saha cimtol wutte o ƃornino e mogo Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) mo Michel Leisen watno e Oscar kesso mako, e moftirgel cuɗaari.
Galle ƃesɳu boonnaɗo e hitaande 1943, e brikaʣi kewɗi faade Pickford to California
Hitaande 1993, ko wijaate Golden Pal Star e Palm Springs Walks of stars mo o tedinira
Gila lewru January 2011 faade e July 2011, e Toronto International Film Festival wajiino denɗa ɳal dental Mary Pickford ciftortegel e Canadian Film Gallery e huƃere TIFF Bell LightBox.
Keene State College totanoma mo e wondude oɗo saha e to jejate ňamde e to Llibrary of Congress
Google Doodle ňande ʣeɗiɗi lewru April 2017 weltinnde Mary Pickforde temadere e nogas e ʣoji e ndo ʣibina
Gloria Josephine May Swanson (ňande nogass March e ʣeɗiɗi 1899- faade naji April 1983) wonnoko Amerique cujanooɗo, bananoɗo, e ʣejaanoɗo
Suka debo mako ʣannoɗo e Essanay Studio cujaanoɗo Francis X. Bushman tiindinoma to gogamum nawiɗum to datdu cujanoɗo mago e Chicago.
Diile onn mogo eko adde batgol e hittande 1929 The Trespasser, o heɓɓino fiilede Academic Award raaje ɓuurɗo towwde e ʣaɳde
Baamako wonnoko Swedish America naʣo e jummako kadi ʣejannoko Germany, Farajse e iwwdi Polish
E batte goɗɗe, o jillaanoma e ɓurtuɗo
Ko adi e ko halfina wonoko jaadu jawndu wondude cujannoɗo Gerda Homes, ʣobnoɗo mawɗo (ɗinnɗon ňalawmaaʣi Dollaaruʣi tati e fecere nogass e ʣoji
E hittande 1915, e wonino hodere kanko e goɗɗo taun to Goes fewde e College kanko e gannijiɗo resde demo o Wallace Beery
Vernon e Swanson ɗaňino anija danɗorgal mangal e Chemistry ɗum ɗonn hollitno andede e diɳiirle
Badger wonno ko haawede e Swanson mo namdinomamo e fewde gardiɗo, Jack Conway fewde e Decision mako e You can’t believe Everything e hittande 1918.
1920), Something to think about (1920), e The affairs of Anatol (1921) ndewihen kaddi.
He wontino hoodere e hiitande 1921 nde tawno ko omo hewii jaltude e The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, kono Swanson andinomo guila balɗe mako e ndo wono e ndarde wontude cujowo keɓoowo pecce seɗa, e o alano sikitaare e golle mako garojeʣe ɗe
Caktugol ina ʣaɓano eko adi e nder dente kewɗe e bate Napoleon.
O ɗo saha, Swanson siketeno ko hoodere ɓurnde ngalu e saha mum
Pewnugol ngol wono ko hulɓinika e Parker gonnoɗo ko firtani e ko hewwi e cujannoɓe ɓe ɳalaano peeʣe totirde eko jidno sujde.
ʣejaɓe hen ɓe cuutino tepe fewde e meti mumen e Will H.Hays, Chairman (gardiɗo) Motion Picture Producers e Distributors of America.
Hays hawanoma e tiindol ɳol, kono o daňino maale kesse kaaloʣe e batte gopitgol ko adi mogo o.
O suɓinoma e kanko e hore mako ma o tartu fotoʣe mako garaʣe e ardade ʣimmtagol e batte ɳaalu mako
Kennedy, cagal ɗum ɗon, wasinomo jo gollin Enrich von Stronheim e ardaade mogo decɗo goɗɗo, The swamp, cagal mum inirede laamɗo Kelly
Stroheim gollino lebbi kewwɗi e binɗugol potɳol wonde ɳol
Shooting waranooma e lewru January, e Stroheim barannoɗo caggal kassgol Swanson waɗanno e mako e suddu ɓurnodu mawnude e mogo mo o wijatno o
The Trespasser e hitaande 1929 wonnoko dille pewʣaɗe e rendintunoɓe Swanson e raaje Oscar mako ɗiaɓo
Aduna gadiɗiɗo o suɓano ko London, dille pewʣaaɗe gadiɗe mo fotno wade
Perfect Understandind, dille pewʣaaɗe e nʣalnika 1933, wono ko mogo tane e dnen ɗonn fedde
O futɗino jaltude e pewʣugol diɳirle e wontude hodere e The Gloria Swanson Hour e WPIX-TV ko hitaande 1948.
Habaru fim majum tokki labaru woɗo fim Norma Desmond (Swanson), ɗo yiɗi windowo fim mo do'e kuɗe Joe Gillis (William Holden).
"Norma fiji fijirde caca je gada be kungiya fijoɓe ɓeɓe andi be ""the Waxworks"".
Koyɗal Norma wartugo fijirde saɗan, bo de Gillis fondi accugo mo, o waɗi barazana barugo hore mako, amma sai o bari mo.
Pat be Swanson sali no ɓe wannamo gwoji je fim majum, o nani ɓelɗum oɗo waɗa cede o wala no waɗa ha na'ura laral nasara be ha do pellel fijirde.
Swanson daga ɓawo hosi shiri Crown Theater be Gloria Swanson, shiri na'ura laral nasara ɗum o fijata ha dow mai wakkati-wakkati.
"Kanko on ""Koɗo sirru"" ha What's My Line."
O vurti ha shiri man je 1966 je The Beverly Hillbillies, ha ɗum o fiji hore mako.
"Fijowo bo windowo Harold J. Kennedy, mo ekkiti kugal mai ha Yale bo be Orson Wells' pellel fijirde Mercury, hokki sawara Swanson waɗa yadu ƙauye be ƙauye fiji ""Reflected Glory"" , shiri jaleɗe ɗum ɓe waɗi ha Broadway be Tallulah Bankhead ha matsayi tauraro.
Ɓawo nasarako mako ha Sunset Boulevard, O vurti ha Broadway ha ummungel Twentieth Century be José Ferrer, bebo ha Nina be David Niven.
Fu be o Republican on o hokki sembe mako ha jahangal siyasa 1940 be 1944 je arɗiɗo Wendell Willkie be je siyasa tefal ardugol lesɗe 1964 je Barry Goldwater.
Ɓawo yarugo lekki o yarata je Beery hokki mo, ɗum ɓe tumata je zazzabi fajjira, o rufi redu mako bo o faɗɗi sende ɓe yarimo asibiti.
Ha 1923, o hosi ɓingel duɓi gotel Sonny Smith, mo o wanni inde fere kesum Joseph Patrick Swanson tokora baba mako.
O redi ɓingel be mako bako sendal mako Somborn cika, kuje dano waɗan tonon asiri ha der wuro bo wadda ta'a kugal fim mako.
Ɓawo lewru nai o ɗo waɗa jinya rufugo redu, ɓe lori United States be matsayi Sarakuna Europe.
O warti hautowo fijirde mo watta wakili Pathè (USA) Faransa.
"Swanson voli doh hala hore mako ha o wii o ""Yaro iyam hakkilo"", mo watta binchike ha dow no koɗume huwata, bo oɗo tokka no o wartirta binchike mako zahiri.
Ɓe fotti ha Parisa sa'e Swanson ɓe ɗo ɓorna mo be Coco Chanel je fijirde 1931 je fijirde Tonight ko Never.
Sobiraɓe mako, ɓe ɓurna fu yiɗa mo, holli oɗo waɗa kuskure.
Swanson be fudɗode tammi o sigan kugal vurtugo fijirde, amma ɓangal mai heɓi matsalaji be yarugo bal Davey daga artundere.
Kon ko mo hauti jungo windi (ghostwriter) je habaru Billie Holiday's Lady Sings je Blues, windowo Sugar Blues, be je 1975 dum buri sodugo je deftere jam ɓandu ɗum hanjonta ɓe ɗo fiya, be windowo be turanci deftere Georges Oshawa's You Are All Sanpaku.
Swanson be gorko mako fuɗɗi andugo John Lennon be Yoko Ono gam ɓe yiɗoɓe kugal Dufty.
Ɓe wuli mo bo toka mako ɓe iri ha Coci Episcopal je Heavenly Rest ha Fifth Avenue ha lesɗi New York, ɗum ɗerɓiraɓe seɗɗa tan yahi.
Ha 1974, Swanson ɗo ɗer ɓe heɓi chahu ha taro artundere je fijirde fim Telluride.
Gam iri semtende fijirɗe mako, fim ji Nielsen ɓe haɗi hollugo ha United States, bo kuɗe mako joɗi na komoi andi ha Amurka.
Saro Nielsen ummi sosai sa'e o ɗo mawna ha yake baba mako tefata kuɗe waɗugo.
Baba Nielsen's mayi sa'e o ɗo duɓi sappoi nai.
Ha 1901, mo duɓi nogas go'o Nielsen heɓi redu bo o da'nyi ɓingel debbo, Jesta.
Nielsen timmini makaranta ekkutungo fijirɗe ha 1902.
Nielsen ɗum fijirɗe mako wala salitina do holli ha no o habdi o holli rayuwa ɓingel debbo mo mayi der bone.
Nielsen be Gad ɓangi, se ɓe hauti fimji nai chaka maɓɓe.
Mi wari mi hefti wakkati hautugo fimji petel sali.
Lumo fim duniya on heɓini Union be fimji Nielsen ntati kala duɓi.
"Mi naftiri iri lawol mi heɓifu - bo mi hauti laɓe kesi - gam mi wanda fim ji Asta Nielsen ha laroɓe ha duniya fu.
Ha himɓe be waɗi inde ha lesɗi Rus wakkati 1911, Nielsen ɓe supti waɗo fim ɓingel debbo mo ba wala mako, ɓawo Linder bo yeso ɓingel Danish Valdemar Psilander.
Ha 1921, Nielsen, laawol kampani sendata fimji mako Asta Fims, vurti ha Svend Gade be Heinz Schall ɗum Hamlet hauri.
Gam majum, kuɗe andoɓe bana kuɗe basira fimji yardinga ɗum Filmarchiv Austria hauti ha 2010 volai hala fim majum.
O huwi ha fimji lesɗi Jamus har wakkati ɓe fuɗɗi fimji be volɗe.
Daga ɓawo, Nielsen waɗi kwaikwayo ha do pellel fijirde.
Heftugo ko tokkata ɓawo, Nielsen sali bo acci Jamus ha 1936.
Ɓe sendiri ha 1919 sa'e Nielsen ɓangi goɗɗo Sweden hautowo kumboowal diyam Freddy Windgårdh.
Be fuɗɗi bangal kotu ɗum juti masin daga 1923 ha yotti der 1930.
Fred Astaire (ɓe danyi Frederick Austerlitz; banjaru tumbindu 10, 1899 - banjaru sakitindu 22, 1987) womo'wo on ha Amurka, fijowo, yimo'wo, hautowo fim, bo hautowo shiri na'ura larugo nasara.
O waɗi shiriji gimi ɓuri sappo ja Broadway be West End gimiji, o waɗi fimji gimi, nai je nau'ra larugo nasara, be rekording ɗuɗɗum.
Dada Astaire ɓe danyi mo ha US amma saro mako himɓe gudun hijira Lutheran lesɗi Jamus daga furnange Prussia be Alsace.
Fritz ɗo tefa kugal ha hauto kare yare-yare kanjum waɗi o hoti Omaha, Nebraska, ha ɓe hosi mo kugal ha Kampani Storz Brewing.
"Johanna hauti ""hautal hore derɓiraɓe"" , dum lati ɗon masin ha vaudeville ha wakkati mai, gam ɓukkon mako."
Ɓe fuɗɗi ekkutuggo ha makaranta wawoɓe Alviene je Pellel fijirde be ekkutuggo al'ada.
Ɓe ekkitiniɓe womugo, volugo, be yimugo ha taskaram hautugo fijowo.
Ha wolde ɓe woli, bingel Astaire, Ava Astaire McKenzie, hakkili ɓurna fu ɓeɗo waɗa Fred waɗa funere juɗɗum heɓa o ɓura jutugo.
Gam dalila baba maɓɓe wawi lumo, Fred be Adele heɓi kwangila manga bo fiji ha Orpheum Circuit ha chaka hirnange, hirnange be jihaji fombina US.
Ha 1912, Fred warti mau'ɗo ha coci.
Daga vaudeville womowo Aurelio Coccia, ɓe ekkiti tango, waltz, be womo fere-fere dum waɗi inde gam Vernon be Irene Castle.
O fuɗɗi fottugo be George Gershwin, mo ha wakkati mai ɗo huwina Jerome H. Remick ha do gimi mako je kampani ha 1916.
"Nder kuɗe maɓɓe ha The Passing Show je 1918, Heywood Broun windi: ""Be kikkiɗe sa'e a tawan womoɓe masin, Fred Astaire vurti daban ... Kanko ɓe sobaju njonde mako, Adele Astaire, hauti waɗi fijirde dari ɓe irin womugo maɓɓe dum voɗi masin.
Amma ha wakkati ɗo, womugo Astaire fuɗɗi voɗugo ɓura je derɗiko mako debbo.
Womugo Astaire je tap ɓe hefti ɗo der ɗum ɓuri woɗugo.
Ɓawo ɓe maɓɓi Funny Face, Saro Astaire's yahi Hollywood gam gwaji wawugo shiri (jonta majji) ha Paramount Pictures, amma Paramount holli ɓe wawata fim.
Karshe hautal jungo maɓɓe nawi Astaire masin, amma waɗi mo o ɓendi tefugo ha pellel ji fere.
Ɓe hagi mo je balɗe ji seɗɗa ha MGM ha 1933 gam amfanu mako masin ha vurtugo Hollywood je fim gimol Dancing Lady.
"O windini mo wakiltamo", ""Mi damai waɗugo hoto fere be mako, amma hala 'hautugo hore', wala.
Hautal jungo, be taskaram kugal Astaire be Hermes Pan, valliti wadugo womugo mara amfanu ha fimji gimi Hollywood.
njaigo ha nder njaitati der shiri gimi Astaire-Rogers wala ɗum yotti ɗum waddugo cede ma RKO; fimji mai fu waddiniɓe mangu be inde ɗum kala sare fim fu yiɗi a wakkati mai.
Sai hokki laral bana nau'ra hosugo hoto mai ɗo dari hosa womorde mai ha wakkati gotel.
Kala womorde Astaire ɗo waɗa laroɓe tokka womorde mai fu ha wakkati gotel.
Kala basira Astaire waddi je ɗiɗabre hauti be no womorde mai va'e; o matsi kala gimol be womal handi tokka habaru fim mai.
"Gotel wartan shiri ɗum o watta kanko tan, ɗum o nyoni ""sock solo.""
Mi tammi Ginger Rogers on.
O vonnidum ɓurna fu.
Ha 1976, Volowo British Sir Michael Parkinson ami Astaire moi on o ɓuri yiɗugo womugo be mako ha Parkinson.
Pat be nasarako maɓɓe, Astaire sali o hauta jungo be komoi ha kuɗe mako.
Ha der wakkati ɗo fu, Astaire timmini hosugo be mahinmanci kuɗe ɓe hautata tsari shiri.
"Ɓe vurti ha Broadway Melody ha 1940, ha ɓe womi womorde juɗɗum je Cole Porter's ""Begin the Beguine.""
O fiji be Bing Crosby ha Holiday Inn (1942) daga bawo bo Blue Skies (1946).
"Firjirde film jee wari ragare ""Puttin' O the Ritz", yimre bee gamol kese ko ɓe woowi andugo be man on."
Fijirde film arannde, 'You'll Never Get Rich' nder hitaade (1941), ɓamti darja hoodere Hayworth.
"Ɗuum wanngi haa gimol ɗiɗo man waɗini Kern jee ""I'm Old Fashioned,"" ngol laati gimol kimmiɗiniigol haa wamre Ballet jee Jerome Robinson waɗini ngam teddinki Astaire haa galluure New York nder hitaade 1983."
Astaire hoosi fijirde film man kannnko feere maako boo o heɓi nasaraaku bee ceede deydey.
Fijirde film nanndi bee koyɗol 'Yolanda and The Thief' nder hitaade (1945) wanngini womude avant-garde gamarle ballet.
Koodey fu o wala feesaare, oɗo numa sanaa'a maako fuɗɗi warugo ragare haaɗi, Astaire hilni nanooɓe bee laarooɓe gimi bee gamarle maako de o yecci ɓe o siwtan o acca gollal o waɗata, o anndini banni on wakkati ɓe hoosata fijirde film 'Blue Sky' nder hitaade (1946).
Fijirle filmji ɗiɗi ɗee ummitini darja belal ii'am Astaire boo nder hitaade 1950 o nasti nder gimi ɗiɗi.
Yaake fijirde film 'Three Little Words' waɗi saman bee ɓamtaare haa luumo bee caka yimɓe, fijirde 'Let's Dance' wala saare nder maare sai rusɓaare bee asar ceede.
Ngam ɓe majjini ceede ɗuɗɗe haa taskitugo fijirde den, ɓaawo ɓe wurtini film man ɓe heɓai no haadi.
Den, debbo maako Phyllis nyawi, neeɓai o maayi ngam nyaw ladde jee bumsuɗe.
Fijirde film njalnaaalre jee 'Daddy Long Legs' habdi seɗɗa haa keɓal ceede bee saman haa luumo filmji.
Banni fu, gollal gimol Astaire jee sakiti ha kampani MGM, fijirde film 'Silk Stockings' nder hitaade (1957), ngol o wanngi nder maare bee Cyd Charisse, o waɗi asar ceede dow ɗoo fu.
"Taskaram arannde, nder hitaade 1958, jee 'An Evening with Fred Astaire', nyaami caahu teddinki jee Emmy Awards, hawti bee ""Ɓurduɗo nder goto mo waɗi fijirde caka fijooɓe fu"" bee ""Mo ɓuri waawuki fijirde nder taskaram gollal nder duuɓu wooru."
"Subtugo mo ɓe waɗi dasi waabootiral bee geddi caka yimɓe ngam yimɓe ɗuɗɓe yardaaki bee wamre maako ngan yaadai bee ""fijirde yembitol"" waɗi ɓe hokki mo caahu teddinki."
Ɓe gartiri footo vidiyo jee asliiɗum ɓe kooci, ɓe gayliti kowoni nder ton warti nder kuujeji resugo jee jamanu, den ɓe wo'itini babe ɓoggi vidiyooji ɗin wonni, ɓe naftiri bee hoosugo fijirde ɗee bee kemera wakkati ɓe hollata haa telejibin.
Astaire wanngi haa gollal fijirde gal wala wamugo nder filmji tati bee shiryaaji fijirle telebijin jee tokkidirta iga hitaade 1957 haa yehi hitaade 1969.
Mo Astaire wamata bee maako Petula Clerk, mo wurti dow kannko on ɓiyiiko maako debbo mo ɗuuɗi sekugo.
Astaire tokki waɗugo golle film haa ragare duuɓi 1970s.
Nder wurtannde ɗiɗabre, yaake o hewti duuɓi cappan'e juyi'e je'ego, o wami seɗɗa haa o hawti konngolji fijirle filmji bee Kelly, wamre maako jee ragare nder fijirde film gimi.
Nder hitaade 1978, o fijidi bee Halen Hayes nder fijirde telebijin jee welnini yimɓe ɓerde masin, inde fijirde yembitol man 'A Family Upside Down' ngol ɓe wanngi dow ɓe debbo on bee gorko nayiiɓe, ɓe nyaw dulli.
Astair ɗaɓɓiti ballo ko bo waliijo maako heɓana mo gollal o fijata nder fijirde film Galactica ngam taaniraaɓe maako yiɗi fijirde den, ɗo welni ɓerɗe ɓe hoosata teddeega fijirde den ɓe heti yebre woore ngam wanngina mo tan.
"Neeɓi ɓaawo hoosugo footo wamarde o waɗi kannko tan jee "I Want to Be a Dancin' Man ɓe timmini waɗugo de nder hitaade 1952 ngam nasta nder fijirde film The Belle of New York, ɓe ayyini dow Astaire waɗa kolte famɗa semmbe'en haa fahin kare bee limse ɓe naftiri ha ow dandal gal he'ai ɓe, kare ɗen ŋakki ɗoo saggiti sai nde ɓe lorti ɓe hoosi fijirde nokkuure de."
Footooji fijirle ɗiɗi ɗe ɗo nanndi cee, yahi haa leesugo sappol.
Wamre o waɗata wala nandu, kannko tan waawi nde, ɗoo waɗi yimɓe leydi Amerika jur yiɗi haala nder cuuɗi gamarle, haa ekkitini ɓe wamre American Smooth bee waɗugo dookaaji kesi, iga ɓaawo fijirle filmji mari gimi, fuɗɗi nafturgo bee ka'idaaji ɗi.
O andini gamarle Astaire ɗo yaada bee no fijirle filmji ɗi yaadata koo ɓe waɗi bee walliide hedi toy on sawtu warata walla wala waɗugo banni man.
"Sai ni, ɗoo ɓadi waɗugo keerol haa wakkere fijirle gemmbitali jee hiilaaji jee tokkodirta, walla ""gimol wala wamre""."
"Iga ɓaawo nder ngeedam maako, o tabbitini, ""Warti doole am sai ni mi waɗa ɗum bee hoore am.
"Boy nder gamarle ɓe waɗata koodey fu ɗo taari on bee ""daareeji,"" bana wamugo dow mahi ha lamarji ɓangle marɓe laamu jee fijirde Royal Wedding, koo boo goɗɗo wama ɗo tokka ɗowdi maako nder taskaram Swing Time."
Ɓe huudi dow gollal ekkito bee fiyoowo kuuje gimol pianor (ɓurna fuu Hal Borne on hawtata gimi ɗin) iga ɓaawo o anndina ɓe bayluɗe o waɗi haa gimi orchestra o hegiti.
Wakkati siryootira taskugo timmi, den on hoosugo fijirde film man fuɗɗi bee law, haa ko laari majjungo ceede.
"O yaawan law o yaha o laara yebre fijirde film maako jee bo'itinoowo huuwai dow maajum… Kodey fu oɗo laara wala ko o wawi."""
Michael Kidd, bee Astaire fijidi gollal nder hitaade 1953 nder film The Band Wagon, o fahmi dow kumpa bee jonngito woni nder ɓerde maako bee no o yiɗi wamarde den Astaire teddinai de banni.
"Laaru en laarta ɗo yeeso seɗɗa.' """
"Irving Berlin hoosi Astaire laata gorko gooto tan mo fassirta gimi maako-"""oɗo mari baawal bana Jolson, bee Crosby maa boo Sinatra, naa sai sawtu daade maako, sai ni ngam miilo jonkooɗe gimol o waɗata."
Wakkati ɓamtal darja maako, inde Astaire ɗo nder gimi Cole Porter winndata, bee gimi Lorenz Hart bee gimi Eric Maschwitz boo tokki ɗo lonngina winndoɓe gimi jamanu du.
Yaake hitaade 1952, Astaire tonngi mbeɗu o noddi The Astaire Story, o haɓɓi gimi gudaa nayi nder maaru o hawti bee mobgal yimooɓe jowo gal Oscar Peterson ardata.
Bogart fuɗɗi fijugo nder fijirle film Broadways, haa o fuɗɗi gollal fijirde nder fannu footoji dimbata o artiri bee fijirde Up the River nder hitaade (1930) jee tasha telebijin Fox o wurti dow kannko on balloowo fijooɓe mawɓe ko yahanta duuɓi sappo, wakkati feere oɗo wurta dow o nyidda gikkuujo on.
Bogart laati wiɗitoowo mo mari dimu hoore maako, bana Sam Spade (nder The Maltese Falcon) bee Phillip Marlowe (nder The Big Sleep jee hitaade 1946), ɗi laati misaaluuji filmji wiɗitol nder fijirle film hollata aybeeji.
Tippuɗum ɓaawo ɓe fuɗɗi hoosujo fijirde film haa nokkuuji, jee arannde ni kannjum on The Big Sleep (nder hitaade 1946, film ɗiɗaɓre ɓe gurtidi), o ɗaɓɓiti seerugo debbo maako tataɓo den o te'I Bacall.
O nyemmbiti yimɓe miilotooɓe sakliiɓe, o wurti dow o jagorɗo sooja'en ndiyam nder laanawal ndiyam yaake habre duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓre, nder fijirde Caine Mutiny (hitaade 1954), jee laati waddi keɓal ceede boy nde ɓe yaari luumo waɗi saman, ɗo waɗi ɓe suɓi o laata fijoowo mo ɓuri tiinaare.
"Inde ""Bogart"" iwii on asli ɗemngal Dutch on soomoore, ""Bogaert""."
Maud oɗo tokki ɗariikawol diina Masiihinkaaku jee Episcopal jee mari asli iga Ingila, boo o taaniraawo Mayflower Passenger John Howland.
"Clifford McCarthy winndi dow lisal Warner Bros. gal sakata habaruuji wayli ɗum yehi haa leuru Janyru nyalaade 23, hitaade 1900 ""ngam semmbiɗina bolle dow ɓinngel ɓe dayi ngel nyennde Kirisimeti waawan warta kalluɗo bana no o waɗi haa fijirde nyemmbital o waɗi haa telebijin""."
Lauren Bacall famtini nder deftere taariiha ngeedam maako o winndi, o wii ɓeɗo waɗa lamar ngumrikura Bogart kala nyalaade Kirisimeti fu, oɗo toola dow ɓe jammbi mo o heɓataa caahu kala duuɓu fu.
Maud mo waɗata sanaa'a diidol on mo heɓi elto gollal diidi nyeenyal haa galluure New York bee leydi Faransa, o janngidi bee James Abbott McNeill Whistler.
Oɗo heɓa ceede ko ɓuri Dollars Amerika $50,000 kala hitaade fu, wakkati hoodere maako jalbata- ceede on keeɗe yaake den, bo keɓal maako ɓuri ko gorko maako heɓata $20,000.
"O ɗo mari minnyiraaɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo: woodi Frances (""Pat"") bee Catherine Elizabeth (""Kay"")."
Muccaade dow gole, nder iyaalu men, lamar on.
O roni baawal sanyugo raagaji, o yiɗi gaawugo liɗɗi, haa fahin o yiɗi laanyugo koombowal, ɗo fooɗa hakkilo rewɓe mawɓe ɓe anndi baaba maako.
Bogart naasti janngirde Phillips Academy, de fukaraaɓe waalata nder maare, o naati nde ngam darja saaro maako.
Woodi dalilaaji ɗuɗɗi o waɗi jee haadi ɓe farta mo; ɓe riiwi mo, ɓaawo o yerɓi hooreejo janngirde den (maa boo mo hakkilinta bee babae fijirle) nder weedu mboju haa janngirde den.
O walliti haa o waɗi gollal rento babe woni ha kunduɗe ndiyam jee Coast Guard Temporary Reserve nder hitaade 1944, ɓeɗo ayna kunduɗe ndiyam taari jiha California nder laanawol ndiyam maako, gol o noddata Santana.
O nawni haa tondu maako, wakkati ɓe hippi ɓe, ɓe fiɗi laanawol gol haa gol sankiti.
Yaake o sanjata lanawol lesdi haa galluure Boston, fursunaajo Bogart haɓɓi bee anko tori mo o hokkamo taba.
Wakkati likitaajo hurgi Bogart, aarti waɗi ɓattare haa ɓanndu maako.
"O waawai o walli hoore maako, sai ni o toski o dulli ko o waɗata."""
Haali beeko darjata wayliti fuɗɗi luurugo bee iyaalu maako wakkati oɗo huuwa gollal sooja ndiyam, den on o fuɗɗi turtugo.
Bogart sembiɗini sooboraaku maako bee Bill Brady Jr. (mo baaba maako anndi yimɓe juur haa sanaa'a fijirle filmji), o heɓi gollal ha ofis William A. Brady innde kampani kesa man World Films.
O wurti nderfijirde arannde dow dandal ɓawo lebbi seɗɗa, o wanngi dow o boyiboyi Japanjo on haa fijirde Alice nder hitaade 1921, o fiji o wancoowo (o yiɗi bolliiɗe ɓe hokki mo nder fijirde den), banni wanngi haa luttuɗi fijirle o waɗi.
Fijirde lukkeeji dammbe fu hollaama dow kannjum on waɗi Bogart nawni haa hunnduko maako, jomi bee ko Louise Brooks anndini.
"Bogart yiɗa kuujeeji meere ɓerde maako yiɗi, gollal maako jee hollata oɗo ɗabii'aaji rewɓe, o ewni golle ɗe ""White Pants Willie""."
Wakkati Menken yewtata ɗerewol seerugo Bogart, o famtini dow Bogart ɓuri darjingo gollal maako dow te'eegal, o wii oɗo nyaama neɗɗaaku maako bo o faalata mo.
Haton on o fotti bee Spencer Tracy, mo huuwata haa kampani Broadway, Bogart yiɗi haala maako, banni ɓe warti soobiraaɓe haa ɓeɗo yara mbal haa nokkuure woore.
Tracy ɓuri keɓal, sai ni Bogart wurtata ha dow footo talla fijirde filmji.
Nayaɓel karnuwol iga ɓaawo, yimɓe ɗiɗo ɓen dawridi ɓe wada taska fijirde film 'The Desperate Hours'.
Bogart waɗi jahaale iga Hollywood o yehi New York, o lorti o waɗu yaadu hakkude galluuje ɗe, oɗo waɗa fijirle iga hitaade 1930 haa yehi hitaade 1935, o darni gollal maako hoosi wakkati juɗɗum.
"koo ngam Leslie Howard on fijoowo mawɗo nder fijirde den, Brooks Atkinson winndi nder jariida The New York Times dow fijirde den ""ɓii lekki peach… iidoore siikol fijirle mari fewe jee lesɗe Nasaara… Humphrey Bogart waɗi golle boɗɗe nder yaake o fijata fijirle filmji."""
Warner Bros. soodi hakke hoosugo fijirde den jee 'The Petrified Forest' nder hitaade 1935.
Howard mo mari maral hosugo fijirde den, o wanngini Warner Bros. dow o yiɗi Bogart laata nder fijirde film man.
Wakkati kamfani Warner Bros. haikiti laari Howard yerdata bee ko ga yiɗi, sai ga naftiri bee Bogart nder fijirde den.
"Bana no Variety andini, "ɓillaaji Bogart acci, walaa mo yiɗata ɗi""."
Woodi huude feere woni nder sawtu daade am, koo bo mawnitaare wanngi ha yeeso maako, ɗum huunde on ko mettini ɓerde komoy fu.
Feeti nasaraaji o heɓi, Warner Bros. wala haaje ɓamtuki darja Bogart.
Bogart naftiri bee duuɓi ɗi haa umminki bee ɓamtugo darja maako: nawnaaɗo, munnyiiɗo, tuumoowo, boɗɗo, o wala bawɗe e semmbe wakkati fere, gewɗo mo jalata hoore maako bee maandol dookaaji gollal.
Haa'inaare maako bee Warner Bros. dow kuuɗe bee ceede ɗo naandi ko suudu golle fijirle hokkata nden woodi fijooɓe koode maɓɓe ɗelkata bana Bette Davis bee James Cagney.
Gollal mawnde o waɗini kannjum on nder fijirde ngemmbital 'Dead End' (der hitaade 1937, o hokka dow gu'aari faago Samuel Goldwyn), o wurti nder fijirlde den dow kalluɗo nyidda ngikku ɓaawo Baby Face Nelson.
"Nder fijirde 'Black Legion' nder hitaade (1937), fijirde Graham Greene tindini nde ""de ɗo mari yoyude bee jartinde, to ni yeccan ngooga"", o yemmbiti neɗɗo ngooga mo nannga nder toskaare kawtal wayɓe lenyi sii."
"Dullere manni ɓeɗo njara jee am mindo miɗo waɗa fijirde nde torri am.""
Nyalaade 21 lewru je'etatabru, hitaade 1938, Bogart naati mbanngal tatabre gal yarni mo bone bee fijoowo film Mayo Methot, debbo feertuɗo, ɗiftere, sai ni toh o wuyki on o waylata o warta oɗo haɓa bee nyanngere bee fitina.
O njamdi yiite nder saare maako, o burɓude mo bee laɓi, den o ta'I mo haa daade junngo nde juur.
"Fodde soobaajo maɓɓe, Julius Epstein, ""teegal Bogart bee Methot waɗaa on hidde konu caka ɓiɓɓe leydi basasa""."
Haali Methot ɗo ɓesda wonnugo, sai ni, bee Bogart o accai yarugo mbal.
Toh o numi fijoowo, koo umroowo walla suudu gollal fijirle warti walaa saman, o yecci banni nder yimɓe, dow haala kaa.
Paul Muni, bee Goeorge Raft, bee Cagney, ena Robinson ɓe Sali ɓe Sali ɓe ngurta ɓe fija gollal mangal, ɗoo hokki Bogart laawol fija gollal mannga nder fijirde ngemmbital man.
O huudi masin bee Ida Lupina, ɗoo ummini kaajal nder mberde Mayo Methot.
O wawan o wadda boliiɗe, Plato, bee Pope, bee Ralph Waldo Emerson be boliiɗe Shakespeare ko ɓuri dubuure, haa fahin o waawan o jannga defte dookaaji jami'are Harvard.
Bana no deftere Dashiell Hammett anndini, ɓe fuɗɗi waɗugo hesre e hesre on haa nder mujalla 'Black Mask' nder hitaade 1929, then warti tiiginoore fijirle filmji ɗiɗi; jee ɗiɗabre man on 'Satan Met a Lady' Seɗaanu yiidi bee debbo, nder hitaade (1936), Bette Davis ɗer maare.
Huston yerdake Bogart fija o luuta Sam Spade.
Michael Curtiz on, hokki umroore nder fijirde film man, Hal Wallis bo taski, Berman, bee Claude, bee Paul Henrid, bee Conrad Veidt, bee Peter Lorre ena Dooley Wilson, pat fiji nder film man.
Ɓee andini dow Bogart on, hokki sawara dow Rick Blaine yemba fijowo Chess, ngam laata aykondirol caka soobiraaɓe bee wannyi mo ena ɓe o hawti hoore bee maɓɓe.
Bogart suɓaama dow o laata fijoowo film mo ɓuri maskam, ha o fiji gollal manngol, sai ni o heɓai nasaraaku Paul Lukas jaali, ngam gollal o waɗi haa nder fijirde film jee 'Watch on the Rhine'.
Bogart yehi kawtal 'United Service Organisation and War Bond' o waɗi jahaale ɗen bee Methot nder Hitaade 1943 bee 1944, ɓee yaaɗu somiide ɓee taari haa leydi Italy bee Waila naahiya Afirka (hawtaade bee Casablanca).
"Yaake o fuɗɗi fottugo bee, Bacall oɗo mari duuɓi 19 haa duuniyaaru Bogart bo ɗo mari duuɓi 44; o soomiri mo ""Baby."""
" En nanan welwelo masin hakkude men""."
Deftere 'By Myself and Then Some', kampani tappata defte ga HarperCollins, haa galluure New York, tappi de, nder hitaade 2005.
O hoositire kan ko on hisnoowo bo ne'oowo Bacall, haa fahin Bogart hoosai ko o dolɗini hoore maako bee wannyo.
"Boo, oɗo mari maatude lejja bee daande maako ɗo leesi bee yawaare."""
Boliiɗe, sakko ma haa ɓedaari babe jee Hawks waɗi, ɗo heewi bee ɓaararaaji koowgal, gollal Bogart wurti wooɗi, o wurti dow kannko woni wiɗitowo Philip Marlowe, dimo on ha gollal ngal.
Ɓanngal gal laati gal heewi bee neema bee seyo, sai ni woodi ɓilla gam luural bee ferotiral woni hakkude maɓɓe.
"Bindoowo deftere nguurdam Bogart, Stefan Kanfer andini dow, ko fe'I ni ""golle kuuɗe fijirle film jee tokkotira bee bandum, nder film ayibeebi ngikkuji bo walaa feerotiral hakkude maaji""."
Soide timmol fijirde film wala seyo walla yiɗannde, ɗo hositira huunde on marde barraaki, nder gollal.
"James Agee winndi dow, ""Bogart habdi masin ha ngikku maako nder fijirde film man … o tiiɗi o waɗi gollal bonngol ɓuri ko o waɗi ha ɓaawo."""
Bogart wanngi nder fijirle filmji o waɗi jee ragareji ha kampani Warners, 'Chain Lightning' nder hitaade (1950) bee 'The Enforcer' der hitaade (1951).
Santana fuu waɗi filmji ɗiɗi jee Bogart wala nder: kannji on 'And Baby Makes Three' nder hitaade (1949) bee 'tHe Family Secret' nder hitaade (1951).
Yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɓe winndi taariiha Bogart, bee binnowo taariiha fijoowo film Louise Brooks, maati nder ɓerde maako dow gollal ɓadiigal bee hakiika Bogart.
Fijirle ngembitaali njalnere bana nder filmji 'The Maltese Falcon', bee 'Beat the Devil' filmji ragare on jee Bogart waɗi bee John Huston.
Huston yiɗi yaadu, bee soobiraaku juude (bee nasaraaku) hakkude maako bee Bogart, o heɓi laawol o huuda bee Hepburn, fijoowo man yerdi bee sawari maako dow o acca gollal fijugo haa Hollywood, o tokka mo ɓe yaha babal mari bone nder leydi Congo, woni les ardugal Belgium.
Bacall waɗi ko ɓuri lebbi nayi haton, o dilli o acci ɓinngel maɓɓe pamarel haa galluure Los Angeles.
"O sokiti bentee nder am haa babal ɓuri nyiɓre Africa der Afrika."""
Hepburn (o acci yarugo mbal) nastini mo nder ɓillaji ɗuɗɗi, teddeefi maako usti den nyaw wallini mo.
Koo ngam nawral o nani wakkati o diwi iga laanawal ndiyam o yollkiti nder yayre, maayo bee dallol, fijirde film The African Queen walaa seko jammni yiiɗe laanaaji ndiyam nder ɓerde Bogart; yaake o hooti California, o soodi laana ɓe waɗi le'e ɗaaleehi jee Hacker-Craft oɗo naftira haa wakkati o maayi.
"Wakkati Bogart heɓi nyaami, koo ngam, o wii: ""Laawol njudngol on yahugo leydi Congo woni les laamu Belgium, nam o waɗa fijirde ngemmbitaali dow dandal suudu moftirde mawndu."
Bana no woni nder fijirde tennis, a yiɗan ganyo goniijo ngam ɗoo on wannginta baawal ma.
o koo ngam neeɓi oɗo wonndi bee ɓilla mawnde nder maako, ngam ko o waɗi, o fiji fijirde ko ɓuri wooɗugo; ɓe supti mo nder ɓe tammi heɓugo caahu teddinki jee Oscar, boo mujalla Time jee leuru je'egooru, nyalaade 7, nder hitaade 1954, wani footo bee habaru maako fow paɓaawal mujalla gan.
Goɗɗo on mo hokkata umrire ha fijirde film, mo mi yiɗaa haala maako, mi yiɗaa en huudootira… paataaku bee bilkiire on wanngi.
"Koo ngam woodi soide narral bee tikkere, fijirde film man heɓi nasaraaku; bana no jariida The New York Times famtini, Bogart o ""goniijo on mo mari baawal.. Baawal o naftiri ngol haa fijoowo nayeejo waawi wayluto o nyembita golle juur ɗo ɓesda darja bee seyooji fijirde de waɗinta yimɓe""."
O wannginai fertaare faago Ava Gardner mo ardi caka rewɓe ha fijirde nden; yaake Frank Sinatra soobaajo maako nder kawtal Rat Pack seeri Ava, Bogart suni bee fa'aare o wanngini.
Yaake ɗum wanngini Bacall dow gorko maako ɗo muunya Ava, o fuɗɗi majjiungo ceede gorko maako kuujeeji caɗɗi; ɓe waɗi yaadu ɓe tato, ɓaawo piɗirle fijirde film.
O wanngi nder taskaram fijirde 'The Jack Benny Show', laati nanngirgal footo 'kinescope' gal woosi fijirde njalnaare telebijon o waɗi, nder (nyalaade 25, leuru Sappooru, hitaade 1953).
Stephen waarti bindowo bo binndowo taariiha ngeedam neɗɗo haa fahin o weerni yimɓe haa taskaram telebijon jee takanas dow baaba maako nder fijirde film kamfani Turner Classic Movies.
Wakkati pinal Santana, Bogart tiggi kampani maako kesa bo oɗo mari niyyaji dow fijirde film maako (Melville Goodwin, U.S.A) o wurtan dow kannko on jeneral sooja den Bacall bo wurtan dow o jariidaajo mawɗo.
O wolwai dow haala njamu maako, o yilli dokto nder leuru go'ooru, hitaade 1956 ɓaawo Bacall belaadeeji waɗinta mo.
Ɓe loorti ɓe seeki mo nder leuru sappo'e go'ooru, hitaade 1956, wakkati nyaw ladde jokki ɓanndu maako fu.
"Ɗo winndi dow, ""To a yiɗi kooɗumee fu, a luu'a tan.""
Nde o janngidi bee Stella Adler nder hitaade 1940, ɓe anndini dow kannko on mo arti waddugo Stanislavski nder haraka fijirle filmji bee anndal maaji, wuurti iga Stanislaski, haa haaɗi ha yiidaaji'en hiitotoonde.
O hokki umroore bo o wanngi nder fijirde film jee boori siiri nder lesɗe Nasaara, inde film man 'One-Eyed Jacks', o heɓai coggu, film man waɗai saman, iga ɓaawo o nasti nder rusɓaare bee asarji fijirle filmji o waɗi, arti iga film 'Mutiny on the Bounty' nder hitaade (1962).
O Sali jaɓugo caahu teddinki ɓe famtini dow ɓe hokkan mo, o tuumi fiiji filmji Hollywood, ɗo wanngina yimɓe asli Amerika dow ɓe kalluɓe bo Hollywood ɗo nyaama neɗɗaaku maɓɓe.
Fodde no deftere kuujeeji kayeefi jee duuniyaaru famtini, de anndini dow ɓe yoɓi Brando ceede Dollars Amerika million $3.7 (haa fahin o heɓi miliyonre woore jee ceede Amerika $) den hesre 11.75% nder temerre, riba golle o waɗi jee balɗe 13 nder fijirde film 'Superman'.
Maamiraaɓe maako ɓurna maɓɓe Jaaman'en on bee Dtch'en bee Ingila'en ena Irishko'en.
Brando ummi on dow ɗatal diina kimiyya Kiristaaku.
Sai ni, o ɗuuɗi wuykugo, ɓurna wakkati fu, sai toh ngoriiko wartiri saare iga babe njarol mbal nder galluure Chicago.
"Brando saawi mone nder ɓerde maako, o wannyi Baaba maako, o yecci dow " o tokora maako, ammaa wala ko o waɗi jee meeɗi welnugo ɓernde maako.
Wakkati hitaade 1930, saaro Brando eggi hooti wuro Evanston, nder jiha Illinois, yaake gollal Baaba maako yari mo Chicasgo, sai ni ɓe senndiri nder hitaade 1935, wakkati man o hewti duuɓi sappo'e go'o haa duuniyaaru.
'Soomoore, ɓe noɗɗata Brando wakkati o pamaro ni kannjum on "Bud", ɗoo yembi sukaaku maako."
Nder hitaade 2007 kampani waɗata fijirle filmji TCM, taski fijirde film jee yeembi ngeedam bee taariiha Brando: nder tasakaram man, soobaajo maako iga wakkati ɓe famarɓe George Englund anndini dow arande nyemmbitol Brando waɗi ni, kannjum on yembitugo na'i bee pucci haa ngesa saaro maako, laawol o tokki ngam hoosa hakkilo Daada maako iga yarugo mbal.
Derɗiraawo maako moo ɓe ewnata Frances acci ngangirde nder California o fuɗɗi janngugo anndl nyeenyal nder galluure New York.
Brando heɓi jahalgal yeeso ha fiiji fijirle filmji bee jahal yeeso haa njangirde.
Yebre jannginta mo dawri dow fartugo mo iga janngirde den, koo ngam o heɓi baawal ɓaawo fukaraaɓe, ɓe laari dow fartugo mo hunnde de nyaaɗi masin.
"Nder hitaade 1988 woodi fijirde film, Marlon Brando: jee 'The Wild One', Jocelyn derɗiraawo maako siftiri dow, ""Wakkati o fukaraajo pamaro o yiɗi haala fijirle ngembitaali… Ɗoo waɗi o hoosi anniya yahugo galluure New York ngam o jannga fannu fijirle ɗe, ngam kannjum on tan ko ɓerde maako yiɗi."
Woodi nde o jooɗidi bee Roy Somlyo, mo iga ɓaawo heɓi caahuuji teddinki jee Emmy ha nde nayi, haa yaake taskugo fijirle dow dandal.
Kayniiɗum fahmu Brando bee hikma maako haa yebre ngembitol hakiikaajum, wanngi iga wakkati o fuɗɗi sana'a ka.
Fodde no Dustin Hoffman andini nder janngirde o dogginta dow intanet, o wii Brando yaake fere oɗo wolwa bee ɓe jogata maashinji nangol footo 'camera' bee luttuɓe ɓe o huudata dow siwtaare ragare asaweere, koo mo hokkata umroore noddan ɓe, ɓe gollal.
Ngikku maako waɗi ɓe faarti haa fannu kuuɗe fijirle 'New School's production nder Sayville, sai ni waɗooɓe fijirle ɗe famarɓe ɓe kooci mo, oɗo fijina ɓe.
Cornell waati mo nder fijirde o wuurti dow o maasinja haa nder fijirde film Jean Anoilh Antigone haa nder hitaade den.
Bankhead Sali o wuurta dow kannko on Blanche Dubois nder film 'A Streetcar Named Desire', ngol Williams winndini mo, ha yaadu fijirde den iga hitaade 1946 yehi haa hitaade 1947.
"Wilson munnyi ngikkuuji Brando, sai ni ɗum haaɗi mo wakkati Brando ɗo murga yaake ekkitol fijirde film tippugel hiddeko nyalde 28 leuru sappo'e go'oru, hitaade 1946, optirde."""
"Huude kaayeeyi on""" gooto nder fijooɓe ɓen numti."""
Sai ni, wolwooɓe munnyinai ɓe koo seɗɗa.
"O heɓi manoore iga jahaale maako ɓaawooji, sai ni soobiraaɓe maako haa gollal annidini dow ɗo wanngini baawal maako o holli iga ɓaawo."""
Brando wanngini soyde yiɗaade waɗugo fijirle, walaa ma bana wakkati o wanngini ngikkuuji kilniiɗi haa dandal ɓe fijata.
Ɓaawo asaweeje ɗuɗɗe ɓeɗo dow laawol, ɓe yotti Boston, deydey wakkati Bankhead taski dow o fartan mo.
"Pierpoint winndi dow John Garfield on aran mo waɗata fijata darnde maako, sai ni ""o ɗaɓɓiti ko ɓe waawata ɓe hokkkugo mo."""
"Ɗum fiji ngikkuuji Stanley ɗum laati ɗo mari ngikkuuji kalluɗi bee derkaaku tonnyande naa nayeejo kalluɗo… Darja kesa wanngi iga binndi ngeedam Brando ngol ɓuri defte mi meeɗi janngugo fu."""
"O wii, ""ɓe itti labule haa dow dandal fijirde oo ɗo on na goɗɗo mi laari haa suudu yimɓe yirlata ɓandu maɓɓe, wakkati o fijata bee am."""
Fijirde film aran jee Brando waɗini dow o nayeejo on mo ii'al ɓaawo maako yewi nder film 'The Men' nder hitaade (1950).
Nder ko Brando anndini, laatan ngam fijirde film o ɗi ɗon on waɗi darja maako jee naatugo kuugal sooja sanji iga 4-F yehi haa 1-A. Ɓe seeki hofru maako, ɗoo hokkai hujjaaji caatuɗi ɗi haɗata mo o naata kuugal soja.
Fotti deydey, likitaajo on anndi likitaajo fere soobaajo Brando.
Gollal Brando waɗi yimɓe ɗo hoosa gal on fijirde mawnde Brando waɗi iga wakkati o fuɗɗi kuugal gal.
Elia Kazan on hokki umroore nder film man, Anthony Quinn fu wanngi nder fijirde film man.
Wakkati en woni haa babal hoosugo fijirde film min bee maako, mi anndi o yiɗaa haala man o wannyi am, bo toh mi tori mo en yaha en jara mbal ɓaawo kuuɗe, o jaɓata.
Ɓaawo o heɓi ko o yiɗi, Kazan meeɗai yecca Quinn dow o fewani mo.
Gielgud seyi belɗum o hokki Brando kuugal manngal haa dandal fijirle Hammersmith, sai ni o Sali jaɓugo kuugal gal.
Ɗum warti bana maɓɓutugo dammugal ɓolwinirde-guleeda man dakki haa dow teme.
"Bana no woni fu, Brando ɗo suni mone ko jagorɗo maako waɗi, sai ni o huudi bee maako fahin ha nder fijirde film 'On The Waterfont."""
Nasaraaku nastino ɓe kare haajeeji ɗo mari miilooji ɗi feerotiri, pe'iiɗum ni woodi mooɓre layooɓe maashin-keke ɓe hippi galluure pamarel.
Nde ɓe fuɗɗi hokkugo mo gollal o fijata, Brando-haa wakkati den seedaaku Kazan haa HUAC waɗi ɗo naawa mo, o tikki fijugo yebre o acci manni jee Terry Malloy, Frank Sinatra on fiji.
Brando nyaami caahu teddinki Oscar dow yebre o yemmbiti dow o goɗɗo Irish jooɗiiɗo Amerika huuwoowo haa hunnduko maayo bee Terry Malloy nder fijirde film 'On the Waterfront'.
"Nder annditinamwol gol o winndi nder jariida 'The New York Times, jee nyalde 29, leuru je'e ɗiɗabru hitaade 1954, A.H Weiler mani film man, o noddi fijirde den "semmbe ko andaaka, bee jartinde, bee maskam haa ɓe woni goni'en kuugal fijirde film.
O fiji dow kaanko on Napoleon nder hitaade 1954 nder fijirde film 'Désirée'.
Brando laati oɗo mari yawaare faago e hokkoowo umroore Henry Koster.
"Soobiraaku hakkude Brando bee fijoowo ɓe fottata Frank Sinatra walaa semmbe sam, Stefan Kanfer seedi: anndini: ""dow yimɓe ɓen ɗiɗo fu, kala wakkati fu ɓeɗo luura: Marlon yiɗi fija golle ɗuɗɗe; Frank bo yiɗaa banni, oɗo tokka wii'go haala ka."""
"Frank Sinatra wii Brando """fijoowo film on mo duuniyaaru ɓamti darja maako, bo woodi ɓe ɓuri mo""", o tinnini mo dow o ''''wuuda""."
"Pauline Kael nanai belɗum fijirde de, sai ni o tabbitini, ""Marlon Brando acci hoore maako bee weelo ngam o fija dow o fassiroowo debbo mo wala semteede Sakini, den holli bana oɗo welta nana belɗum fijirde den, oɗo wolwa dow o ginnaaɗo, oɗo hawta nyi'e maako bana binngel pamarel, ronngini, bee yillugo kosɗe maako oɗo dasa ɓandu bee dabare."
"Jariida Newsweek famtini dow fijirde film "dull tale of tale of the meeting twain"", sai ni naatai nder filmji yeɓi nasra haa luumo."
Film man yeehi nyaami caahu teddinki nayi jee Acaemy Awards.
"Nder ko fe'I fu, Brando nasti ner masiibo ɓaawo mayde maako, binndowo taariiha ngeedam yimɓe Peter Manso anndini taariiha A&E, "" Kannko on mo waawata yerda bee ko o yiɗi, wala mo waɗinta mo non, ɓaawo Daada maako maayi, ɗum wanngi Marlon acci faaluki."""
Fijirde film 'The Young Lions' wanngini Brando wurtannde aran nder film kannko bee soobajo maako bee gannyo maako Montgomery Clift (sai ni ɓe hollai ɓe haa nokkure woore nder film man).
"Brando on wuurti dow kannko on Rio mo ardi fijooɓe, Karl Malden boo wuurti dow o kawtiɗɗidaawo maako "Baaba" longworth."
Soide anndal editaaku Brando wanngi on bo neeɓini golle ɓaawo taskaram film haa waɗi iga ragare Paramount jaɓi ardugal waɗugo film man.
"Wakkati man, mi safti haala gollal gal, mi acci gal tan."""
Turtaare Brando waɗi haa fannu filmji, ɗo saggiti sababu o heɓai o naati nder film sakiti, fijirde film kampani Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer jee haaltude film "Mutiny on the Bunty', ɓe waɗi film man on haa leydi Tahiti.
"Lewis Milestone, mo hokki umroore haa film 'Mutiny', o wii mawɓe ""hena on ko fijoowo waɗini ɓe fu to ɓe naawudi fijoowo aybe, mettaɓeram ɓinngelkaaku, bee ƴewtaare dow hoosugo footo jee saɗi."""
Fijirde film 'The Ugly American' nder hitaade (1963) kannjum on film arannde nder filmji nanndi bee ɗo.
Pat nder filmji Brando waɗi bee Universal films haa wakkatire de, hawti bee 'Bedtime Story' nder hitaade (1964), bee 'The Appaloosa' nder hitaade (1966), bee 'Acountes from Hong Kong' nder hitaade (1967), haa fahin bee 'The Night of the Following Day' nder hitaade (1969), pat ɗo nder yiidi bee bolleeji, yaake coggu film wala saman sam wala keɓal.
Brando wanngi bo haa nder film dow haala hora sirri leydi, inde film man "Morituri' nder hitaade (1965); kannjum fu waawai fooɗai hakkilo larooɓe.
Candy laati walaa ma bana mbustaare yimɓe ɗuɗɓe; fijirde njalnaare mooɓidal 1968, film Christian Marquand hokki umroore, boo ko saawi nder film man kannjum on 1958 ko Terry Southern winndi nder deftere maako, film man waɗi ba'aaku dow habaruuji mooɓugo hedi jahaale goni'en rewɓe fijooɓe film ɓe anda ko doggata, Ewa Aulin on fiji dow kannko on Candy.
"Nder leuru nayabru, hitaade 1966, haala fijirde The Atlantic, Pauline Kael wii wakkati oɗo nder duuɓi tikkere bee turtaare, Brando ""O nastata nder yimɓe o faalai bee koomoy fu ngam o hoosi ummaatoore ɓilla woni nder maɓɓe; derke'en yiɗi mo ngam oɗo mari semmbe bee bawɗe titugo koomoy fu"", sai ni Brando bee luttuɓe bana maako ɓe garti bana dabbaaji, bee ngikkuuji kalluɗi, walaa semteede, ɓe tokki leesugo darja maɓɓe."""
"Mi dabbitini dow ko waddi luutiral hakkude men; sai ni mi laati kecco-ɓerde bo naawi am masin."""
Fijirde film man heɓi jillol anndintinde iga laarooɓe.
Brando senna baabuwol gootal nder film nyemmbiti ngurdam maako, o anndini dow Gillo Pontecorvo mo hoki umroore, kannko on mo ɓuri bawal golle hokkkugo umroore nder ɓe Kazan bee Bernardo Bertolucci kuuwi bee maɓɓe.
Nder hitaade 1971, Michael Winner umri mo nder leydi Biritaniya jee hulƴata 'The Nightcomers' kannko bee Stephanie Beacham, bee Thora Hird, bee Harry Andrews ena Anna Palk.
O jaali Brando nder hitaade 1972 haa heɓugo caahu teddinki laarooɓe ko laarani fijirle film jee (New York Film Critics Circle Awards.)
Brando haa nder fijirde film One-Eyed Jacks, ɗo huuwa on huusootiri mo, dulli golle film man haa Paramount waɗi asar ceede, yaake kampani man wanngini film man nder hitade 1961.
"Coppola sawri Brando waɗa bidiyo ""ekkitol"", ngol Brando waɗ I foodo ngol (O naftiri bee morle hottollo o yembi neɗɗo mo gole maako uppi)."
"Brando seki hoore maako, o famtini banni nder deftere taariiha ngeedam maako o winndi, "" Mi meeɗai fijugo dow mi goɗɗo Italiya on, haa fahin mi tabbitinai mi heɓan nasaraaku.""
Brando naati kontiragi leesiigal ɓeɗo yoɓa mo ceede Dollars Amerika $50,000, sai ni nder alkootiral man ɓe hokki mo hesre woore 1% nder $10 dow kala Dollars miliyon $10 o heɓi fu, ko ko ɓuri non, yahugo hesre 5% to suura man ɓuri Dollars miliyon $60.
"Nder hitaade 1994 ha hirde ɓe waɗi bee maako, waawan heɓa de ha dandal intanet jee Academy of Achievement, bana no Coppola tabbitini, ""fijirde film 'The Godfather' fijirde on de wala saman wakkati en waɗata nde."
Ɓe yiɗaa no o hoosata footo man.
Nder hirde telebijon o waɗi bee Larry King 2010, Alpacino wolwi dow no Brando walli mo o heɓi gollal Michael Corleone nder fijirde film, koo ngam Coppola yiɗi farta mo ha fjirde den.
"O yecci ɓe haala belɗum wakkati o settini mobgal gal bee kophoy gilas jee o waɗi mbal nder maaji."" "
"Caan ɓeddi wi'igo, 'Nyende o fuɗɗi yiidugo bee Brando komoy fuu, naati nder tilmeedam."""
"Boo, ngam o ɗo mari bawɗe himmiɗiniiɗum bo wala mo foti dasa bee sembe maako, mi tammi samɗinan luural fija dow o ferɗo on, na bana Al Capone, mo duufata yimɓe bee sauru fijirde baseball."""
Wala fuɗɗoode koo seɗɗa.
O Sali yaalugo lamar hokkugo caahu teddinki, o yerɓi gooto nder ɓe kaɓata gam sembinki hakkeji yimɓe asli naahiya Amerika, Sacheen Littlefeather, mo wanngi oɗo ɓorni kolte Apache, o limti dalilaaji waɗi Brando Sali jaɓugo, o andini mettamɓeram bee no kampaniiji fijirle filmji Hollywood ɗo holla asli'en Amerika dow ɓe walaa neɗɗaaku, sai tampere, banni ɗi hollata ɓe haa telebijin.
Bana filmji saali, Brando Sali o dursa ko o wolwata ha babe fijirde; sai ni, oɗo winda haa dow ɗerewol nden o takka ɗe haa babe ɓe fijata ngam o maada ko o wi'ata, ɗoo dulli Bertolucci bee ɓilla jogugo ɗe haa paɓaale footo.
Keɓal maako ɓesdi ha oɗo heɓa ceede Dollars Amerika milyon tati $3.
"Pauline Kael, nder jariida 'The New Yorker' winndi dow, ""fijirde film man heɓi ɓamtal darja masin'"
Nder hitaade 1973, Brando naati nder toskaare mayde Wally Cox, soobaajo maako mo o ummidi, bo soobaajo maako ɓurduɗo.
O wanngai sai ɓaawo saa'a gootal nder film man, Clayton wanngi oɗo jimmiti dow puccu, ɓe fawni gu bee kolte laral daneeje.
"Penn, mo nuɗɗini dow accugo fijooɓe waɗa ko ɓe laari ɓuri haadugo fu, o huudi bee Marlon."""
Nder hitaade 1978, Brando wolwi dow iri fijirde ɓe waɗi dow ngeedam Raoni bee ɗemngal Ingilishi, woodi fijirde filmi jee talki jee ɓiiɓe leydi Faransa bee Belgium Jean-Pierre Dutilleux bee Luiz Carlos Saldanha fijirde film man loorni hakkiilo dow taariiha Raoni Metuktire bee kuujeeji ko taari mo walaa ma bana yimɓe lennyonl maako asli'en waila cakaari Brazil.
Nder hitaade 1979, o wanngi ha telebijin ko o woowai waɗugo, nder fijirle pamari jee tokkitirda bandum: inde film man 'The Next Generations', wanngini George Lincoln Rockwell; o heɓi caahu teddinki jee Emmy Award ngam tiinaare o holli ha wallugo Fijoowo nder fijirle pamari koo bo filmji o waɗi.
Ɓeɗo yoɓa Brando ceede Dollars miliyon woore $1 haa kala asaweere fu nder asaweeje 3 tati o waɗi gollal fu.
Nder fijirde film talki man, Coppola wolwi dow hiilni mo wakkati Brando wanngini o tekki o fayi, yaake o wari gollal o fijata, ko ɓerde maako yiɗi, ayyini o holla Kurtz, mo wanngi o walaa semmbe sam nder asli habaruwol gol, goɗɗo mo heɓi feesaare nder ngeedam maako no foti.
Amma yaake, o lorti nder hitaade 1989 nder fijirde film 'A Dry White Season', dote no André Brink winndi nder deftere maako jee haɓata bee laamu wannyugo lennyonl ɓaleeɓe, nder hitaade 1979 on o winndi nde.
Brando heɓi manoore ngam tiiɗal o holli, ɗo waɗi o heɓi caahu teddinki jee Academy Award haa yebre fijoowo ɓurduɗo haa juulde film ɓe waɗi haa galluure Tokyo.
"Variety feere fu mani mo dow himmiɗinaare Brando wanngini ha fijirde film o wanngi dow kan ko on Sabatini den tabbitini, ""Marlon Brando fijirle gemmbitaali njalnaare o waɗi ɓamti darja maako iga film 'Freshman' fijirde yiiɗe ɗo jilli bee njalnaare, ɓesdi darja maako nder taariiha."""
Duundeere The Island Dr. Moreau mo winndi geccawol fijirde film Ron Hutchinson iga ɓaawo winndi deftere taariiha maako, o inndi Clinging to the Iceberg: o bindoowo on haa dadal fijirle bee Hollywood (hitaade 2017), o anndini dow Brando wonni harka gollal filjirle filmji ngam soide Ngikku boɗɗum bo o yiɗa o huuda bee fijooɓe sobiraaɓe gollal gal, bee huuwooɓe ha nokkiire de.
Ɗoo on fijirde ragare o waɗi bo kannjum tan on fijirde o waɗi haa o wanngi dow o debbo on.
"Ɓiɗɗo fijoowo man, on Miko, o doogari Jackson on, o walli mo ko yahantaq duuɓi ɗuɗɗi, bo o soobaajo gimoowo on."""
Baaba ɗo mari ɓilla fofugo wakkati o ɓadi maayugo, oɗo heɓa fofa on bee wallide henndu oksijen ɓe waɗi nder fayande.
Michael hokki baaba maako moota pamarel jee fijooɓe golf, bee fayande henndu oksijen ngam o wanca o nana belɗum Neverland.
O yiidi bee toraa nyawji ladde heenre be nyaw sukkar.
Babal gootal o wanngi ni, naati nder ragare fijirde den ngam teddina fijoowo on.
Brando mo woni nder ɓilla, andini Malden o tokki do’ugo.
Seɗɗa hidde mayde maako, o sali sam o yerda ɓe ɓilina mo logooji hoosata henndu oksijen yaara nder bumsuɗe maako, o yecca ma ɗoo on tan neeɓin yonnki maako.
Nder hitaade 1976, o yecci ɓiɗɗo jarida Faransa, “”Mooɓugo caka jinsu, warti kuuje yayi, na habaru kesum on ɗo.”
O andini bo woodi yiide bana ni ko ɗuuɗi, sai ni o wolwai dow ɓanngle maako, bee rewɓe maako, ena ɓikkon o mari nder deftere binndi ngeedam maako o winndi bee juuɗe maako.
Brando hawri e Rita Morena, fijoowo fijirle ngemmbitaali, nder hitaade 1954, yaake den on o fuɗɗi muunyigo mo.
Woni duubi Seeda, ɓe sendiri,Moreno woni e Filmou Mbiyeteeɗo:The Night Of the Following Day.
Ɓee Mbii Kanko Woni ɓiddo Debbo Gallois Gooto Liggoto Njamndi mbo Leñol Irlande, William O'Callaghan, hooreejo hukuuma lanaaje leydi jee leydi Indiya.
Brando e Kashfi Kepɗo Ɓiddo Gorko Ina Wiye Christian Brandon, Balɗe 11 e Lewru joyaɓɓru hitaande 1958, ɓee Ceerti Hitande 1959.
Ɓee Kebdi Ɓibbe ɗiiɗo:Miko Castaneda Brando(dayaa der hitaade 1961) Kañum e Rebecca Brando (dayaa nder hitaade 1966).
Ngam Teriipaia o anndi ɗemngal Faransa, ɗo walli Brando ha waawugo ɗemngal gal, haa jariida’en hiiri bee maako nder ɗemngal Faransa.
Brando e Teriipaia seerti nder lewru je’eɗiɗabru, hitaade 1972.
Brando e debbo golloowo haa saare maako, Maria Christian Ruiz, ɓee daydi ɓiiɓe tato: Ninna priscilla Brando ( balɗe 13 lewru joyaɓru hitaade 1989), Myles Jonathan Brando (Balɗe 16 lewru go’ooru hitaade1992) E Timothy Gahan Brando (Balɗe 6 lewru go’ooru hitaade 1994).
Taaniraaɓe maako ɗuɗɓe, Nder ɓeen Prudence Brando e Shane Brando Ko Heen Tawa,kañum E ɓiɓɓe Miko C Brando,ɓiɓɓe Rebecca Brando E ɓiɓɓe tatto Teihotu Brando e Woɓɓe kaddi.
Ngikku maako e nder Filmu Mbo ɓe turnano Mbiyeteɗo Mutiny on the Bounty(1962), seɗa Wayla darja hooderemako.
Galella tokki Brando, mo yaadi bee mo huuwata haa saare telebijin bi’etoɗo, Dick Cavett nder innde taskaram o waɗata The Dick Cavett Show nder galluure New York City.
Hoosugo Filmu Mutiny on The Bounty Wayli ngurdam Brando Ndeen E Nder Laawol Bodii ngol.Ɓay Mbo Yiɗondiri e leydi Tahiti e yimɓe maari.
Hendu Mawndu ngarnoo nder hitaande1983 natti ni gure ɗuɗɗe ha bee wuro maako manngo.
O limtaama nder waɗoɓe filmi hukuma Federal Communications Commission (FCC) dow Martin Brandeaux darja hurum maako.
O yaaliri moftirde moftugo ceede ngam John F.Kennedy ɗaɓɓita korwal laamu ardugo leydi Amerika, nder hittande 1960.
E nder njawnde hitaade 1967,Brando yehi galluure Helsinki Finland ngam yaalira moftirde UNICEF waɗi haa suudu dandal fijirle Helsinki City Theatre.
O yardake haala kaane ɓikkon be jahol yeeso, mballan massin faago jahol yeeso lesɗe.
“Mi seka miɗo fotti ɗaɓitde Ko holati ɗum wonni; ɗume on Woni wonde ɓaleejo nder leydi di? Ɗume on sababu mettaɓeram ɗam? Brando Haali ɗum Jema Wetta e ABC-TV emission Joe Bishop.
“ Ɗo laati huunde kaayefi be cuusal mi seedi be giite am, ha fahin seeni am sanne mi yejjititta haala ka”.
“Der hitaande 1964 Brando nannga ma, o yarama saare pursuna, o nannga on wakkati ɓe waɗi wankore, bonnuki dewral alkawol yardugo jeyaaɓe leydi Amerikka bauɗe ngaawnde liɗɗi ha nokkure Puget Sound”.
“Brando waddi ragare wallitinnde ceede o hokkata kawrital gal sifi o laari saatal hore ɗo ɓesda hakkude maɓɓe, de o timi ayyinaaɗum der feccere deftereyel Panther ha janngannde Eldridge Cleaver noddata sankitaare fitina, gam ɓe heɓa jalorgal waylaade ngurdam yimɓe”.
Sacheen Littlefeather luutini mo ha moftirde nde.
Lamar ngal fooɗi hakkilo leydi Amerikka enanta ci’e caakol kubaruuji duniyaaru no foti.
O laati no horeejo ha haɓugo be ngugkuji wangungo soide pottal caka le’i.
O naati nder limngal fiiji Filmi leydi Amerikka, o laati goɗɗo nayaɓo mo darja hoodere maako ɓuri wanngugo, nder hitaade 1950, wakkati o fuɗɗi harka filmi, (hitaade 1950).
“Windama nder deftere Encyclopedia Britannica ŋalaade 19 nder leuru Anngusta, hitaade 2009. Nde tindini mo, dow oɗo nder fijooɓe filmi ɓe hoodere maɓɓe ɓuri ɗelƙugo, sai ni ŋurŋurtude relli harminde o waɗi ha ekkitagol fijirde ngembitaali je naaneeji.”
O heɓi ɓantaare teyatiri fiiji ŋidda ngigkuji bee ɓe nastata keeri shariyya.
Ɓe wanngini Johnny Strabler dow kannko woni hooreejo ŋidda ngigku’en nder film The Wild One waartini mo jagorɗo mo foti yimɓe tokka mo, alaama turtaare be kolte jamanu je lonnjuki toggoore lawooɓe masin be kufteeje maɓɓe enanta sarla jeans ndaarooɗe faddata naange.
“Nder film “I coulda been a contender” ɓe holli mo ha nokkure huunduko maayo, bana no gallifiiɗo deftere Brooklyn Boomer, Martin H. Levinson winndi nder maare “”“nokkure nde heeraade taariha film sinima, binndil gol laati nder kaarfeeje nguurdam Amerikka’en.”””
“A holla ɓe bana ŋaw ajal faɗɗake ma.... habdu numa wakkati a yejjititta nder ngeedam ma”””.
Nder hitaande 1999 Mobgal filmi sinima Leydi Amerikka waɗi mo nder limngal njeetato nder yimɓe hoodere maɓɓe ɓuri ɗelkugo ha nder waɗoɓe fijirle ngembitaali je Golden Age of Hollywood.
O waɗi duuɓi ɗuɗɗi ha fijirle njalnitaare be gamarle, ha haaɗi wakkati o fuɗɗi naastugo fijirde film sinima nje arannde nder hitaande 1925.
Ɓaawo kamfaniwa Warner Bros, wiɗiti baawal maako, ɓe waati juuɗe alkootiral dow kamfaniwa gan yoɓan mo ceede Dollars Amerika $400 ha kala asaweere fu, yahugo asaweeje tati; mauɓe ha suudu gollirdu sinima seeni ɓe sanne, ɓe ɓeddi juutal alkootiral hakkude maɓɓe be Cagney.
O supta ma nde tati nder hitaande 1955, nder film sinima ‘Love Me or Leave Me’ kannko be Doris Day.
Cagney waddi ragare alkootiral caka maako be Warner Bros. Ɗuuɗi heewi nder sanaa’a maako, wakkati o lorti fijirde sinima ni fahmu e fasaaha maako ɗo ɓesda.
O huudi be kamfaniwa filmi sinima jooɗiga hoore maaga, yahugo nduɓu wooru, wakkati o waɗata kiita ha hiitordu, den o tiggi kamfaniwa maral maako, o indi ga Cagney Productions, nder hitaande 1942, duuɓi jee’eɗiɗi hidde o warta kamfaniwa Warner.
Cagney on ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗaɓo sakiraabe maako jee’eɗiɗo, ɗiɗo maynaama wakkati ɓikkon musinookon ɓe salai lebbi ɗiɗi ha duniyaaru.
O eggi nde ɗiɗi wakkati o pamaro, aranni ɓe jooɗi ha laawol East nammba 79, sai ɓe eggi yahugo laawol East nammba 96.
O yurmi ɓinngel bana maako naati nder torra.
O enɗi Harry baka maako, wakkati Harry o janngata kuugal nyawdiiku, oɗo haɓa ngam hisnugo baka maako.
O laati ha yeeso haa dogginol fijirle ngembitaali dow dandal, aran o wurti dow o ɓingel ha fijirde njalnoore je leydi Siinanko’en andira ɗum Pantomine, ha banŋeere Lenox Neighborhood House ( Gootel nder calaaje ɓe jooɗi nder leydi) haaton baka maako Harry, wadi fijirde ngembitaali je Florence James hokki umrore.
Hollude Cagney fuɗɗa ma on duuɓi sappo 10, ɓaawo o naati fijirle gamarle be njalnoore je vaudeville be Broadway
Ha ragare ni, ɓe jaɓi nyamaade ceede ɓe eggi yahuugo gallure New York, ɓe seli galluje Chicago be Milwaukee, ɓe tiiɗi be soide enanta rusɓaare, wakkati ɓe foodi ɗaɓɓugo ceede ha fii fijirle ngembitaali dow dandal.
Cagney, wami gamol Pitter Patter, o naasti foodo jarabaawa gon wala hoolaare, o wala tammude heɓugo jalorgal.
Ɗo laatini Cagney jiɓaade maunde; o naati nder torra sanne ɓaawo ɓilla yaadu nder marɗo laanawol diyam, naanngi gineeji maɓɓe, ɗo waɗi ɓe acci suudu jooɗorde maɓɓe.
“O waɗi anniya ɗaɓɓugo gollal fere fahin”.
Cagney tiggi janngirde nde eltata dow ko laarani gami je maaskiiɓe, den o wanngi nder film sinma ‘Women Go On Forever’, je John Cromwell hokki umroore.
Henuude film man wiɗiti mbaawal maako, ɓe mani mo, den sakiti Grand Street Follies fu mani mo nder hitaande 1929.
Ɓe firliti hoore jannde filmi man, ɓe indi nde Sinners’ Holiday, nder hitaade 1930.
Sai ni, alkootiral o waɗi caaka maako be Warners hokki mo laawol o wadda ragare maagal wakkati heauti asaweeje 40,ɗo wadi o heɓi njobdi asaweeje ɗe tan, ha wakkatire nden asaweeje 40.
Manoore ɗuɗɗe o heɓi nde o fuɗɗi fijirle ngembitaali dammuɗi, walli Cagney naasti fijirde ngembitaali ha luuti Matt Doyle goɗɗo ngoonga, den Edward Woods bo wurti goɗɗo baɗɗo o indaama Tom Powers.
Hoosoowo teddega fijirle sinima Darryl Zanuck anndini nder binndi o waɗi ha kawrital; Wellman anndini miilo wanngini mo nde o feri giite o laari inabooje jo’inama dow teebur yaake mashin nanngirgal fotto hoosi fotto; den windooɓe bana Glasmon be Bright anndini konngol fijirle ngembitol ŋidda bale’en je Hymie Weiss jonngitiri on dow habaru hakiikinkejum, Weiss fiɗi ngeraɗe sa’aaɗe ha dow yeeso budurwa maako.
Mi meeɗai tammugo ɓe hollan ɗum ha fijirle silma.
“ O tokki laaruki nokkure den nder fijirle filmi man, ɓurna fu oɗo jeeɗi gam ɓernaago mauɓe, yaake njalɗe seyo banngi ha yeeso maako.”””
Warner Bros. yaawi ha huudugo be Edwars G. Robinson ena Cagney, yaake hoodere maɓɓe ɗo ɗelƙa sanne, nder hitaande 1931, ha fijirle silma Smart Money.
Yaake o timmini hoosol filmi fijirle ngembitaali, filmi The Public Enemy yeehi kala nokkure fu, a ci’e sinimaji huuwata njemma.
Hoorejo suudu gollirdu ɗaɓɓiti Cagney tokka hollude fijirle ngembitaali, na sai jee maako, sai ni Cagney jaɓai haala ka.
Fijirde ngembitool jee The Public Enemy be jee Blonde Crazy tilsini juuɗe Warner Bros.
Fijirde nden yaawi tokki fijirle ngembitaali jee The Crowd Roars be Winner Take All.
Maaskiiɓe ha fiiji taariiha ngabootiri dow nafuuda taariiha be ko ɗum saawi, be no ko on gonndi ena ko saali.
Sai aadi dondonu naaneeji walli massin ha fassirgo ɗabi’a taariihaaji bo ɗo waylita bana no karnuuji saali be ko wontiri jooni.
“Herodotus, mo woni karnuwol Jewooru 5 hidde taariiha Geresankoore’en fuɗɗa windeego, ɓedo hoosa mo dow kanko on “Baaba anduɗo taariihaaji” nder aandi Nasara’en, sai ni woodi ɓe felata mo dow kanko on “Baaba fewe”.
“Nder duuɓi cakantaari Ingilia, hoosi taariihaaji dow di “”ngeccaaji”” on tan. “
“ Haa jontaaɗum Lesɗe Jaaman be Faransa, ɗemɗe Jaamanre be je yidde, na ɗemɗe forai on ɗe ɗo hawtootiri, banni woni ɓe nastirta be kalimaaji “”tariihaaji”” be “”geccaji””.
“Nder kalimaaji Benedetto Croe, “”Ka’a taariiha fu, ɗo lumbi nder joontaaɗum””.
“Ngam maajum, deftere didaaɗi tariihaaji resi harmini taarihaaji ɗuɗɗi je resaama, ena nafturki kalmaaji fere be defte fere (ha fewe ɓe anndini ɗo nder taariihaaji “gonnga ko arti saali”.
Ha tiimtiimnuki taariiha wakkati fere senndi yahugo ngeɓe aandal ngedam yimɓe enanta luttuɗi yeɓɓe anndal fasaahaaji no yimɓe dogginta ngedam maɓɓe.
Nder karnuwol 20th, Fernand Braudel Faransajo mo ɓammti anndal taariiha, o nastiri be anndal fiiji ɓeydaari riisku be anndal aadi dondonu joogaraafi, ha annduki tariihaaji lesde woni nder duniyaaru.
Nder koɗume fu, laabi heɓugo anndal ji taariihaaji en seddan ɗi yehugo nokkuje tati: ɗume on ko winda, ɗume on ko wolwate, ena ɗume wanngi der ko en laarata gonntaɗum ko resata ma majjai, ɓurna Mallum’en taariihaji ɗo naftira be maaji pat.
Wiɗitaaki aadi dondonu saɗan laata hakiika banni tan, to laati laabi heɓugo taariihaji din sai to hebbito ko ɗum heɓta.
“Toh en hokkan misalu, be Mark Leone, mo heɓti nokkuje marɗe taariihaji der gallure Annapolis, ha Maryland der leydi Amerika, o yiɗi o annda ferotiral hakkude karfuuji defteji miilata “”hakke ɓiɓɓe-aadama”” be tagdi lesdi ko giite laarata juuɗe mema, ha wannginki maral macuuɓe be ferotiral ha heɓugo njaudi haa ko wanngi der tiimtiimnuki ko laarani taariihaaji fu”.
Wawan lata mallum’en taariiha falai be kamɓen ha ko laarani ayyinaaɗum be tana mum, sai ni ko doggata jotta ni, kanjum on ɗo lela faaki ayyinaaɗi keeriiɗi.
Tataɓol, wawan hoositira kowaɗi en jaangata taariihaji: darja holaare taariiha.
Moi jo on hoosi teddega (bindoowo deftere)?
Ɗume on seeda darja ko ɗum saawi (Ngongaaku/nuuɗa)?
Nder laabi moftugo anndal taariiha woodi laabi be diidaɗi je tokkete hidde Mallum’en taariha naftira be ko ɓe heɓi, ha ɓe nngasna seeda ko wiɗito maɓɓe holli ɓe, den ɓe winda warta taariiha.
Thucydides, na bana Herodotus, o hoositiri taariiha dow huunde on ko ɓerde supti ena kuuɗe yimɓe, haa fahin o lari bannge sababu be ko saggita, ta deppita reena kaayeefi ilaahinkeejum (sai ni Heodotus yerdai be be miiloji maako no foti).
Woodi ha ɓe naftirta be aadi taariihaaji, den ɓeɗo naftira be laabi andugo taariiha je jamanu wakkati naane be duuɓi cakantaari wakkere leydi Sin.
Winndooɓe taariiha Siinannko’en yaake daular leydi Sin, ɓe ɗo naftira be ko andira Shiji ha binndol taariiha, ena taariha nguurdam mbinndaaki.
Tiitannta hitaande 1800, Jaamanjo goniijo maskiiɗo ha taariiha Georg Wilhelm FrÍedrich Hegel wanngini goniiku ha fahin o itti hala dewal nder janngirle taariiha.
Aslinkaaku biinndi Ibn Khaldun andini ferotiral aadi dondonu haakude duuɓi cenndindirki dole laama wakkati wiɗitugo ko saawi kuuje taariihaaji, ngam sendirki ƙa’idaaji tokkan laawol gol hokkata jawaabu wiɗito, ha ragare, neɗɗo fahma, ha fahin sifa ƙaa’idaji kesi, ngam andugo aadi dondonu yimɓe naane.
“Laabi gollal ngasnugo taariiha, o wii sai to en tiimi bauɗe e seembe laamu leydi, be maatootiral, e fernare laamu, be ngaygu der ummatore ha ko taariiha andini, banni H. Mowlana der hitaande (2001) famtini.””
“Dr. S.W Akkhtar, hitaade (1997).”””
Her wakkere Ranke bo, ayynugo anndal taariiha hawtindira nde nder de’ede, deesa der ngonnga haa fahin hawtotira tiima iimaade golle.
Nder karnuwol 20, Mallum’en taariiha, lornai hakkilo maɓɓe faago kaajanooɓe leydi, yaake fere ɗo maunina leydi walla yimɓe marɓe manngu, ha haaɗa ha wiɗigo ngonnga margol bone ha wakkere aandal no ngurdam yimɓe doggata be ko dasata aandal.
Ɗuuɗi heewi kaajinta anndal taariiha anndal fasaha ngurdam yimɓe en anndi ko en faminaama en tokka laabi na laawol gootol.
Yahugo jotta ni kiisaaki gootol tan ha wakkere taariiha iwi iga bindirgol maaskiiɗo binndoowo taarihaji.
Der Anduɓe taarihaaji bana Herbert Butterfield be Ernst Nolte ena George Mosse ɓe jokkotiri dow nafuuda miiloji der anndal taarihaa.
Aahi’en bana Martin Broszat be Ian Kershaw ena Detlev Peukert ɗaɓɓiti en humpitugo kala ɗabi’a talaka’en der caka karnuwol 20 ha leyni Jaaman, wala ma bana wakkati Nazi’en laamata.
Haajinooɓe ɓoosol ngurdam rewɓe bana Joan Wallach Scott be Claudia Koonz be Natalie Zamon Davis be Sheila Rowbothan, ha fahin be Gisela Bock be Gerda Lerner be Elizabeth Fox-Genovese enanta Lynn Hunt ɓe ɗaɓɓiti loornugo hakkilo ha jannginki ngurdam rewɓe der jamanu naane.
Den woodi anduɗo taariha jamanu ndu goɗɗo leydi Australia innde maako Keith Windschutle der deftere maako ‘The Killing Of History’, der hitaande 1994.
Moytude taariiha ɗo waɗe hedi laabi ɗuɗɗi bo ɗo fooɗa saggita manngal ha aynugo taariihaaji.
Der duuɓi saaliɗi: jaanngirde iga fuɗɗi iga wakkati tagol inni aadama ha haaɗi ha arann duuɓi cakaaji.
Nannandinkeejum taariha: senndindiral taariihaji ngam fahmugo aadi dondonu be no ngurdam yimɓe yahata, pat ɗo maɓɓata keeri lesɗe.
Taatriiha neesu: jaangude neesu al’aadaaji yimɓe ɓoyma’en.
Aandal taariiha: janngunde wakkatiyel ngel nder neesu e aadi amin ɗoo feesinta jahool yeeso iga wakkati yaha wakkati.
Taariiha jamanu: janngunde ko fe’eta jotta, ɓaawo waakati duuɓi cakantaaji.
Aandal defte naaneje: janngol defte e kaarfuuje kiɗɗe.
Andal tagu e taariihaa: jaande haali yimɓe walli sanne ha ukkaanooji taariihaaji.
Taariiha rewɓe: taariihaaji rewɓe ɓiɓɓe aadama.
Karnuuji e duuɓi sappanɗe ngelɗe yimɓe ɗo naastira be yaakeji ɗi ha luuta wakkati huunde waɗama.
Ngam heɓugo nasaraaku, mallum’en taariiha ɗo naftira be aandal joogaraafi.
Misaalu, to en fammtinan ko waɗi Misirannko’en naane heɓi nguurdam boɗɗam ɓoosiigal, janngugo anndal joogaraafi Misra kimmiɗiniiɗum.
Taariiha leyɗe naahiya Amerika kannjum on taariihaaji ɓe woni Waila e Fombina Amerika, be ɓe woni cakantaare Amerika ena nokkure Caribbean.
Taariiha Caribbean fuɗɗa on iga seedaji kiɗɗi je waɗi duuɓi 7,000 bana nguski faydaama je waɗi baakin duuɓi ɗi.
Taariiha wonɓe naahiyaaji Nasara e Asiya ɗiɗo mari juutal daande ndiyam: iga Fuunannge cakantaari, be Asiya Fombinaari, be Asiya Fuunaanngeri, be Asiya Fombina fuunaannge enanta Leydi Nasaranko’en, pat ɗo kauti naati nder iiwaare Leydi Nasara yahi ha cakantaare Asiya dukki Fuunaange leydi Nasara.
Taariha Asiya Fuunaangeri ɗo jaangina taariihaaji iwi iga jamaanu yehugo jamaanu nder nokkure nde.
Taariiha Asiya Fombinaari ɗo anndotiri on den jokki jogiɓe laamu ha dewal ngal be jananɓe marɓe sembe laamu.
“Man ”“Hiiɗi”” taariiha ngurdam yimɓe hidde yaake duuɓi 1960s ɗo jilli be fannuuji ɗi ngala hoore haala, den ɓurna fuu ɗo hawti nder haraka siyaasa, bana potal hakkude talaka’en be marɓe njawdi, laati no “”nguurdam yimɓe”” fotai be marɓe ceede be yaake.
Ɗo aykaaji kumpital tinnidinoore geccaji be anndal kiɗɗi, be al’aadaji,nyeenyal kawtal yimɓe.
Fannuuji taariihaaji siyaasaku kannjum on jaangugo no ponndindiral woni hakkude lesɗe caaka galluji walla caaka lesɗe.
Ɗum faggiti belal ii’am der leydi Amerika be leydi Japan ena lesɗe fere der hitaadeji 1980s ha heɓi fukaraaɓe ngiɗi anda no duniyaaru wontiri be ko ɗum saawi.
Koo ngam fannu kesuum on, taariha jinsiiji kimmiɗiniiɗum on bo saggiti andal taariha no foti.
Ha jami’aji Oxford be Cambridge, andal taariiha heɓai kimmiɗinaare.
Mallum’en ɓen ɗo ƴamƴamtindira ha ɓaawo haɓre duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓre.
Nder leydi Amerika ɓaawo haɓre duuniyaaru aranndere, haraka marga sembe wanngi ha jami’aji ɗo janngina neɗɗaaku defterinkeewu lesɗe Nasara, ngam janngina fukaraaɓe al’aadaji Nasara en.
Yimɓe boy on ee’wata iga miijoji ɗiɗi fuu no foti.
Nder leydi Amerika, tappi defteji iga miijo woore, sai ni woodi ferotiral iga diwal yahugo diwal nder leydi din.
Aahi’en ha fannu taariiha ɗo fela naatungo siyaasaku nder defte janngirle, wakkati fere ɓeɗo heɗita bojji maɓɓe.
Jahool yeeso yimɓe ha ummatore mari galle jur ɗo heɓa jahool yeeso nder berniiji, soide pottal hakkude yimɓe, laamu gomnati, be jammoore laabi matotiral (bana bindi).
Toh en tiiman boɗɗum, jahool yeeso ummatoore ferotiri be le’i ferefere nder jama’are, ɗo hawti be al’aadaji waynaaɓe eggoɓe, walla ummatoore raagare ɓe naftiri be ka’e ena gawtooɓe; sai ni, wakkati fere ferotiral hakkude al’aadaaji ɗo umma caka yimɓe mari jahol yeeso.
Deftere mawnde Norbert Elias windi, ‘The CiVIlizing Process’ nder hitaande (1939), wuurtini batteeji ɗuɗɗi iga wakkati duuɓi cakataari Nasara’en yahugo fuɗɗam jamaanu jotta.
“Kalimaaji i bana ““yaage”” ɓamtake on nder caka karnuwol 16.
“Ha ragare hitaandeji 1700s yahugo fuɗɗam hitaandeji 1800s, wakkati baylol laamu leydi Faransa, “yaage”” naftiraama gootel ɓe naftirai be jam’u walla suudu ɗuuɗal, maana jahol yeeso innu aadama no foti.
“Sai ni ha yaajinde wawan laata bolwaɗum “yaage cakantaare”, ngol Elias maati llaatan ɗo mari ferotiral”.
“Haɗo ni, yaage, nafturgo be hakkilo be surgaaji yimɓe, yadai be tagdi inni aadama, den ““neɗɗaaku ɗo heɓe on tan to neɗɗo hebti asliijum haala yewtete walla haala waɗe hidde yotta jooni”” (sifu dimo jarluɗo).”
Yaageeji ɗo ferotira haa yaake maana maaji her tugorgal, be fannuji keɓe, no gure woni, fannu laamu, ferotiral keɓal e laamu hakkude yimɓe, jahal keɓal risku leydi, janngirle be luttuɗi kuuje al’aadaaji.
Yaageji no foti fu ɗo jonngita dow fiiji demri ngam heɓugo ko nyaame’ waawan laata woodi goɗɗi ko ittitata ha fuɗɗam yaage leydi Peru ɗo jonngita neemaaji woni nder ndiyam walla maaje.
Gabbe nyaamande to buuri, kimmiɗiniiɗum waawan siga ɗe wakkati juɗɗum.
Sai ni, ha nokkuje fere make’en ɗo mari keɓal nyamdu ha ɗo buura, bana asli yimɓe woni nokkure Waila hirnaange Pacific be wakkati al’aadaaji Mesolithic Natufian.
“Kalma ““yaage koo bo jahal yeeso yimɓe”” wakkati fere ɗo faassira dow “”jooɗugo nder birniiji””.”
Yimɓe lesɗe ferefere ferotiral hakkude maaje ɗo sendotiri ɗe yadata kalkal; woodi ferotiral manngal hakkude pennal ummatoore.
Jahol yeeso neɗɗaku, ɗo mari darja laamu ɗo sendi geɓegeɓe, laamu gomnatiiji.
Woɗɓe yimɓe keɓi keɓal ha ɓe mari jawle bangeji, ko bo wuro.
Yaake yimɓe nafturgo be jamɗe, yaake man on ummatoore mari jahol yeeso fuɗɗi nafturgo be ceede gam wattande ɗo besdi ɗuuɗal filu bee coggu hakkude yimɓe.
Yimɓe ɓe na sai to ɓe andi ɓe waɗata coggu bee filu be maɓɓe bo ɓe andata haajeeji goto maɓɓe ha kala wakkati fu.
Baylugol ɓesdaari risku iga hoytude yaha ha saklol bee bone keɓal riisku hollai sai ni ɓamtol ena belɗum nguurdam yimɓe ɓesda.
Cakacakaajum darnde keɓal hakkunde yimɓe ɗo foonda laabi heɓugo haajeeji maɓɓe no he’ata ɓe, sakkoma nyamdu.
Ba ceede, binndi ɗi ɗaɓɓitaaɗum on darnde ɗuuɗol yimɓe der birniwol be saɗirma coggu be filu caka yimɓe ɓe anda komoy.
Ɗo hawti be diinaaji, jahol yeeso nyeenya, be jahol yeeso anndal kimiiyaaji be fasaahaji.
“Finaatawaa ji ɗi on woɗɓe noddata “leesa bee gikku ɓoyma”, woodi ɓe nanndidina ko wi’ete “kuudi” on.”””
“Janngoɓe al’aadaji ɓe wakkatire nde ɗo wanngina ɗum dow ““jaahilaaku”” toh ɓe tinndinan yimɓe mari ngikkuji ɗi.”
Feesaare neɗɗaku bee yaage feesini anndal kimiiyaaji, be maral kuujeji, be laamugo be mala dow ummatoore.
Neɗɗaku bee yaage ɗo ɓamta daraja be jahal yeeso al’aadaji mari bone, hawti laamu didata no yimɓe dogginta ngurdam mabbe, nyeenyal haala, nyeenyal maaskiigal, be ɓe didita nyiɓaali wuro,be diinaaji be ɗabi’a janngirle saande, dolɗa bee faddaki yimɓe bana no marɓe laamu be keɓal waɗata.
Neɗɗaku neɗɗo haa nokkuji fere ɓeɗo andiramo on be no o jogi al’aadaji maako.
Anniya manni ngam hisna al’aadaji finatawaji dondonu be aadi neɗɗo, sakkoma wakkati konu be fe’ootiral balmi.
“Nder fuɗɗande karnuwol noogas goniijo anndal hakkilo Oswald Spegler, Spegler winndi der deftere maako Decline of the West: Perpectives of World History nder hitaande (1919) o naftiri be kalmawol Jaaman wi’ete “Kultur”, “”al’aadaaji””’, ko ɗuɗɓe noddata “”neɗɗaku enanta yaage””.”
“Spegler anndini neɗɗaku enanta yaage kannjumon fuɗɗam leesugo be tampere al’aada bee aadi dondonu bana “”yaasiiji be kuuje jananɓe der ko tagdi ɓii aadama yahata yeeso daidai fodde sembe””.”
“Neɗɗaakuuji beena yaage fu leesi den tampi, bana no Toynbee wii, ngam rusɓaare “”famɗam basiira””, haa needi walla leesugo diina, ngam yiidugo be torra mannga, naa ngam asar njawdi walla bononda”.
Misaalu, laabi coggu bee filu ɗonno, sai nder karnuwol sappo’e je’enayi, ɓuri haala cappal al’aadaaji ko siyaasaaku.
Wakkati jamanu Uruk’en, Guillermo Algaze anndini jokkiral coggu/filu caka leydi Misra be Mesopotamia be leydi Iran ena Afghanistan.
Ferotiral hakkunde neɗɗakuuji enaa yaageeji ummatoore ferefere nder duniyaaru no foti ɗo jilli be faanu riisku leydi be ko laarani laamu bee siyaasaku, ha be al’aadaji jonngiti caaka maaje.
Caka neɗɗakuuji bee yaageeji iga ɓaawo yehi yeeso ya ɗakki tayre Fuunaange cakantaari be tayre Nasara’en, den tokki wakkati Nasara’en laamata lesɗe jananɗe, ha naatini naahiya Amerika no foti be leydi Australia ena leydi Sin be leydi Japan pat nder karnuwol sappo’e jee’enayi.
Ɗoo laati suninde goɗɗe kuujeji pamari bana dabbaji yimɓe tonngata ngam ɓe keɓa kusel ƴakkago, dem ɓe ɓira ɓiraaɗam maaji, be leeɓe, be koonal ena kuuɗe demri be yaadu be torkooru jahol yeeso ngol yahi ha Eurasian Oecumene ( Leydi Geres wakkati naane ).
“Fannu ɗo wanngini dow “” lonngina woɗɓe be ko kimmiɗini jahol yeeso taariiha ɓiɓɓe aadama hawti be tafude ajalaau walla janti, iga asbinki bee ufude nyamri gabbe be ɓantaare binndi marɗi fawne””.”
Waylagol banngeeji wakkati ngol sottini bote fonndoode torraaji kaɓe hakkunde gure bee galluuje pamare, ɗo dolɗini ɓe eggi atci gureeji maɓɓe ɗo waɗi ɓe fuɗɗi taarugo birniiji be bonngooji, jonngitiri be neɗɗaku ena yaage je arannde.
Jahol yeeso birniiji ɗo joongiti dow jooɗugo ha nokkure woore, resugo nyamanndi be tonngugo dabbaji der wuro, be duumaade ha gallu wooru be ɓamtol yaake nguurdam ɗoo sembiɗini keɓal risku, be ɗuuɗal kuujeeji ɓuri ko yimɓe mari haaje baakin yebre yimɓe.
Woɗɓe lorni hakkilo ha misaaluuji taariihaaji, bee luttuɗi kisaaki no foti fuu.
“Gibbon famtini. “”miilaaki Ruum sababu ɗabi’ankeeji be saggitu sattude mawnitaare.”
“Theodor Mommsen nder deftere maako ‘History of Rome’ taariiha Ruum anndini dow yibbol daula Hirnaange Ruum der hitaande 476 ɓaawo dayki Annabiijo Isa, haa fahin o famtini dow fahmu ekkodirgo anndal nguurndam iga ““’aslinku””, “”ummagol””, “”nayeeku””, “”mayde”” ena “”nyolugo””.”
Arnold J. Toynbee nder deftere maako ‘A Study of History’ o wii woodi ummatoore jur je mari jahal yeeso, ɗoo huuɓi nokkuuje seɗɗa je heɓi jahal yeeso, den kala ummatoore nde fu doole sai to nde tokki ko taari ko anndinaa ɗoo, bana no Mommsen famtini.
Yaake yeɓre arannde, ɓeddari yimɓe usti keɓal be tefude ena takkidindiral ko yimɓe soodata, waarti saɗɗum jaɓugo hakke lesdi, den ceede naastooje gomnati heɓata ustake, laati ceede gomnati majjinta ɗo ɗuuɗa, ngam ɓeddari yimɓe woni les ardungal laamu.
Defte Secular Cycles be Millennial Trends.
Wala seko Ruum yiɗi ɓesda ceede naastooje dawla gan heɓata ngam ɓedda balmi soja’en maaga mari ngam wakkatire den on arande Ruum semti ha konu, ɓe heɓi jaalorgal dow maaga ha babal konu, ɗo on sababu sankitugo dawla Ruum.
O waabi dow sankitol ummatoore Maya woodi darsuuji ko ummaatore jotta nafata nder ko laati, ha dawla Maya majji.
Tiiɗal firliti bee feesaare ha heɓugo sembe fakat ɗo usta nguurndam ummatoore jehi yeeso.
Koneczny anndini, ɓe heɓi neɗɗaku ɓe jaɓata ɓe lobbootira be yimɓe keɓai yahal yeeso, wakkati ɓe fottini hakkeji caka ummatoore ɗe, wala seko ɓe wala jahal yeeso ɗo heɓan ndikka.
Mallumjo taariiha al’aadaaji Morris Berman anndini wakkati karnuji niɓre der leydi Amerika “Dark Ages Amerika’: ragare dawla mari bawde coggu bee filu kare kucitinirɗe ha Amerika, dalila ɓeddi manngu kannjum on ɓurdam yiɗugo jooɗa kombi yimɓe, nokkuje be fannu riisku leydi feesiti, njaawal ɗaɗɓitol njawdi ɗoo yerbi Amerika nder waade sankitugo, wala seko non man ɓadi.
Wonnoore tuugorde, Jacobs anndini, ɗo jonngotiri be no aibe ummatoore bana bononda banngeeji, ngaygol jinsii bee lenyi bee juutal ferotiral keɓal njawdi hakkude marɓe yaake be talaka’en.
Ummatoore keɓi jahol yeeso ɗo mari haaje besda nastingo kuujeeji ɓe mari haaje kare ɗen, o famtini, waddi haaje ɓesdol nawtoragol mangol be pamari fu jarfaaji ena riisku nder lesdi.
“Nder diidol, ‘Ma’ ɗo nufa “duuɓi miliyoonji ko saali””.)”
Ɗuuɗi heewi duniyaaru ngu ɓolina ngam dukks duuniyaaji be tagɗi mawɗi fooɗa kooseeje wayla wurtina yiite maapinde.
ƁIɓɓe aadama ɗelliti on ko yahaanta duuɓi miliyon ɗiɗi 2 ko saali, wakkati pamari aarti saali dow soolooji leydi.
Ayka chappan e nayi e jee’nayi 99 nder ketol temerre tagle, ɓuri duuɓi biliyon juyi, majji pat.
Ɓale taari duniyaaru ɗo waylita iga wakkati yahugo wakkati, banni ega aslinki fuɗɗan maagu.
Leuru waɗaama on yaake duniyyaji ɗoo kawti babal woore ɗiɗo ɓola den on duniyaaru ndu heɓama.
Sella bee seembe henndu ɗo jilli be kooseeje wurtinta yiite nguuleega henndu ferefere.
Ɓiɓɓe bakteeriya ɗo wurtina heendu oksijin, walli ha mahirde henndu duniyaaru nde tatabre.
Iga ɓenndilawaa ha nahiyaaji Columbia be Rodinia ena Pannotia ɗon yaada banni wakkati kooseeje waylata anndiraɗum be eon.
“Be hakkilo ni, lesdi we’itaama bana pinndi be gabbe fu wawan asbina, dabbaji be tagdi fungus fuɗɗi wanngugo, hawti be ngilɗi, be koowoowe ladiri ndaassotoondi, delle wakkati kooseeje waylata, maanaa “”aalamji ngeedam””.”
Ɗo jilli be henndu ena hydrogen be helium fintini on wakkati senna ɓaawo fettade mawnde 13.8 Ga (duuɓi biliyonji ko saali) kuuje mawɗe wuurti hedi jayngol andira gol ‘supernovae’.
Wakkati duule fuɗɗi henyude, ɗon co’uli, teddeega, be demmbude jaali yehi taari taarde duuniyaaji waylita dow dariingol e ɓeƴƴondira dow laabi maare.
Ɓaawo luuwe jur, koode T Tauri fuɗɗi jaygol den warti jayawri naage.
Duuniyaaru tagama banni duuɓi ko yahanta bilonji 4.54 (be soinde tammudi ketol 1% gootol nder temerre) Den timmina he’’ita on hakkude duuɓi miliyonji 10-20 sappo yahugo nnogas.
Wakkati duuniyaaru gu ɗo kesum ha ngu mawni ya yehi yaake nder maaru fuɗɗi wulugo ha hewti ɗo ɓolna kuuje tedduɗi be kaare mari jamɗe ɗo ɓolwa.
Iga limngal kakkaraaje asamannji, yetcca ma dow yaake den do’ol koode ɗo on saggiti, ɓeɗo nodda be Ingilisi “Late Heavy Bombardment’ maanaa fettol bom manngol, bana duuɓi biliyonji 4.1 den dari on wakkati duuɓi biliyonji 3.8, ha ragare nyiɓol duuniyaaru.
Yaake fuɗɗam nyiɓugo duuniyaaru yahi wakkati Archean ɓaawo Hadean, duuniyaaru gun feewi masin.
Seedaji kesi wari iga ɓaawo holli den on leuru wanngi, duuɓi biliyonnji 4.48 ± 0.02 Ga, walla duuɓi miliyonji 70 yahugo 110 ɓaawo fuɗɗam asamannji tokkodiri haɓɓodii e njahaaki.
Kala ndoflere fu ɗo wurtina tiiɗal cili miliyon 100 ɓuran ndoflere ɓaawojum nje Chicxulub ɓe famfini dow ɗoo on saggiti timmol bee maajugo pallaɗe ‘non-avian dinosaurs’.
Dimbol maapindi saggiti sikkitira dow mawnol leuru usti sababu kuuje njamɗe, ɗoo wanngini hegitaaki haala ka.
Iga aran keefudi, wakkati jihaaji duniyaaru sembiɗi, wakkati nyiɓol duniyaaru je Hadean timmi hawtaade be we’itol jihaahi, diiraango fettol bom manngol.
Kee’e ragarere ‘Hadean’ be fuɗɗamkeefudi ‘Archean’ kawti warti ko jotta en noddata nahiyaaji.
Be’itte duuniyaaru ‘Cratons’ ɗo sendiri geɓe leydi ɗiɗi.
Ngam dalila ɗo, kaa’e koorino, wakkati fere ɓeɗo laara ɗe wanngi on kooseeje dimbata, yaake ‘Archean’.
Jooni ɗuɗɓe ɗo laara fottude yaake fuɗɗam duuniyaaru her laabi ɓe andini be ustol henndu ɗo wadi ɓalli majjata to ɗi dirti koo bo doo’i.
Woodi duuniyaaji be koode peeton ena ka’e pamaron ‘Planetesimals’ je taarata dow falaku ɗeɗo mari daayeegal walla ponndol gootol ha goowel falaku ‘astronomical 1 unit (AU)’, daayega hakkunde duuniyaru bee naange, laatan wallai haa heɓugo ndiyam nder duuniyaaru ngam duule marɗe heendu der asamannji ɗeɗo wuli jaw yoosan galaasi koo bo ɓoɗe diyam hattito e saatinta ndiyam, haa fahin maral ndiyam nder kooseeje saayol ndiyam der henndu hoosan wakkati juude.
Seeda ɓaawo ɗo holla dow teekuuji fuɗɗi hee’taago on hitaande duuɓi bliyonji 4.4. yaake dimbol kooseeje be lesdi ɗiɗaɓre, arti filti duuniyaru.
Hono haa fahin naange ɗo mari jayngol hesre 30% nder duuɓi biliyonji 4.5 saali.
Woodi misaaluuji boy, sai ni wooni yeerdootiral seɗɗa, dow noy tagle marɗe yonnki fuɗɗi ngurdam ibgo tagle walaa yonnki; alkeemiiji; alchemi waɗa nder suudu tewtugol anndal yottai koo seɗɗa yebre andugo nanda be tagle marɗe yonnki.
Sai ni ko sembe heendu saawi, feerotiri ko Miller be Urey anndini, iga ɓaawo foondo ɓe wadi ɓe humpiti, den ɓe famtini ko wawata laata ngoonga ɓe habdi ha aynugo tagaa ɗi mari.
Fiɓaare RNA saanjaama yahugo fiɓaare DNA, ɗo de’iti waylataake bana RNA haa fahin ɗo nyiɓa piɓaaje caatuɗi, ɗo ɓesda waawude maaje ha nder ko tagee fu (marɗum yonnki) saawi.
Torra haa waylaagol nyamdu nder reenu aranni ɗaɓɓina tagdi no wayla bee ruɗɗititta.
“Fyadaama nder hitaade 2003 dow der jawdi leydi je heɓete nder ndiyam ‘montmorillonite’ yawnan baylol ɓelle lamma ruɗɗita “”putumpaali””, nden ɗi mara fiɓaare RNA ɗo jilli bee loope.”
Fiɓaare LUA kannjum on aawdiiji tagle fu nder duuniyaaru joonii.
Baylol sembe henndu margu Oksijen omtirgal on ha jahol yeeso.
Ɓe nastiri be lamminde, baylol ɓaale caatuɗi warta ɓaale ɗigguɗi hawtaade be nafturgo tiiɗal seɗɗa, den himmiɗina ha mawnugo be rimugo.
Ɓuurna tagaadi (yimɓe,dabbaji,leɗɗe,ngeene) woni dow lesdi ni ɗo naftira be njaygol naange ‘photosynthesis’ ngam yeeɗugo.
Hokkugo jarrayel ‘electrons’ ɗo taara, ittan sinaadari ‘hydrogen’ nder ndiyam sai acca henndu oksijen ɗo wonnan ɗam.
Nafturgo be njayngol naange gol ‘onoxygenic’ fuɗɗa on jotta yahan duuɓi bilinyonji 3.8 Ga, wakkati seeɗa be fuɗɗam wanngande nguurdam yonnki.
Aranni, wanngude henndu oksijen ɗo jonngitiri be lesdi ndaneeri walla ngoore be njamndi ena ko nanndi be maaji.
Koo ngam kala fiɓaare fu ɗo rima henndu oksijen der minti gootel fu, kawtol piɓɓaje waylata nyamdu nder reedu, bayliti iga wakkati naane, sannji sella e sembe heendu duuniyaaru jooni.
Ɓalal asama ‘ozone’ siiɓi, haa jooni ɗo siiɓa, nguleega naange nyaade ɗo saala nder ɓalal ngal.
Ɗo saggiti duuniyaaru fuɗɗi heɓugo nguleega naange nyaade walaama bana yebre dimbol kooseje walla lesdi andiraaɗum be ‘Proterozoic eon’.
Ɓoɗe ndiyam woni ha leydi Afirka Fombinaari waɗi duuɓi biliyonji 2.2 Ga, yaake fere, ɗo jonngitiri be humpitol njamndi njordi, ɗo heddi bee diidol sendi duuniyaaru.
Yaake ɓoɗe ndiyam ‘Huronian’ wawan laata sababu ɓesdol henndu oksijen, ɗo usti heendu ‘methane (CH4)’ ha asama.
Sai ni, annditinamwol dow woodi wakkati ɓoɗe ndiyam nasitira ha tinndinki no iga ɓaawo duuɓi ɓoɗe ɗe wakkati peewol ɗuuɗi masin.
Toh heendu ‘Carbon dioxide’ jilli be iyeende den jippa dow hooseere warta lammago Kabonik, ndiyam ɗam ilan faago teeku, haa fahin wurtina nguleega henndu yahugo asama.
Bakteria sendi yahugo keɓe ɗiɗi ha di fuɗɗi nguurdam kesum ɓeɗo nodda ɗe ‘neomura’, sai ni wooni ferotiral dow haala ka.
Nguskuuji aran ɗo mari puundi ‘fungi’ bana je wakkati dimbol kooseeje e lesdi andira ‘Paleoproterozoic’ duuɓi biliyoni 2.4 ko saali; ɗeɗo mari fiɓaaje boy andira ɗum ‘benthic’ tagdi din ɗo juuti masin bana nder laabi ƴiiƴam tokkata.
Yeli fiɓaare mawnde habdi ha siiɓa fiɓaare pamarel sai ni mawnde den tampi (teema ngam sembiɗol be bayli ko nyaamete).
Nafturgo be heendu oksijen, moɗan piɓaaji maayi den ɓesdan sembe.
Jooni, kawtal hakkude Piɓaaji mawɗi be pamari haɓɓama.
Ko nanndi banni fe’i yaake bakteriya mari jayngol ‘photosynthesis’ nasti nder piɓaaji mawɗi ‘heterotrophic’ den wayla warta yeɓre li’eere jaɓata jayngol naange.
Ɓaawo ko ɗum ngasni ha haala ‘endosymbiotic’ dow asliiku fiɓaare ‘mitchocondria’ be yeɓre li’eere jaɓata jayngol naange, ko andira ‘chloroplasts’, woodi haalaaji dow piɓaaji waɗi tagdi bana ‘peroxisomes’, be spirochetes warti ‘cilia’ be ‘flagella’ fiɓaare DNA mari ɓii nyaw ‘virus’ kannjum bo warti ɓii fiɓaare ‘nucleous’, sai ni ɗuɗɓe yimɓe yardai haala ka.
Nder hitaade duuɓi biliyon 1.1 Ga, naahiya manga nga Rodinia ɗo mooɓa.
Koo ngam ferotiral hakkude jinnsi be fiɓaare ayyinaaɗum haa fahin bee tagdi mari piɓaaji boy, wala ngasniiɗum dow haala ka, bana duuɓi biliyon 1 ko saali, li’eeji mari piɓaaji boy wanngi, teema mbaalanndiri.
Njamndi jorɗi wooni nder lesdi be kooseeje ha diidol senndi duuniyaaru geɓe ɗiɗi andira ‘Paleomagnetic pole’ ɗo ɓeddita on ngam ko lesdi saawi nder maari, bana mornyitaade walla hamƴol beɗu duuniyaaru ‘orogenic belts’ waɗi alaamaaji dow beɗi duuniyaaru je aran, be leɗɗe laade e dabbaaji ladde.
Duuɓi ko yahanta miliyonji dubure woore 1000 yahugo milyonji temeɗɗe jee’nayi e sappan e tati 830 ‘Ma’, naahiyaaji boy ɗo saawi kuujeeji nder maaji ɗi kawri ha naahiyawa mannga ga ‘Rodinia’.
Iimaadehaanndingol naahiya manga ga ‘supercontinent’ yaake fere ɓeɗo nodda ga be ‘Pannotia’ koobo ‘Vendia’.
Semmbiɗinol be laabi no mahude ɓoɗe ndiyam ha jooni ɗo wiɗita ngasna ɗum saatan famtina haala ka ha yimɓe faama na bana baylol be dimbol lesdi aran ‘Proterozoic’ nder jaawal ha duuniyaaru.
Ngam heendu ‘carbon dioxide CO2’ ɗo nder ko keni ngulɗi ‘greenhouse gas’ saawi, sella feewa masin ndeer duuniyaaru no foti.
Ɓesdol mootaade bee ɓolinal hoosere ɗo fuɗɗa on ngam dalila ficcitol e sampitugo naahiya manga ga ‘Rodinia’ ha daidai wakkati goo.
Tagle kesi ɗin ɗo nodda ‘Ediacara biota’, ɗe fayi warti maapindi naa ban naane.
Hawti jamanu tati: ‘paleozoic’ be ‘Mesozoic’ ena ‘Cenozoic’ wakkati piɓaaji tagle ɗo duuɗi habdi sosai ha seeduki ɗe, ha kala tagaadi fu, jooni.
DalIila ɓesdol yaajega teekuuji.
Batteji e maanditingol wakkati ɓoɗe ndiyam ɓe tawi on ha nokkure Gondwana naane.
Naahiyaaji Laurenta be Baltic doflitiri caka hitaade duuɓi milonji 450 be 400 Ma, wakkati ‘Caledonian Orogeny wayli warti Laurussia (ɗo nodde Euramerica).
Tappannde bee doflere nokkuji Siberia be Laurussia saggiti sababu Uralian Orogeny, tappannde Nokkure Gondwana be Laurussia ɗo ewne Variscan koboo Hercynian Orogeny ha lesɗe Nasaara walla nokkure Alleghenian ha waila naahiya Amerika.
Sai ni wakkati tagle ɗo yaake ‘Ediacaran’, ɗe wanngi sai ni asliiɗi on naaneji, ɗo saɗi hawta ɗe ha kawrital gootal jooni, ha timmoode yaake baylol duuniyaaru gol ‘Cambian’ boy der fuɗngo ‘phyla’ ɗon wakkati man.
Wakkati yoga nder kawritalji ‘Cambrian’ wanngi ɗo mari ɓilla heftugo ɗe bo nanndai be no nguurdam woni jooni; misaalu dabbaji nder ndiyam andiraaɗi ‘Anomalocaris’ be ‘Haikouichthys’.
Tagaadi naanndi bo teema kannjum on asli liɗɗi, koobo ɗo banndira be liɗɗi, je ɓe noddata ‘Pikaia’.
Liɗɗi on dabba fuɗɗi ngedam ɗo mari ƴi’al ɓaawo be ɗaɗi, ifti ibgo nder maayo teekuuji mawɗi jotta duuɓi miliyonji 530 Ma.
Nguski kiɗɗi dujjungu walla mbaggu boji bee funngooji wakkati duuɓi miliyonji 480 haa yehi 460 Ma, sai ni kawrital jarrahoy wanngini dow dujjungu embaggu boji teema suddi leydi duuniyaaru no foti, iga yaake duuɓi miliyonji dubuure 1000 den funngooji waɗi duuɓi miliyonji 700 Ma.
Yiinorgal wayliti warti juuɗe be kosɗee, dabbaaji arann mari kosɗe ɗiɗi be juuɗe ɗiɗi ‘tetrapods’ walliti haa ɓamtol ko’e maaji yaasi ɗi foofa wakkati ɗi wuulaata nder maayo koo bo ndiyam.
Haa ragare ni, yoga warti ɗo wuurna nguurdam maaji dow leydi, ɗi timminan ngedam dow leyni, sai ni dabbaji ɗi ɗo sol’ina nder ndiyam koo bo maayo, haa fahin ɗi lora dow leydi ɗi looɓa e rufa geeraaɗe.
Funngooji ɗo wurtina awdiiji e gabbe, ɗoo ɗo yawna masin ha caakol maaji dow leydi, bana jooni (teema duuɓi miliyonji 360 Ma).
Duuɓi miliyon 30 (310 Ma) yiidi be wanngol piɓaaji ‘synapsids’ ( ha bee dabbaji musinooji) ibgo ‘sauropsids (hawti bee colli be dabbaaji ndasotooɗi).
Pallaaɗe Triassic-Jurassic timmi pat duuɓi miliyonji 200 Ma ko saali, sai ni woodi pallaaɗen jee lutti, iga ɓaawo ɗe ngarti kannje ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder dabbaji mari ƴi’e ɓaawo be ɗaɗi.
Hesre 60% dabbaji nder ndiyam natti bee iyaalu maaji hesre 25% pat natti.
Nattol tataɓol fe’i dow pallaaɗe ‘Permian-Triassic’, koobo mawnde maapindi, teema ɓolugo kooseeje ha nokkure Siberian on daliila bononda ka, doo’ol koode, be cukkol keni methane, be yaajol ilam teeku, hawti be soynde heendu oksijen nder ndiyam.
Ɗoo on, nattugo manngo, lennyonl dabbaji hesre 57 be fere bo hesre 83% on waati.
Ha fuɗɗan yaake baylol leydi be kooseje ‘Paleocene’, nder jamanu man dabbaaji aarti natti go, jooni rimi boy ha ɓesdi ɓuri no ɗi woni naane, den dabbaaji musinooji fu limgal maaji ɗuɗi boy.
Guyfal ‘savanna’ lesdi ngeene sedda fuɗata on ɓurna nokkuje fu woni, nden dabbaaji musinooji bana ‘Andrewsarchus’ waarti kannji ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder dabbaaji woni dow leydi, haa aran liɗɗi ‘whales’ bana ‘Basilosaurus’ ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder teekuuji.
Killifooji mawɗi bana ‘Paracetherium’ be ‘Deinotherium’ warti kanji mari sembe be ɗuuɗugo dow leydi ha nokkuje mari huɗo e geene.
Teeku Tethys daayai bee nokkure naahiya Afirka tappidiri be naahiya Nasaara.
Katarko koo bo gada leydi, walli le’i pamari je ɗi ɗo wicci ha Fombina naahiya Amerika heɓi laawol egga yaha Waila naahiya Amerika, banni ha babe fere bo.
Jamanu ɓoɗe ndiyam ‘ice’ ardi baylol goɗɗo jooni nder Hamaadaare Afirka be gaɗa nokkure nde.
Ɗuɗɓe nuɗɗini dow eggol manngol waɗaama ha hedi Beringia kannjum waɗi jooni, wodi ngeelooɗi ɗuɗɗi (ha Waila naahiya Amerika, sai ni ɗi natti iga ɓaawo), pucci fu (ifti ha Waila naahiya Amerika, sai ni ɗi natti), banni fu ha nokkure aslinki Amerika’en.
Yaajugo ngaadi ɓesdi boy, be duuɓi miliyonji ɗiɗi 2 Ma, dabbaaji aranji kawtama nder lennyonl ‘genus Homo’ wanngi.
Bawɗe jamnugo yiite fuɗɗi wakkati ‘Homo erectus’ (walla Homo ergaster), lennyonl yimɓe fuɗɗi darugo, bana duuɓi 790, 000 saali, ɓadiima duuɓi miliyon 1.5 Ma.
Sai ni saɗɗum ngasna haala asli ɗemngal; ha jooni tabbitinai ko gonnga on ‘Homo erectus’ en wolwi, koobo sai jamanu ‘Homo sapiens’ lennyonl yimɓe waɗi jamanu ɓaawo ‘Homo erectus’ en.
Fertaare jooɗare nder yimɓe ɓesdake bo yaaji, ɗemngal fu ɓamtake, kare kuciɗirɗi ɗuuɗi.
Yimɓe aran wanngini dewgal e diina ni kamɓe on Neanderthals’en (ɓeɗo anndina lennyonl maɓɓe walaa ɓe ndoni ɓe); ɓeɗo uwa mayɓe, banni tan nder ngaska walaa nyamdu ko kuuje fere nder maaga.
Wakkati ɗemngal mawni, bawɗe maadugo e siftirgo be matotiral ɗo ɓesda, bana no boliiɗe Richards Dawkins famtini, nder yemmbugo kesi: miila e numoo.
Hakkude hitaade 8500 yahugo 7000 hidde Almasiihu wara, yimɓe jooɗi haa nokkure Fuunaage cakaari naahiya Asiya, haa leydi mari barkaaji andira be ‘Fertile Cresent’ ɓe gaanti dabbaaji be demri: demal.
Sai ni, nder yimɓe yeɓi jahol yeeso ɓe teddini haala demri, ɗoo waddini ummaatoore feesaare be ɓesdal keɓal ngam demri ɓe jogii, waddi ɓeydaari yimɓe.
Ɗoo fooɗi yimɓe fuɗɗi heɓugo jahol yeeso, ɓe woni ha nokkure Sumer, ha Fuunaange cakaari naahiya Asiya, hakkude duuɓi 4000 yahugo 3000 BC (hidde Almasiihu wara).
Yimɓe acci majjingo wattaki maɓɓe ha hisnugo yonnki maɓɓe, ɗoo hokkiɓe laawol tafude kare kuucitinirɗi ko kuuɗe ayyinaaɗe (bana seewa’en be filooɓe be Mallum’en ena ko nanndi bee kuuɗe ɗe).
Bana duuɓi 500 BC (hidde Almasiihu wara), woodi ummatoore ferefere jee heɓi jahol yeeso jur ha nokkure Fuunaange cakaari Asiya, be leydi Iran be Indiya be leydi Sin habee leydi Greece walla Ruum, afti masin ha wakkatire den, sai ni wakkati fere jahol yeeso man ɗo usta.
Jahol yeeso ɗo ha yeɓre konu, be nyeenyal diidi, be anndal kimiyyaji, anndal limngal be diidi nyiɓugo wuro.
Daula Ruum waylti warti dow diina Masiinki’en wakkati Constantine laamata Ruum ha fuɗɗam karnuwol nayabru 4th sai ni leesi masin ha ragare karnuwol juyabru 5th.
Saare goniiku e reentaare nyiɓa jammanu dawla Abbasiiyya laamurde maaga ɗo ha Baghdad, nder leydi Irak.
Nder karnuwol 14th, hesɗinol jahol yeeso fuɗɗi ha nder leydi Italiya fannuji bana diina be nyeenyal diidi be anndal kimiyya ɓesdi nder ummatoore.
Jahol yeeso Nasaara’en fuɗɗi sannjugo ha aran duuɓi 1500, ɗoo ardini anndal kimiyyaji be ɓamtaare golli maasinji sana’aaji.
Iga hitaade 1914 be 1918 be 1939 haa yehi hitaade 1945, lesɗe ɗuɗɗe muti nder konu duuniyaaru.
Ɓaawo konu, lesɗe kesi wanngi, ɗe andini ko ɗe hokkama dimu ko’e maaje, wakkati ittol laamu jiimuhollitingol.
Ɓamtaare anndal fasaahaji waddi jahol yeeso ha waɗugo balmi nukliya, be komputaaji, ingiiniyaaku yebre jiinsu, haa fahin be fasaaha ustuki mawnol na’uuraaji.
Ɓillaji mawɗi bana nyawji be konu be tampere, soide njoode jam, be wanyugo lenyi, ha ko ɓadi ɗo bo baylol yaake, ɗo ɓesda bana no ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓesdata.
Taariiha ɓii aadama, be ko taariiha windi, kannjum on kubaruji neɗɗaaku ha duuɓi saali.
Neolithic’en on saggiti daliila ɓamtaare fannu demri, hakkude duuɓi 10,000 yahugo 5,000 BCE, hidde jooni, haa ɗakki nokkure Funaange Fertile Cresent, babal mari barka leydi boy.
Demal yehi yeeso, asbinki e aawude gabbe ɓesdi den kuugal ngal ɗuuɗi, sai toh ɓesdi limngal huuwooɓe, ngam tasna nyamande boɗɗum wakkati remugo.
Diina Hindu heɓi ɓamtaare wakkati duuɓiji njamde ‘tagulla’ ha nokkure naahiya Indiya mannga.
“Jamanu ɓamtaare jahol yeeso duuniyaaru (duuɓi “”cakaaji,”” c. 500-1500 CE,) seedi ɓamtaare diinaji Islaama be Masiihaaku walla Kiristaaku, ɓeɗo tinndina wakkati man be duuɓi Kangeeri Islaama (c. 750 CE - c. 1258 CE), be yaake laamu dawla Timurid be Finol leydi Italiya (iga wakkati duuɓi 1300 CE).”
Karnuwol 18th, yiidi be faggitol e ɓesdal anndalji be fasaha kannjum waddi baylol mangol haa fannu ɓaantaare maasinji sana’aaji, fuɗɗi on ha ragare duuɓi ɓaawooji, wakkati duuɓu 1800 tokki yahugo haa jooni.
Mbaadi terɗe ɓii aadama jotta fuɗɗi on iga naahiya Afirka duuɓi 300,000 ko saali, heɓi sembiɗol lobbiɗinde e haali boɗɗi bana duuɓi 50,000 ko saali.
Ɓadiima ha fuɗɗan duuɓi miliyon 1.8 saaliɗi, amma caahiiɗum duuɓi 500,000, ɓiɓɓe aadama fuɗɗi huɓɓugo yiite ngam defa nyamdu bo hisna ɓandu iga peewol.
Paleolithic’en on waɗi nguurndam maɓɓe ha diwgal, bo ɓe jooɗai haa nokkure woore, ɓe eggo’oo ɓe on.
Jahol yeeso yimɓe haa naahiya Waila Amerika be Oceania ɓamti masin ha wakkati duubi ɓoɗe ndiyam.
Maayo oolɗuɗe ‘Yellow River, ha waadiwol leydi Sin ɓeɗo rema muuri be gabbe ferefere wakkati duuɓi 7000 BCE (duuɓi jamanu); waadiwol Yangtze fuɗɗi aawugo maaroori haa ragare duuɓi 8000 BCE (duuɓi jamanu).
Kuugal njamdi wayilɓe, fuɗɗi waɗugo kare kuucitinɗirni be njamndi mboɗeeri habee muryamje kare fawne, wakkati duuɓi 6000 BCE.
Birniiji ha filu e coggu be luuɓe woni boy, kuuɗe ɗuuɗi haton be fannu laamu be siyaasaaku fu ɗo kawri ha nokkuuje ɗe.
Jahol yeeso birniiji e galluje ɗo yaada bee ɓamtol darajaaku ummatoore.
Al’aadaaji ena aadi dondonu yimɓe ɓee on fuɗɗi nastirki bee taarde keekel, bee anndal limngal bee hisaabu, be waɗugo fawne be njammndi boɗeeri ‘tagulla’, be laanyol laana ndiyam, keeke mahugo (payannɗe, looɗe, paali be ko naanndi ɗe), sayol baagi e kolte, be nyiɓugo wuro mango, enanta binndi.
Ko woowa on jamanu Neolitic’en (wakkati ɓiɓɓe aadama naftirta be ka’e ha kuuɗe) ɓe yiɗi dewal heƴɗigol ɓeernde bana ngorgu, ngoogaaku ɗam bee ko naandi bee maaji.
Gure ɓuurna fu taskiti jooɗi ha nokkuuje waadiji mari barka leydi demal: maaje Tigris be Euphartares der Mesopotamia, be maayo Niilu ha leydi Misra, be maayo Indus ha Naahiya Indiya manngo, haa fahin be waadiwol Yangtze be maaje oolol “Yellow Riversnder leydi Sin.
Binndi be diidi alaamaaji yimɓe naane tokki waɗugo dow ka’e bee tapaaje ko lare waarti laabi binndi alaama, iga ɓaawo suuraji koo bo footo diidi ɗin warti yimɓe ɗo fahma bee mijaaɗe.
Jahale ɓamtaama ngam tokkol laabi ndiyam dow maaje be teekuuji.
Jahal yeeso ɗo waɗi ummaatoore be dawlaaji ɗuɗɗi ɓoosi.
Haa ruunde walla danŋeere Crete nder ɓamtaare Minoan ha leydi Ruum, duuɓi 2700 yaake ɓe naftirta be njammndi gam dewgal, ɗoo on bo woɗɓe hoositiri dow kannjum on nokkure fuɗɗi heɓugo jahal yeeso nder Naahiya Nasaara’en.
Nder ujuneere wari saali, duuniyaaru no foti heɓi jahol yeeso masin.
Nder leydi Indiya, yaake jamanu Verdic wakkati ɓe fuɗɗi naftuurgo bee njammnde ngam demal, duuɓi (1750-600 BCE), ɓamti diina ena al’aadaaji e aadi dondonu Inidiya, bee goɗɗi aadi maɓɓe, timmi on ha ragare karnwol juyi’e’ go’o 6th BCE.
Wakkati man on anndal be jahal yeeso yimɓe di (bana duuɓi 1500 BCE yahugo 500 CE), yaake Mesoamerica, ɓamtaare bee jahol yeeso yimɓe ɓesdake, ha nokkuuji en ewnata leydi Mexico, be caka nahiya Amerika ena leydi Peru.
Karl Jasper, nder bolle maako jee ‘Axial-Age’, o wolwi dow haala diina dewal yiite Paasha’en (Iran) waɗata wakkati den, sai ni woodi mallum’en ɓe yerdai be bolle Jasper, ha ko laaarani fuɗɗugo diina dewooɓe yiite.
Dinaaji ɗii, kannji on Taoism, bee neɗɗinaaku tokkugo ko diidaaɗi koo bo dookaaji umri, ena diina Confucianism.
Ɗoo saggiti waɗi sababu dawlaaji mawɗi naftiri be semmbe soja’en maɓɓe, ha hippugo lesɗe be gure pamare.
Woodi dawlaaji ɗuɗɗi ha kala banngeeji ferefere ha wakkati man.
Dawla Medianko’en tammpi den ɓe hokki laawol dawlaaji leydi Iran tiggi laamu maɓɓe, dow hawti be Dawla Achaemenid iga hitaade (duuɓi 550-330 BCE, bako jamaanu ɗo), be dawla Parthian iga hitaade (247 BCE-224 CE), haa fahin be dawla Sasanian (224-651 CE).
Tippugel ni, Zurkallaini ‘Alexander’ mawɗo (356-323 BCE) mo leydi Macedon, o tiggi dawla mannga ga, o honi gure e dawlaaji jur, bo o heɓi jaalorgal, o yajjini dawla Macedon haa der Ruum be leydi Indiya.
Ibgo e gilla karnuwol tataɓal 3rd CE, dawla Gupta yi’i wakkati naahiya Indiya naane heɓi ɓamtaare boy ‘Golden Age’.
Joode njam tokki Indiya, ɗo walli ha jahol yeeso al’aadaaji bee neesu Indiya ɓamti boy, ha ɓamtaare mawnde, nder karnuwol 4th yehi ha karnuwol 5th.
Wakkati laamiiɗo Augustus (63 BCE-14 CE), kanko fuɗɗi laatugo lamɗo dawla Ruum mawɗo, Ruum arti tiggi laamu maaga ha nokkuuje boy nder Mediterranean.
Dawla gal woni ha hirna duuniyaaru sankiti, ha hitaade 476 CE, sababu humtude Jaamanjo kobo goɗɗo Italiya, innde maako Odoacer.
Dawla Han, ga laami tayre leydi Sin, semmbe maaga foti be dawla Ruum, dawla Han hawti hoore be Ruum ha waɗugo laawol bantaaje e jooyal ‘Silk Road’.
Bana no woni ha dawlaaji aranɗi, dawla Sin ga Han, heɓi jahargal ɗuɗɗum ha fannu dogginki laamu, be aandal, be anndal limngal e lissafi, bee anndal asamaaji bee anndal fasaaha, bee ko nanndi bee ɗo.
Dawlaaji ngifaaji tokki ɓaawo, ɗi tiggi laamu maɓɓe ha geɓe naahiyaa Amerika ɗiɗi, ummini daraja al’aadaaji ha fuɗɗam duuɓi 2500 BCE.
Birniwol mangol ngol Mayan bee hakkilo innde e semmbe maagol ɓamti, al’aadaaji Maya sankiti e meelimaade ha yahi gure woni nder Yucatan fu, be gure taari go.
Ɗon no, yaake fere nder nokkuuji fere, ɓe heɓi jaawal ɓamtal be anndal fasaahaaku.
Dawla Han nder leydi Sin naasti konu nder saare caka maaga nder hitaade 220 CE, ha aran ni laamorde tati on wanngi, Dawla Ruum fu, usti semmbe laamu ha caka, ga senndi fecce nanaaɗum e anndira fitinaajie kabe karnu tataɓa.
Jahal yeeso ɓesdi bo ha fannu hoowude e wuurnaaki pucci marɗi semmbe ngam kooca sooja’en jogata lagaawal e hulindo bo ɓe eggooɓe on nde weeti fu ɓeɗo hulna jooɗiiɓe nokkuure woore, bo ɓe keɓi jahal yeeso.
Luttuɗi fecce dawla Ruum, ha fuunaannge Mediterranean, tokki ha waarti dawla Byzantine ha Santambul.
Jamanu man ɗo annde on nder karnuwol juyeɓre 5th wakkati dawla Rumm Hirnaangeri wirgikoo bo sankiti, waarti laamorde peeton, iga ɓaawo ɗe kawri ɗe waarti les ardugal leydi dawla Ruum ceniidi.
Fombina Asiya bo yi’i ɓamtal laamorde boy nder Indiya, den tiggol laamu dawla Islaama wanngi nder Indiya.
Ɗoo hokki yimɓe Afirka laawol naatude coggu e filu bee luuɓe Fombinaari Asiya; ɗo, bee al’aadaaji Juulɓe, waddi ɓamtal al’aadaaji Swahilinko’en.
Ɗo futtini kaɓe hakkude al’aadaaji e neesuuji, luural hakkude dawla Byzantine (jilli be neesuuji e al’aadaaji Greek), be al’aadaaji e neesu Masiihinnki’en haa yebre woore, bee al’aadaaji e neesu leydi ‘Persia’ Iran bee diina Zoroastrianism ‘diinal rewugo yiite’’ ha yebre.
Iga laamurde jaziira Arabiya, Juulɓe fuɗɗi weƴƴitaango bee yaajinki dawla maɓɓe ha fuɗɗam jamanu Postclassical.
Ɗuuɗum aandal be jahol yeeso ɗe jokki anndal joogaraafi.
Semmbe be dabare Juulɓe filooɓe dow Afirka’en be yimɓe Asiya, sakkoma laabi filooɓe ɓe tokkata ko sewtata wakkati yaadu.
Huyinnde diina bee yiɗugo yaajinki dawla, ardiiɓe lesɗe Nasaara konu ngam ɓe ɓesda semmbe diina Masiinkaaku bo ɓe usta semmbe Juulɓe be jaftugo leydi ceniidi (Urusaliima, Baitil Mukaddas).
Jaalorgal Arab’en mari ha nokkuuji ɗi wari ragare koo bo timmi nder caka karnuwol 11th ɗoo waddi yottaaki dawla Seljuq jee Turkanko’en, be eggol gure Turkanko’en ha nokkure Caka Asiya.
Ndewgu ge ɗo nodde Barbary Coast (huunduko maayo Barbary) galluure nde ɗo hebbini bee fasooɓe dow ndiyam laanaaje ndiyam jee konu, ɓe naftiri bee maɓɓe haa kawritirde kommbooje Wailare Afrka, haa ɓee hippi galluje Nasaara’en ɓeɗo nnanga yimɓe ɓee wartira ɓe sulaaɓe e maccuɓe, ɓe sorri maccuɓe ɓe a luuɓe Waila Afirka ha nder luuɓe maccuɓe Barbary.
Nder karnuwol 8th, diina Islaama nasti kala nokkure fu haa ngiifa ka, diina Islaama warti diina ɓuurna yimɓe tokkata, diina Buddha.
Ɓaawo mayde Genghis Khan nder hitaade 1227, ɓurna Asiya cakantaari tokki jooɗugo les ardugal ɓe ndoni mo, sakkoma Chagatai Khanate.
Ngifa gan senndi yahugo yebre ɗuɗɗe pamarɗe haa Khanates banni on Uzbeks ummi.
Nyidda ngikkuji hippi laamorde kese der ko lutti nder dawla Hirnaange Ruum.
Diina Masiihaaku feesi haa Waila leydi Nasaara’en, haikaleeji ɗuɗɗi nyiɓaama.
Ka’ida maral leydi ‘Manorialism’, bee aagal yimɓe ƙauye wu’ata leydi ngam huuwana rimɓe, be jaanndaangal, be diidaadi laamu mawɓe be ɓe yottai ɓe manngu ɓeɗo hakkila be sooja’en, ngam ɓe heɓa gu’aari lesdi iga juuɗe marɓe lesdi, woodi laabi ɗiɗi ha seŋondirde jahal yeeso yimɓe jamanu duuɓi cakantaaji be cakantaaji boy.
Filooɓe e ɓiɓɓe luuɓe leydi Italy naastini maccuɓe ha kuugal ndemal cibe koo bo reke be waɗugo sukkar.
Weelo bee rafo bee bonondaji bee konu usti ɗuuɗal yimɓe Waila leydi Nasaara.
Ɗoo maɓɓiti laawol Zagwe tiggi dawla, ɓe ɗo mari goniiku ha hefugo kooseje ɓe wartira ɗe gure maɓɓe ha gallure Lalibela.
Ɓe laami bee jogigo filu e soggu laabi hamaadare sahara ha sorrugo kangeeri be mannda be nyii’e nyiibi, enanta sorrugo maccuɓe.
Caka naahiya Afirka yii ummal laamorde ferefere, ɗo hawti bee Laamorde Kongo.
Ɓe waɗi ka’e mawɗi ngam hisna ko’e maɓɓe iga waywayɓe maɓɓe, walaa sokkirgal bana leydi Zimbabwe mannga, laamorde laamu Zimbabwe, Khami bo laamorde laamu Butua, bee Danangombe (Dho-Dhlo) laamorde laamu dawla Rozvi.
Karnuwol jee’enayabre, laari firfirtude e tinnaade dawlaaji tati ngam jafta laamu Wailare Indiya, dawlaaji ɗi kannji on dawla Pratihara be dawla Pala enanta dawla Rashtrakuta.
“Dawla Tang senndi yahugo ngeɓe ɗiɗi, sai ni ɓaawo rena karnuwol nder fitinaaji, dawla Song lorti hawti leydi Sin warti lesdi goori, bana no William McNeill famtini, “”marɓe jawdi, gonii’en bo leydi ɗin ɓuri kala leydi fu ɗuuɗal yimɓe.
Ɓaawo bana karnuwol gootol dawla Mongol Yuan fuɗɗi laamugo, lennyonl Sin tabbitini joogol laamu be fuɗɗaaki dawla Ming nder hitaade (1368).
Jamanu Nara, nder karnuwol 8th yii ɓamtal bee jahal yeeso leydi Japan.
Maral leydi ‘feudal’ ha taariiha Japan, marɓe keɓal bee semmbe hakkude ndewgu (daimyos) be ardiiɓe sooja’en (shoguns) bana Ashikaga shogunate be Tokugawa shogunate, forti yahi ha hitaade 1185 dilli haa hitaade 1868.
Silla jaali dow Baekje haa hitaade 660, Baekje warti les ardugal Silla, sai Goguryeo hitaade 668, ɗoo wanngini fuɗɗam laamorde Waila be Fombina, wakkati dawla Silla hawti fombina be Balhae, laamorde roni Goguryeo, ha waila.
Puɗɗal karnuwol 9th, laamorde Bagan ɓamti, yahi yeeso ha wakkati Myanmar jooni.
Njaatiraaɓe Puebloans be ɓe ndoni ɓe hakkude (karnuwol 9th yahi haa karnuwol13th) nyiɓi gure mawɗe, hawti bee gure bee nyiɓi ɓaawo ɓee hefi kooseeje, ɗe warti nyiɓaalo ɓuri mawnugo nder Waila Naahiya Amerika no foti, sai nder karnuwol 19th.
Nder Fombina nahiya Amerika, ha karnuuji 14th be 15th yii jahal yeeso be ɓamtal Inca.
Jahal yeeso anndal kimiyya heɓi balla iga Johannes Gutenberg, o fuɗɗi wanndugo na’uuraji bee mashin winndugo, bee keeke winndugo, iga wakkati daarooɗe eewugo koode (teleskop) be je tiimugo tadle pamare (mikroskop) wanngi.
Duuɓi ɓaawooji tokki yahugo ha wari ragare konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗabru, nder hitaade 1945.
Ha fuɗɗam jamanu jooni, ɗo tinndine be ɓesdol anndal kimiyya be ɓamtal fasaahaaku, be ittuki diina nder dogginirgal laamu, be ɓoosal lesɗe.
Wakkati aran jamanu jooni, leydi Nasaara’en heɓi semmbe laamugo njananɓe; haa jotta mallum’en taariiha ɗo mari luural dow ko saggiti daliila ɓamtal be ɓesdal semmbe lesɗe Nasaara.
Nokkuure den heɓi jahal yeeso masin ha fiiji hakkulugo be ceede ena risku leydi, jotta waɗan duuɓi dubuure 1000 CE.
Ɓe botiri masin ngam jahal yeeso fasaahaaku, bo ɓe nyukkini anndal jamanu je ɓolnol njammɗe, be huunde fufugo yiite wayilɓe nastirta, be tiggugo kodorko e bolji, be mashinji binndooji, be murliɗirgal ena jiitirgal soɓɓire.
Haala kisaaki e wakkinkinaare semmbe be jahal yeeso naahiya Nasaara, andini dow anndugo banngeeje nder duuniyaaru Nasaara’en mari walle ɓe ha jaalorgal ɓe heɓi dow ummatoore ferefere.
Ɗoo hokki Nasaara’en ndeenaagu ibgo masiibo kippol yimɓe cakantaari Asiya.
Ɓamtal be jahal yeeso Islaama reggini on wakkati Mongol’en jafti gallure Baghdad, wani bononda nder hitaade 1258.
Anndal joogiraafi walli masin ha dogginirgal laamu be luural siyaasaaku.
Sai ni nder bolliɗe fere bo, naahiya Nasaara wooni luural hakkude dewalji ferefere.
Haa fahin ɓurna jahol yeeso ha fannu demri maɓɓe tampi koo bo relli ngam ɓillaaji bannjeeji maɓɓe.
Jahal yeeso haa fannu kimiyya be ɓesdal keɓal be jawdi mabbiti laabi naastooje ceede be risku.
Ɓesdal jaharle be kuuɗe ha ndiyam naahiya Nasaara tippuɗum, walaama bana lesɗe Nasaara dakki bahar walla teeku Atlanta bana: Sipaaniya, be Portugal, be leydi Ingila, be Faransa ena Netherlands.
Nder Waila Afirka, laamorde Saadi, maral lennyonl Berber’en jooɗi joode dimu hoore maaga, haa sai nder hitaade 1659.
Nokkure daande ndiyam Swahili yiidi be toskare ɓaawo dawla Portugal heɓi jaalorgal ɓe warti les ardugal maaga, iga ɓaawo bo ɓe warti les ardugal laamu dawla Omani.
Laamorde Zimbabwe ha yebre Fombina Afrirka, maɓɓiti laabi tiggol laamorji pamari bana Mutapa be Butua be Rozvi.
Babe fere bo nder Afirka fu heɓi jahal yeeso haa wakkati man.
Japan yi’i pinal e kiseekum Azuchi-Momoyama iga hitaade (1568 yahugo 1603), ɓaawo den dawla Edo fu wanngi iga hitaade (1603 yahugo 1868).
Dawla Johor, wonnga haa fombina duundere Malay, hokki ga bawɗe filugo ha nokkuuji ɗi.
Leydi Raasha yaari kippe haa daade ndiyam waila walaadi hirna nder Waila Amerika, haa di wartiri Alaska les ardugal maari nder hitaade 1784, be sanngere sooja’en jee Fort Ross ɗo nder California jooni, nder hitade 1812.
Ɓantaare fannu mashinji gollotirɗi fuɗɗi on iga leydi Biritaniya manngo ɓeɗo wurtina kuujeji haaje yimɓe boy, nder jaawal bo na sai to ɓe yimɓe ɗuɗɓe huuwi, maashinji on waɗata ɓurna kuuɗe mara haaje bo nder jaawal.
Jahal yeeso Nasaara’en keɓi hokki ɓe bawɗe be ƴewtaare ha dow lesɗe naahiya Amerika, ɗoo waddi laamu jiimu ha nokkuji ɗi, iga Naahiya Amerika, Nasaara’en ɓen gayliti hippi lesɗe naahiya Asiya be Oceania.
Biritaniya laami lesɗe Australia, be New Zealand be leydi Afirka Fombinaari, haa lesɗe ɗen Nasaara’en boy eggi warti nder maaje.
Nder lesɗe Nasaara, fannu risku leydi be rento ɓillaji saggiti daliila pinal lesɗe kese wanngi, mobgalji le’i fuɗɗi annditinnde ko’e maɓɓe be lesɗe kese ɗe ɓe yiɗi dimu dogginki laamu diwalji maɓɓe be ɓamtal al’aadaaji e neesu maɓɓe.
Kampaaniiji sanaa’aaji, fuɗɗi rufuki ndiyam tuudi bee nyiddaali marɗi tooke waɗi bononda boy banngeeji ena piilki, ha jooni iga wakkati heɓti nafturgo be yiite ha aranal jahal yeeso ɓiɓɓe aadama, yaawi masin.
Ko heewi lesɗe haa duuniyaaru al’aadaaji e neesu Nasaara’en jilli nder lesɗe ɗe: leydi Amerika be leydi Japan.
Konu duuniyaaru je arannde saggiti daliila sankitugo dawlaaji nayi Austria-Hungary, be Jaaman, be dawla Usmaniyya jee Turkiyya, be dawla Raasha, den usti semmbe kawtal laamorji Biritaniya bee leydi Faransa.
Luural caka lesɗe, ɓesdi ɓilla keɓal be luuɓe wonntiri ha wakkati Suno manngo (Great Depression), walli masin ha saggitugo daliila koonu duuniyaaru je ɗinabre.
Konu waabu koo bo pooɗootiral hunnduko ‘Cold War’ wari ragare on nder hitaade 1991 ɓaawo wannkoore pewde waɗama dow keeri leydi Hungry be Austria ‘Pan-European Picnic’, ɗo waddi nyibbol mahol Berlin be sankitol senduki lesɗe Nasaara yahugo ngeɓe ɗiɗi, be waddugo ragare kawtal hakude Rasha, haa fahin be wirgol yerdootiral Warsaw.
Ha aran duuɓi chappa e ngelɗe ɓaawo konu, lesɗe ɗe gala dimal bana lesɗe naahiya Afirka be Asiya, lesɗe laamata ɓe ni kawti be Belgium e Biritanya, be leydi Dutch, be Faransa , luttuɗɗi lesɓe Nasara keɓi dimu ko’e maɓɓe.
Mobgal lesɗe Nasaara EU semmbe maagal usti ngam soide setiidal ha yebre siyaasaku, ɗo nanndi be mbilla leydi Amerika hukuumaaji nder dookaaji Confederation hiddee yerdugo be diidaaɗi leydi Amerika haa hitaande 1789.
Duuɓi sappo e ngelɗe hidde konu duuniyaaru jee ɗiɗabre II, futtini haala nafturgo bee kimiyyaaniji, fu, ɗoo dume walli masin ha laarini taftugo hummde GPS.
Daɗontiral e foodo caka lesɗe haa heɓal ni’imaaji wone nder leydi, ɓesdi masin, banni limngal ɗuuɗal men ɗo ɓamta, wakkati ɓamtaare maashinji masaaji, bana leydi Indiya be leydi Sin enanta leydi Brazil.
Desirɗe defte binndaaɗe hawti tariiiha boy nder caakol kubaruuji walla babe ha ɓe woni.
“Ɓedon haton koo ngam endaayi, banni tan “wurtinol deental walla kawri”, woodi binndi jeetakanas takanas ko boo mo wurtini laabi maatootiral, hokki konngol maako dabare yeeɗugo.”
Ɗo nufa babe ɗen na bana cuuɗi njangirde ‘libraries’ laarugo nafuuda be kuugal maaje, sai ni tasnugo be aynugo defte wawan heɓa nder cuuɗi ngangugo.
Goni’en ha anndal wiɗigo nguski yimɓe e dabbaji jamanu naane, faydi woodi ɓe resi defte be bindi ko ɓu temeɗɗe (wakkati fere ma dubuuje) jee komprime alluhaaji loope, to loorni hakkilo ɓaawo yahugo duuɓi miliyon tati be miliyon ɗiɗi BC ha nokkuuji Ebla, be Mari, be Amarna, be Hattusas, be Ugarit, be Pylos,
Sai ni, ɗereeji talki boy majji, ngam binndi jee ɓe winndi dow papyrus be ɗereewol ɗo natta koo bo majja law, naa ban alluhaaji kaa’e.
Nder hitaade 1066 leydi Ingila tiggi nokkuji aynugo bee resugo defte be laabi neɗɗo tokkata waɗa non.
Wakkati babe ɗen ɗo feesi, limngal maaje nder leydi Amerika famtini fannuuji juyi mawɗi: Mallum’en, ɓiɓɓe luuɓe (ngam riba), be gomnati, be ɓe ngiɗa ceede, be ko nnandi beeɗo.
Heɓugo laabi nastugo babe ɗen sai ɓaawo ɓe wiɗiti bo ɓe yerdi be neɗɗo tan; woɗbe ɗo neeɓa ɓura saa’aaji ngam ɗaɓɓitugo nastugo babe ɗen.
Misaaluuji kampanii yimɓe ɓuri annndugo, babal aynugo bee resugo binndi ha leydi Amerika hawti be Coca-Cola (Kamfani man ɗo mari suudu tasnugo e aynugo kuujeji taariihaa duuniyaaru je Coca-Cola), kampaniji Proctor and Gamble, be Motola Heritage Services And Archives, be Levi Strauss & Co. Kampaniiji ɗi pat ɗo mari babe aynol defte taariihaa be kuujeji taariiha, ha doggidirgal kampaniiji ɗi.
Huuwoɓe ha babe ɗe ɓeɗo mari elto be janngirde digree be anndal, ha fannu taariiha ko aynugo defte.
Nder leydi Amerika, hukuma aynol e tasnol defte be kuuje taariiha maral leydi (NARA) ɗo doggina baɓe ɗen boy nder galluuje District of Colombia be College Park, be Mryland, woodi bo ha nokkuuji boy nder leydi Amerika no foti fu.
Nder leydi kawtal laamorde Biritaniya, hukuma resugo binndi defte maral leydi (naane ɓeɗo nodda ga ofis walla hukuma ayynol e resugo defte kimminiɗe) kan ga on fiiji gomnati dow fannu man, je Ingila be Wales.
Toh a hawti ɗe pat ha nokkure woore, ɗuuɗal defte taarihaaji woni ha juuɗe hukumaji ɗi les ardugal leydi Faransa, ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder duuniyaaru fu, no foti.
Haikaleeji bee kawrital Masiihinko’en ɗariika Angilikan be ɗariika Roman Katolika, pat ɗo mari hukumaaji hakkilinta aynol defte be binndi taarihaaji.
Ɗuuɗi heewi hukuumaaji walla ofisji ɗii ni, ɗo baara bee heɓugo walliide ceede iga gomnati bee asusu ceede yimɓe be kawtal e kuppirle jooɗiiɗi ko’e maaje.
Ko heewi sifakaaje tasnugo e resugo kuujeeji taariiha ɗe ɗo resa defte be binndi ngam hakkikina aslinki e ɗoofa bebe defte be alluhaaji be kuujeeji taarihaa ifti.
Ɗo senndiri e waldaa bee limre hesre 1.3% ɓe andini dow ɓeɗo mari sanaa’aji bee gollal maɓɓe.
Aynugo e resugo binndi be kuujeeji taariiha ɗo mari anniya moftugo geccaaji iga rewɓe yiɗi anndina ko ɓe heɓi ɓe nder ngeedam maɓɓe.
Binndi taariiha jee kawtal (bana kampaniiji ko hukuuma gomnati) himmina koo bo haybude resa defte binndi, bana fannu dogginirgal laamu, bee binndi sanaa’aji bee filu, be pataakeeji, bee ɓaataki caka laamu, bee bayanu ɓaawo moftirde e pottal.
Ɓurna dokkal bee wallitol ceede ɓe winndai inɗe maɓɓe, sai ni jotta ɓeɗo waylita kuugal gal warta jee jamanu den ɓe wanngina ɗe ngam yimɓe laara ɗe ha laabi maatotiral intanet.
Kuɓɓirle mawɗe jee hokkata wallititta ceede be elto dow no resata kuujeji ɗi, UNESCO be Blue Shield International ɓeɗo naftira koo bo kuuwa be diidaaɗi e dokaaji moftirde gallure Hague, ngam mooɓa kuujeji al’aadaaji e neesu be taariiha nder hitaade 1954 be pottal ɗiɗabre 2nd bo nder hitaade 1999.
“Page, Morgan M. ha gimi “”One from the Vaults: haalaaji nafikaaku, be laabi, be taariiha yimɓe waylata jinsi mabbe.”””
Misaalu ni da Morgan M. Page tinndinoore o waɗi ha saaka kubaruuji ko laarani yimɓe waylata jinsu maɓɓe oɗo saaka kubaruuji ɗi ha dandal matotiral intanet bana tumblr, bee Twitter, bee Instagram, haa fahin be laawol intanet gol podcast.
“Beɗo mari bawɗe supuugo laawol ɓe resata bayanuuji luurata be ko woni nder defte be binndi taarihaa, woodi tammude ɓe “”ɓe luuran bee no al’aadaaji e neesu binndi taariiha ummaatoore”” bana no woni nder deftebe binndi ɗi jotta, ɗoo hokki bawɗe wolwugo dow ko walaa nder maaji.
Taariha nguurdam neɗɗo, walla nguurdam tan, binndi deftere on dow taarihaa be bayanau nguurdam neɗɗo.
Binndi taariha neɗɗo ko woowa ni wala pewe nder man, sai ni wawan nafti bee geccaji kaayeefi tindina ngeedam neɗɗo.
“Woodi deftere anndaaɗo je De Vita Caesarum, innde maare (“”On the Lives Of the Caesers””) Suetonius on winndi de, nder hitaade 121 AD (ɓaawo mayde Almasiihu) wakkati laamu Laamiiɗo Hadrrian.”
Dewooɓe dayni ko’e maɓɓe iga yimɓe, be dewoɓe ena liiman’en ena wajooɓe naftiri bee bososel ngel ha winnduki taarihaa yimɓe.
Mawɗum nder misaalu ittol diina nder binndi taariiha yimɓe iga wakkati ɗo kannjum on binndi dow ngeedam Charlrmagne, battaa maako Einhard on winndi nde.
Ɗe kawti bayanuuji ngeedam yimɓe nder yebre mawnde nder ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓen, na bana luttuɗi golle wakkati man.
Nder ragare jamanu duuɓi cakaaji, binndi taariiha diina Masiihinkaaku walla Kirista leesi masin ha nder lesɗe Nasaara, ɓe loorni hakkilo haa ko laarani binndi ngeedam Lamɓe, bee mawɓe nder ummatoore, tonyaatooɓe fuɗɗi wanngaago.
Tokki binndi Malory, haa o loorni hakkilo dow neɗɗaaku yaake ɓamtaare e jahal yeeso nder lesɗe Nasaara ‘Renaissance’ loorni hakkilo ha kuujeji walaa diina nder maaji bana nyeenyal diidi, diidooɓe ɓee bee windowɓe ngimi, bee semmbinde binndi nder ɗemɗe asli yimɓe woni haa nokkure.
Ɗiɗi nder jahal yeeso kayniiɗi: jahal yeeso haa naftugo bee maasinji binndi nder karnuwol 15th bee ɓesdal ekkittagol jannde e biidi.
Battiɗinki bee dabare he’tal asli fasirma e badawayku dow ndiyam, deftere Charles Johnson winndi nder hitaade 1724, ‘A General History of the Pyrates, dow haala fasooɓe e badaway’en dow maayo, jaali nder biindi taariiha ngeedam fasooɓe e badawya’en dow ndiyam.
Carlyle famtini dow ndeegam yimɓe mawɓe walli masin haa fahmugo ummaatoore bee hukumaji maɓɓe.
Gollal Boswell waɗi ha humpitaago ena wiɗitol, walaa ko nanndi kuugal o waɗi, hawti bee janngugo binndi taariihaji, winndol bayanu ɓe seedi ko fe’i bee emugo yimɓe, sembiɗini bo leeɓɓude fillaji ɗi, den wanngini hakiikaku fannuuji ngeedam Johnson sinngi tiiginoore binndi ɗi haa jotta.
Sai ni, adadu bee ɗuuɗal binndi ɗi ɓamti masin, ngam limgal yimɓe jangata ɓesdi.
Mujallaaji fuɗɗi lolllinki binndi taariiha yimɓe to tokkodira.
“Anndal ngeedam yimɓe”” binndi ɗin waami loomto jokko werba ko neɗɗo on waɗata ni do joongiri be nokkure o woni, bo himmiɗini joonnde gootaaku neɗɗo
Deedey no hollata goni’en be kubaruuji nasaraaku maɓɓe ɗo majja nder beege ena yiɗannde haa anndal tagu laggiti belal ii’am.
“Haa warugo jotta, bana no Strachey anndini haa jawaabu arann nder deftere o winndi dow be binndi taariiha Victorian’en “”bana boowka dagdaggi bee yiiweɓe bee hoosooɓe nguskiji””, haa fahin ɓeɗo ɓorna kolte maɓɓe “”bee hakkilo waɗa janaa’iza koo bo uwa jee soinde neɗɗaaku.”””
Deftere den heɓi saman nder duuniyaaru no foti ngam soinde neɗɗaaku bee caanyudi bolle, ɗo rammiɗi bo habaruuji ɗin ngoonga on ɗo yaada bee ko fe’ata, bee binndi nyeenyal.
“Robert Graves (I, Cladius, 1934, nder ɓee jinni darde, o tokki laawol Stachey jee “”fewni binndiji ɗi.”””
Wakkati konu duuniyaaru aranndu, paɓaaji be diidi buuti, warti bela ii’am.
Filmu talki juuɗɗum dow binndi taariiha yimɓe, Hollywood ɓo ɗo waɗa filmuuji jaagu filu dow nguurdam yimɓe mawɓe.
Naa bana defte be filmji, ɗe yeccata haɗo tokkodira: sai ni ɓeɗo hokka ci’e walla babe caakol habaruuji saaka filmji ɗi nder sirri, hawtaade bee bidiyooji, bee footo e natalji, binndi mukaalaaji.
“Kuubɗum “”binndi ngeedam neɗɗo”” laabi waɗugo non haa jotta ɗo nder ko janngete dow man.”
“Anndinamwol waawan wara iga “”haalude taariiha, be neɗɗo yecca hubaruuji, tariiha maako bee taariiha goɗɗo feere” koo “”deftereyel neɗɗo, pataakeeji, hooruujo, bee kuuje feere goɗɗe””.”
Gure koo bo sifakaaje lamɓe Nasaara’en aslinki nder karnuwol 9th be karnuwol 10th, ɓaawo sankitol dawla Carolingian saggiti leydi din sennda geɓe hakkude mawɓe bee yariima’en.
Nyiɓaale mawɗe nder birniiji babe ɗe naftira ha laamaaki talaka’en bee laabi yaadu kimmiɗiniɗi, nyiɓaalo laamɓe ƙauye naftira haa naatunngo e baylol nguurdam yimɓe, bana namarde, lesdi maardi barka demal, be heɓugo ndiyam.
Haa ragare karnuwol12th be fuɗɗam karnuwol 13th, ɓadaade anndal kimiyyaaku ngam hisna nyibaalo bee gure lamɓe.
Waylaade hisnol sifakaareji ɗi jilli bee fasaahaaku wanngi wakkati kawtal Nasaara’en jafti lesɗe ceniiɗe iga juuɗe Juulɓe, ɓe semmbiɗini maadi sifakaaje ɗe, ɗo lonngiti bee hisnol aranndeji, bana gasi Ruum.
Koo ngam baruudu fuɗɗi wanngaago nder leydi Nasaara nder karnuwol 14th, sai wallai haa ko laarani sifakaaje lamlamɓe sai nder karnuwol 15th, wakkati balmi je fiɗata ɗuuɗi boy haa ɗi waawan naftira ha yibbungo koo bo fusugo maadi walla bangooji sifakaaje ɗi.
Laamu ‘feaudalism’ (haa lamɓe bee tedda asliiku on mari leesdi ɓe ɗo hokka talaka’en be sooja’en gu’ari lesdi, kamɓe boo ɓe waɗa kuugal soojaaku koo bo ɓe waɗina tedda aslliiku’en golle feere) ɗo lonngitiri caka marɗo leydi be ɓe ayninta mo leydi din, ngam ɓe heɓa hisnol haala soojaaku be hokkugo ceede, marɗo leydi sai hokka aynoɓe ɓen leydi din ɓe kuuwa dow maari.
Sifakaaje lamlamɓe ɗo naftire ha fannuuji juur, ko ɓuuri ni kannjum on elto hisnugo leydi, bee dogginirgal laamu, bee golle nder wuro.
Bana no William jaaliiɗo o ɓadi jaftuki Ingila, o sembiɗi nokkuuji o jafti koo bo o jaali.
Sifakaaje ɗe ɗo saati mari semmbe bana saare pursuna koo bo kurkuku, sai ni babal on tedda asli’en bee marɓe yaake njaaya ta ko kira nana belɗum.
Haa nokkuuji fere nder duuniyaaru no foti, nanndugol maadi walla nyiɓol ɗo nanndi bee gikkuuji gamdi sifakaare, koo gam wakkati fere on ɗe fuɗɗa den dalilaaji bee pinal maaje feretiri bee hoomtude.
Wakkati karnuwol 16th, yaake al’aadaaji e neesu yimɓe Japan be Nasaara’en jiili, maadi e bangooji hisnol kippe nder lesɗe Nasaara saali sifakaaje ɓaari bee bangooji leydi Italian waɗata andiraɗum ‘Italian trace’ be maadi semmbindi jee ‘Star fort’.
Irtugo bee wasugo lesɗi ngam nyiɓa, acci gasɗe taari towdire, ɗo nodda ‘moat’ (waawan laata ɗo yoori koo boo ɗo soofi).
Anndiiɗum kawtuɗum sifakaaje, haa fahin ɓurna fu ɗo mari anndiiɗum gootel koo ko ɓuri banni.
Ɓeɗo yerɓa ndiyam iga ɓunndu koo nyiɓol moftata toɓatoɓaalam.
Koo ngam ɗo nanndi bee bangooru maadi ɓe nyiɓata ɗo towi doow ka’e koo le’e taara sifakaare, waawan heɓa ɗum taari babal na sai sifakaare.
“Keep”” (resugo) wala nder kalma naftirte nder duuɓi cakaaji kamawol ngol fuɗɗi nafturgo on nder karnuwol 16th haa jotta, ɓeɗo naftira bee “”donjon”” ha noodugo hasuumiya walla sooro manngo, koo boo turris nder ɗemngal Latin.”
Sai ni woodi yebre sifakaare lamɗo jee woni babal hisrude je ragare toh deenki bee rento yaasi timmi, babal gal ɗon wala komoy ngam toh kippol wari yimɓe nedduɓe asli nyukka ha ton, koo boo hoɓɓe bee wakili’en maɓɓe.
Laabi juɗɗi dow mahi ɗi ɗo hokka yimɓe laawol fiɗugo wayɓe bee balmi, ɗoo ɗo hisna ɓe masin iga kippe wayɓe.
Dammmugal man laati nokkure laarata ngam jaltaade, sooro koo bo hasuumiya ɗo titi ha kala yebre mari dammugal fu, Ruum’en on fuɗɗi waɗugo banni.
Laawol nastugo suudu dammugal ɗo yaaji ngam ɓedda wakkati ɓe hippi sifakaare man wonnata ɓeɗo fiɗina ɓe yiite, be kuri, ɓe dara haa babal gootal bo ɓe waawata ɓe waata.
Ɓeɗo fiɗa ɓe waddi kippol, koo boo ɓe rufa ndiyam rufaa nder yiite ngam nyifaa yiite ɓe njamni.
Wurdere bilwol pamarel ɗo hokka hulinɗo lagaawal heɓa fiɗa waywayɓe.
Mahi e bangooji ɗi ɓe fuɗɗi nafturgo bee maaji on ha nokuure Fertile Cresent, bee waadire Indus, bee leydi Misira, ena leydi Sin haton mahi e bangooji mawɗi ɗo hisna yimɓem iga kippe waywayɓe.
Mahi e bangooji ɗi ɓurna fuu ɗo dari bee semmbe maaji haa jotta, bee seeda kowaaɗi e wilaade sai ngasɗe.
Koo ngam neeɓi, walli ɓe, bee ɗo heɓa jaalorgal dow maɓɓe on ɓe naftiri bee semmbe kare konu ɓuri jee maɓɓe ɗuuɗugo be dabareji konu ena homba ɓe jee wakkati juɗɗum, bana no laati konu Alesia.
Yewto ha wakkere de anndini dow ɓamtaade sifakaaje lamɓe ɗuuɗi on kippe Magyar’en be Juulɓe ena Viking’en yiidata bee haaje marugo hokkoɓe rento jooɗiiɓe ko’e maɓɓe.
Nyiɓugo ɗe ɗuuɗi ha nokkuuje fere, ha babe fere boo ɓeɗo nyiɓa seɗɗa tan.
Nyiɓugo cuudi koo bo jawleeji ɗin bee ka’e hokki ɗi bawɗe hisnugo ngulol, bo ɗi ɗo mari henorde be dambuuɗe le’e.
Sifakaaje lamɓe naa nngam hisna ummatoore tan, ɗo ɓamta semmbe jogiiɓe laamu.
Nder hitaade 864 lamɗo Waila Francia, Charles the Bald, harmini nyiɓugo sifakaaje sai to o yerdi, ɗe nyiɓa wala yarduye maako bo, o umri dow ɓe pusa ɗe.
Leydi Switzerland babal on gomnati haɗai walla harminai nyiɓugo ɗe, ɗoo waɗi di ɗo mari ɗuuɗal nyiɓaale ɗe ko yahanta dubu nayi 4000.
Nder hitaade 950 Provence ɗo mari sifakaaje 12, nder hitaade 1000 warti 30, haa hitaade 1030 ɓesdake yahugo 100.
Nder fuɗɗam karnuwol 11th, townugo sifakaaje marɗe denngeeji bee dakkaaji bee sooro koo bo hasumiya haa dow, banni on sifakaaje woni nder lesɗe Nasaara, bee kala nokkure fu nder Naahiya Scandinavia no foti fu.
Koo ngam nyiɓaale bee ka’e, warti ko yimɓe waɗata ha nokkuuji fere, iga karnuwol 11th ha duuɓi garooji wakkati den, laati ko yimɓe naftirta toh ɓe nyiɓan gure , kannjum on ɓe naftiri haa nyiɓol sifakaaje Masiinhiiyinko’en koo bo tokkoɓe diina Kirista’en nder leydi Sipaaniya, sai ni ha wakkati man ɓe ɓuri nafturgo bee le’e ha nyiɓaali nder Waila Hirnaange lesɗe Nasaara.
Hidde karnuwol 12th wala iri sifakaaje ɗo boy ha leydi Denmark bana no ɗe ɗuuɗi ha leydi Ingila hidde Jaalal Norman.
Fawne maaje naandi bee nyiɓaale nder Naahiya Nasaara wakkati duuɓi cakaaji ‘Romanesque architecture’, yaake fer ɓe ɗo waɗa henord ɗiɗi nannduɗi jee woni haa henorde dakki towdiire lenngi haykaleeji.
Koo ngam ɗe loomti nyiɓaalo ka’e, bee le’e ena nyiɓaalo mawɗe bana sifakaaje ɗe ɗo mari nafuuda.
Sai ragare karnuwol 12th sifakaaje ɗo mari hasuumiya; bee dammugal mari wurdeeji waɗugo fiɗugo kuri dammugal gal ɓeɗo waɗagal on bee njamndi ena le’e caatuɗe; be wurdeeji ko donjon, ɗi ɗon nayikiɓɓal bo walaa wurdere; haa fahin he’ita o waɗe on deydey no babal gal woni (ɗon nyiɓaa kogiingol ko bo he’ita man luuri).
Sooroji bee hasuumiya ɗo juuta ɓura mahi bo ɗeɗo mari wurdeeji fiɗugo kuri ha kala wakkere fuu ngam hokka fiɗowo kuri lawol fiɗugo waywayɓe wari kombi mahol.
Cuuɗi ragare jee nyukkinta yimɓe nder sifakaare ɗon, ɓe nyiɓataa cuuɗi ɗin nayikiɓɓal sai ni he’ita fere ko bo tatikiɓɓal.
Teema jahal yeeso karnuwol 12th, hasuumiya hokki ɓe laawol huɓɓugo yiite.
Waɗi bana sooja’en waɗi konu ngam ɓesda semmbe diina Masiihiyya (Crusaderas) ekkiti bo anndi haala safaare ɓeydoore semmbe e bangooji rentata ɓe iga fitinaaji bee konu faago Arab’en wakkati den, bee wanngol nyiɓaalo nandi bee dawla fuunaange Ruum (Byzantine).
Geccaaji almaara wala hakiikanku bee ngasnugo der haalaaji ɗin, banni laati der gecca James mo Saint-Georges tabbitini dow o ifti iga Saint-Georges-d'Espȇranche, der leydi Faransa.
“Mahooɓe sifakaaje lamɓe ha Waila lesɗe Nasaara ɓe anndi battiɗinki diidude e naatude Ruum; ragare hunduko maayo Ruum mahi e bangooji cemmbindi hedi wakkere Ingila haa “”daande ndiyan Saxon”” loorti naftira boo haa nyiɓol mahi ɗi nder Sipaaniya taari birniwol Avilla yemmbi diidi mahi Ruum, wakkati nyiɓa nder hitaade 1091.”
Misaalu banni ni haa Kerak.
Sifakaaje lamɓe ɓe nyiɓi ɗi on ngam mara ɗi, goni’en mahugo Siriyanko’en on mahi ɗi.
Deydey yaake sifakaaje ɗe warti babe mari sooja;en bee rento, nder leydi Ceniidi woodi babe kimmiɗiniiɗi ɓe faddai ɗe.
Natude diidi naa ɗo ferotiri ha mannguuku tan, ha bee ferotiral sifakaare yahugo sifakaare, koo ngam ko woowa on haa ɓe mahi yaake man, ngam ɓe ɗo waɗa maadi ɗiɗi gootel wakkere yaasi gotel boo ha nder, ngam semmbiɗina faddaki.
Toh konnoɓe bee waywayɓe arti saali faddoɓe arannde ɓe jokkanɓe haa maadi ɗiɗabre ɓe halka ɓe haton caka mahi ɗin doole ɓe kaba haa mahol ɗiɗaɓol.
Misaalu, ko woowa on nder sifakaaji Crusaders’en dammugal manngal ɗo ɗakki hasuumiya, hakkude maaji woodi laawol, hosan wakkati hidde goɗɗo yotta mahol woni yaasi.
Koo ngam woodi sifakaaje ko yahanta teemeɗɗe maha bee le’e katako nder Prussia bee Livonia, nafturgo bee tamre bulok be ko takkata ɗe, ɓe annda waɗugo non haa nokkure den sai wakkati Crusaders’en wanngi.
Wurdere fiɗugo kuri ustai semmbe maadi koo bo bangooji, sai wakkati lamiido Edward aranndeejo waddi dabare ɗo haa nyiɓaali, yaake man on ɓe fuɗɗi waɗugo banni nder lesɗe Nasaara no foti fu.
Koo ngam wurdeeji ɓe waɗi ngam rufugo yiite ko fiɗugo waywayɓe maɓɓe waɗi ko kuujeji le’e kataako waɗata, yimɓe fuunaange on fuɗɗi nafturki bee maaje, na wakkati bayli le’e kataako.
Fe’’ootirki bee ponndindira caka mobtirde ɗiɗi maɓɓiti laawol wattitinde miilooji e cuurɗinki mahugo,nyiɓaale, Masiihinko’en Sipaaniya fuɗɗi mahugo hasuumiya je ɗo sendiri bee mahi.
“Anduɗo taariiha goɗɗo Faransa FranÇois Gelin: o wii “”Ɓamtal daraja manngal haa fannu mahi bee nyiɓaale rento e soojaaku, bana no neɗɗo tammata, baakin lamɓe bee yeriima’en marɓe semmbe haa yaake den; bikkon jaaliiɗo Willam bee taaɗiraaɓe maako, suudu laamu Plantegenets, wakkati ɓe laati haakimi’en Normandy.”
Sifakaaje kese mahi ɗin tekkai na bana no ɓe mahata jamannu naane, den wari bee kuuje kese, sai ni haa babe feere ɓeɗo maha ɗe, bee semmbe, bana jee woni haa Raglan nder Wales.
Binndigaaji ɗin ɗi teddi goɗɗo waawata hoosa bo fiɗa be maaji, sai ni toh wakkere ɓaawo binndigaaru sai o jo’ina hunnduko daaba ha kombi babal albarusi wurtata, banni on o wawata naftugo bee balmol ngol.
Ɓe ɗo waɗa banni ha nder lesɗe Nasaara no foti, jee le’e kataako neeɓataa sam nattata, woodi iri ɗoo, ha sifakaare Doornenburg nder leydi Netherlands.
Luttuɗi huunduko binndigaaji, koo ngam yimɓe annda ɗi soosai, woodi je ɗo bana bilwa e gaafiiɗi ɗo walla haa lusinaaki ngam heɗita bayaanu sirri waywayɓe be nganyo, bee wurdere mannga jee nayikiɓɓal, jee hokkata ɓe lusinaaki mawnde.
Kusel danngo gaduuru misaalu on ko sifakaaje kesu nyamnata be no en famtini ko wurdeeji hasuumiya bana machicolations, hasuumiyaaji juɗɗi, be dow maaji jee yimɓe tokkata dow mahi haa ɓe fiɗa ɓe waddini ɓe konu ha saare.
Ngam semmbiɗina be waɗugo binndigaaji ɗi kuuwa masin, ɓe waɗi binndigaaji mawɗi, sai toh ɓe fiɗi bee maaji ɗi daa yata.
Koo ngam ɗoo he’i sifakaaje kesi ɗe, nyiɓaalo ɗin naaneeji ɗo mari semmbe yeeɗugo fiɗande binndigaaji igwa.
Laawol wurtugo nder ɓilla kaa ni sai to pusi koo bo yibbini dow hasuumiya man, den tiɗɗa fecere tamre bulok bee ka’e haa les hasuumiya man ngam heɓa babal feesa ha jo’inta koo bo wallita binndigaaji ɗin fiɗa ɓe hippi yimɓe.
Saare laamu Andiragu Star Forts mallabo trace italienne heɓi jahal yeso masin.
Saini trace italienne holli kanjum on ɓe ɓuri andugo je holli woodi pellel fere ha wuro mai je wallitittaɓe denbo hunde on shahiɗum.
Goɗɗi ŋder ŋyibali wuro kiɗɗi je tariha ha Amerika ɗiwoni bo nasara’en leydi Andalus ena France on ŋyiɓi yaake ŋdimu.
Ha leydi France ma wodi goɗɗi ŋder wuro nyiɓaɗi duɓi heutinta temere joy saalnoɗi diga karnuwol 17th.
Wuro on manga je mari pellel jaydum, den wodi bo taarawal ha kala wuttudu fu.
Be wiugoa niryinerbgaali wuro je yaake naane jamanu maji fuddi salugo diga duubi temere jowego saalinodi wato 16th Century, saini be accai naftirego be maji difu.
Seyni ta bangeje fere bo ɗiɗo mari nafu ta yebre rento.
Haa dasotiralji saliɗi, misalu e konu leydi England iga hitaaŋde (1641-1651) ɓe wo’itini kurna ŋder ŋyiɓali kiɗɗi ɗi ɓe wonni, be wiugo ɓe wonninoɗi on ŋgam taaɓe naftiraɗi iga ɓawo.
Ha yaake lamu ruminko’en burna baali maudi den satudi kanji buri dudugo, den ha yaake mai kanjum on didobe baali buri naftirgo.
Ngam di yada be jamanu mabbe kanbe ruminko’en mai lattake chi’e den jogan peewol denbo nyibban fahin.
Kuje gamarle naneje mai didon nandindiri, saini wodi ferotiral be je men jonta gam di nandai be je gamarle jonta, ngam yiugo wala bote naftirego be je nane.
Burna Maadi tarni saare lamu dum be nyibi be ledde huwobe ben maskai dow kude maadi.
Cheede ɗe majjinte ha mahugo wuro nanduɗi wuro tarihaji saaliɗi kanjum ma ɗo tokki nonno kuɗeɗen woni bana cheede kowaddi kare kuɗe ena no kuɗe mai hoinani ɓe.
To fondi be wuro Oxford ɗum ɓe mahi ha karnuwol 12th dow cheede heutani pound England £1,400, saini diga bawo wodi mahol Dover, je ɓe mahi dow chede heutani pound England £7,000 hakkunde hitannde 1181 yahugo 1191.
Chede Maadi je ɓuri ɗuɗugo dum ɓe mahi ha wakkati mai saalay diga (Pound England £1,000 yahugo £10,000)
Kare kuɗe e naftiri ena ko wangi ɓawo, banta jamdi ɓe tallata andiragu (treadwheel crane) jamɗe ɗen latti ko nafibe ha maadi, ena dabareji maadi ha jamanu nane.
Leydi ɗuɗɗi ɗomari maadi ɓe mahi be leɗɗe ena ka’e, saini bana leydi Denmark nde yadake be wala ka’e masin burna mahdi maɓɓe be leɗɗe be mahi hiddeko diga bawo be lortana naftirgo e block.
Misalu, wakkati ɓe nyiɓa wuro lamu je Tattershall hakkunde hitande 1430 warugo 1450, woodi ka’e ɗuɗɗi haton saini jaumu wuro mai, Lord Cromwell, o sali naftirgo be ka’e o subti mahol block.
Oɗo tiima be woni les mako, tona ngam wallinde o hebata dalila jowɗibe e wuro mako ma da wobbe tamman sembe mako on yottai.
Ɓurna ha sare lamu on banni tawete, wakkati go ha tawan bedo mari pellel ha lesde fere.
Marɓe wuro lamu do subta pellel mari daraja den manga bano kanɓema marɓe iyalu wadata, saini ɓe ɓuri horango hakkilo dow maunugo ena nokkure ɓuri handugo.
Maadi nane mai latti maadi on je mari nafu ha himɓe gamarle.
Mahol ɓaawo wuro foonditaa ma bee babel katediral darnde kare nanotooɗe belɗe, nden kastelji feere ɗo mari babal aawol bana awdi.
Yiide goonga kanjum woni yiide hakkunde dinnanku.
Cemmbiɗɗo Tristan bee Iseult kanjum ɗo nder misaluji dow yiide gonnga ko ɗo yowta nder duuɓi caka.
Dalila wadi ɓangal dowade hakkunde mauɓe ruminko’en kanjum on ngam ɓe mara pellel.
Kanjum bo do tokki be nonno wobbe yiata maadi lamu dow nokkure on nde bangle hautete, saini bo kurna der maadi lamu woni ha lesde England, ena France, be Ireland e Scotland di meday fottugo e dasotiralji fere.
Alal misalu burna der maadi wuro lamu dido dow labi Room, kowai di warti labi je be buri tokkugo ha wakkatire nde, ko bo mahugo di wadan be wurtina labi haton.
Nyiɓaalu ɓaawo wuro ɗo nder ko mari bote ha hakkilgo bee ɗuuɗal ummatore bee jahol yeeso maɓɓe, musamman ma bee ɓe kippata wuro, bana misalu ko fe`i bee kippol Ingila ko Noman waɗi hitaande 11th ɓurna nyiɓalu tarnata wuro fuu ɗo waɗa nder ko kombi wuro.
Nyiɓaalo ɓaawo wuro jee kauye ɗo waɗa bee babal sottugo ngam hakkilgo bee saare lamɗo, ko hokkata ɓe bawɗe dow njawdi.
Naa tan ɗum ɗo huuwa no haandi dow tabbutungo feesugo ndiyam bee liɗɗi, amma fahin alaama cemmbe on ngam ɗum ɗo mari tsada ha nyiɓugo haa hakkilgo.
Boteji heddi be ŋyibugo mɓaali haɗay ha nokkure Europe tan.
Joonde ɗo mawna kombi nyiɓaalo ɓaawo wuro, dow taskugo ɗum, dow bote wonugo ɗum haa kombi babal njawdi haa nder kauye bee nanta joonde njamu ko ɗum hokkata.
Ɓe ɗo tawa ɗum ɓurna fuu kombi babal faddol wuro, bana nyiɓaalu Roma, amma bo wakkati feere do wara bee yibbungo nyiɓaalo kombi man ngam babal man.
Wakki ko yimɓe Noma kippi Ailand, Sikotlan, bee Wels nder hitaande teemere 11 bee 12, joonde gure wakkati man nder lesɗe man naa nder birni ba, nden bo yanayu wuro kanjum waddata waɗol mahol ɓaawo wuro.
Ɗo holli goondal boɗɗum hakkunde ardiiɓe babe bee Coci, gootel nder hukuuma manga nder nukkure medival.
Nder misaluuji man kanjum on Mahol Bodiyam nder hitaande teemere 14, fuu nder Ingila; ɗum holli dow wooɗugo masin, mahol yahi yeeso ɗo babal marɗum bote masin, bilik man ɗo hiɓɓi masin nden bo holli dow yiɗi wangina wooɗugo babal man dow faddol dow ittol njawdi leydi.
Bariki ɗo mari tsada masin nden bo ɗum peetel masin sai ni to nyiɓaalo ɓaawo wuro man ɓuri bote.
Nder nduuɓu 1403, kaɓooɓe 37 faddi Mahol Caernarfon dow Kippooɓe nde ɗiɗi diga Owain Glyndwr wakkati tarnol juutngol, holli dow kaɓooɓe seɗɗa waawan waɗa ko haandi.
Less maako laatan ɗon kaɓooɓe ɓe bee eltolji soojaaku maɓɓe jooɗan darnde marɓe ɓoggi.
Ɓurna fuu waɗan yarna ɓe bone bee weelo dow kaɓugo bee maɓɓe, musamman ma babe ko ɓe ɗo ayna ɗum masin.
Tarnol juutngol lesnay cemmbe kaɓooɓe man, hokka mballiinde laawol ko kippooɓe man taska bee kippooɓe ɗuɗɓe ɓaawo.
To dooli kippa mahol ɓaawo wuro, kippooɓe man ɗo mari laabi ɗuɗɗi.
Tirebuchet, ko wurti nder hitaande teemere 13, kanjum on kuuje tarnol juutngol ko ɓuri huuwugo bako ɓe waɗi bomji yahata babal dayɗum.
Ballistaaji ko sipiringalji kanjum on inji jee tarnol juutngol ko ɗo huuwa bana no kurol huuwata.
Ɓe ɗo naftira bee man ɓurna fuu dow bariki maimakon nyiɓaalo mahol ɓaawo wuro.
Ɓe wasay ngaska hedi nder mahol man to ɓe yotti haa ɓe mari haaje, leɗɗe ko mballata man ko haɗata ngaska man yanugo ɓe wullay ɗum.
Ɓe wasan ngaska feere tiita ngaska tarnooɓe man; ɗo numo ɗiɗon man fottan ha babal gootel, ɗoo laatan kabre jungo bee jungo haa nder leydi.
Ɗum ɗo naftira ngam maɓɓita dammugal mahol man, wakkati feere bo ɓe ɗo naftira bee man dow mahol amma walaa huuwa masin.
Laawol ko ɓuri hoyugo ha tarnooɓe mahol kanjum on naftira bee towa tarnol, wakkati feere ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum belfry.
Hollugo mo ɓuri njawdi nder jamaje kanjum on naftirgo bee ngesa leɗɗe, kanjum on ko hollata mangu haa wakkati Kiristandom (Kirista en Yirop) nder hitaande ko saali warugo Yirop jee jotta.
Laamu man ɗo kawti bee lamɗo bee debbo lamɗo, hukuuma laamu man bo ɗo mari mallum en diina (Estet arande), marɓe cee (Estet ɗiɗɓo), talaka en bee marɗo caka (Estet tataɓo).
“Haa nder Ingila, yanayu estet ɗiɗon on ɓe mari ko kawti bee mallum en diina bee marɓe ceede nder ested laamu bee nanta “”kommons”” dow estet ɗiɗaɓo.”
“Haa Sikotlan, Estet tati man kanjum on Mallum en diina (Estet aran), Marɗo ceede (Estet ɗiɗaɓo), bee nanta Shire Kommishona, ko “”burgahs”” (Estet Tataɓo), kanjum on kawti bee bourgeois, marɗo caka-caka, bee nanta talaka.”
Nde mallumjo diina kirista ɓangataako, mallumku maako dari dow kanko tan.
Huizinga Saalugo duuɓi caka (1919, 1924:47).
Kommons kamɓe on ɓe laarata lestukon.
Haa nukkure bee nanta laamu woodi yebre yimɓe ko danyaama yaasi ɓe limti jooɗata nder estetji man.
Njawdi bee goondal siyasa leydi man wakkati man ɗo kambini bee dental jamaaje, solugo nyamdu, andal na`ura bee nanta mawnugo wuro birni; yaadu bee nanta kestol holli kabdol dow daidaitugo andal diina bee nanta soynde andal, bee cemmbe, andinaama diga coci man fuu ɗo mari teeddinga maɓɓe.
Ɓe woni yebre ɗiɗaɓre, ɓe kaɓta, kanjum on manngu siyasa, ɓe yiɗi kuuje, nden bo masibo.
Haa ɓeddaari, yebre arande bee ɗiɗaɓo ɗo njaynitiri bee kuugal tataɓo man, ko holli yebre tataɓo man dow ko ɓuri wangugo.
Ɓurna fuu ɓe danyi ɓe bee dental man nden bo maaya nder dental man.
Ha leuru joyabru hitande 1776, ministajo yebre chede majji, bawo o sali lartugo didadi fere je handi wo’itinego.
Nde o` waawata waatugo ɓe waɗa ko o` yiɗi, Louis XVI tafi sankitiggo yebre Jeneral en man, amma bo yebre tataɓo man joggiti wakilci maɓɓe.
Nde yadake leydi Scothland domari majalisa gotel on tan, gammajum majalisa’en ben fu ha jauleru gotel be jodata, saini ha leydi Engalnd wodi saare lamu ena jauleru majalisa.
“Bana haa Ingila, Majalisa Irelan wurti diga Magnum Concilium ““majalisa manga”” gomnajo mawɗo mo Irelan gayyi ɓe, ɗum keɓi ɓe wari diga nder majalisa man (curia regis), magnets (mawɗo yaake man), bee nanta prelet (bishop en bee abbot en).”
Nder hitaande 1297, lesɗe ɗo wakilca diga ardiiɓe konu shire (sheriff en on wakilta ɓe haa ɓaawo).
Kala neɗɗo fuu naa horɓe ba, nden ɓe ɗo mari hakke bee teddaalu, nden bee hakke yerɓugo wakilci haa Riksdag estet man.
Bako hitaande teemere 18, Lamɗo ɗo mari hakke cuɓol to ɓe sankiti estet man.
Haa fahin, ɓaawo Dayet Porvoo, Dayet Finlan man fuɗɗitaama tan nder hitaande 1863.
Hedi 1400, lelle patent waddaama, nder 1561, teddaalu Count bee Baron fuu ɓedditaama, nden bo nder hitaande 1625 Saare marɓe ceede man waɗaama dow Estet arande.
Hooreejo ci`e marɓe ceede man ɗum ɗo rona on memba`en hukuuma marɓe ceede man.
Ɗo waɗi sanadu dasitol siyasa jee mo ɓuri nder marɓe ceede man.
Ha karnuji salidi, estet man kawti bee mallum en jamiyaji bee nanta babe janngirde jihaji feere.
Filu acca ma tan nder wuro man wakkati ko ra`ayiji makantalistik keɓa nasaraku, bee nanta bugas man keɓi hakke filu nder no diiɗaaji man holli.
Ngam joonde kauye warta birni, dookaji saare laamu ko hokkata hakke luumo ɗo mari haaje, nden bo filu yaasi leydi ɗo mari haaje dookaji saare laamu ko mari ɗerewol ngol pot.
Nde ɓurna jamaaje wuro man ɓe ndemooɓe ɓe dari bee hoore maɓɓe har ko yotti hitaande teemere 19, naa saf en naa villiyen en, woodi feerootiral haa al`aadaaji to kawti bee lesɗe Yirop feere.
Wakili en maɓɓe haa Dayet man ɓe suɓi ɓe: kala birni fuu tiiru suɓooɓe ngam suɓa wakili en hukuuma suɓol.
Bewala baude heddi yebre siyasa den bo bewala baude subol.
Ha leydi Sweden, majalisa Riksdag nder hitaande 1866 huwino hiddeko dum warta lamu democradiya je (Bicameral) je hokki komoy baude ta yebre siyasa je subugo ko be subamo.
Ha leydi Finland bo, boimano bedo naftira be didadi lamu ndu himbe sedda ardinta Andiragu (Unicameral) hiddeko be wailita ha hitande 1906, diga tonbo be lorti naftirgo be didadi lesdi Sweden naftirta diga hitande 1772 andiragu (Bicameral).
Benon fu huwobe jodibe nder gure hebai nastugo nder wakili’en majalisa ha didagol kesum dam waddi.
Bawo don ha karnuwol 15th yahugo 16th Galluwol Brussels wonde lesdi Belgium kanjum warti Ardibe ben moftata.
Dalila Alkotiral be wadi ha galluwol Utrecht hitande 1579 ena kude doggini bawo don, Ardibe ben andini wii be dowtintako Lamido Phillip II mo leydi Andalus lattaki nonno himbe Netherlands hebi nastugo lamu mako masin.
Ha nder ko billintabe bo kanjum on nonno ardugal Lamido Phillip II yadata be dubbe nder himbe Netherlands diga nokkuje jowedidi ha lesdi din.
Ha Nokku Fombinari Netherlands, bewadi moftorde ragare ha jauleru moftorde je Ardibe doutinobe saare lamu Handburgs wadi, je hauti maube ardi diga hitande 1600 yahugo 1632.
Saini be munyintako wakili’en je diwalji malla jihaji, gammajum fu mabbe bedo mari haje fotindirego ha wakkilgo lesdi les didadi hitande 1798.
Ha hitande 1815, wakkati Netherlands hauti be Belgium ena Luxemberg, ardibe ben sendi gebe didii: warti wodi aran ena majalisa didabol.
Diga Hitande 1848, didadi leydi Netherland hokki himbe baude subugo bibbe majalisa’en yebre didabol, saini aran worbe on tan didangol mai dungani; den wakili’en iga diwalji e inaje on subtata bibbe majalisa’en yebre aranal, diga hitande 1919 on worbe e rewbe fuddi fottugo e billaje.
Den Mallum’en Habe kanbe on dari dow darde mallum’en andaabe diga aran.
Burna galluje heddidabe be ruminko’en be hebi ndimu hore mabbe iga karnuji salinodi saini be wala wakili’en ha lamorde ruminko’en.
Gebe nai maudi kanji on: Saare lamu maundu andiragu (dvoryanstvo) denbo wodi Mallum’en diina, ena jodibe ha labbaje, hautande e jodibe nder galluje, ena luttube marbe risku e lamu.
Kanɓe marɓe risku ha numo maɓɓe kanɓe on walliti ha jahal yeso galluje, ha ɓe hokki misalu be nyenyal maɓɓe, ena mangu maɓɓe ha wuro ena wadugo didadi je waddi jahal yeso, gammajum to luti galluje maudi wala ha tawata marɓe ŋjaudi.
Tariha holli kalimawol (bourgeois) diga demgal France bo dumdo tindina ummatore jodibe galluwol mari jahal yeso je hauti himbe fere-fere bana didobe, mahobe, ena filobe, kanbe on nufo kalimawol “”bourgeoisie””.”
Dasotiral nasti hakkunde filobe pamarbe bana sehobe, ena kautal remobe ena huwobe kugal jungo e luttube, habe fodotiri be lamu dow hala beddangobe chede njobdi je be yownibe.
Kanbe lamlambe mai do wia tun diga jamanu mamirabe mabbe kanbe on latti marbe njaudi.
Inde Iyalu’en ben wanci kotoy burna komoy andibe ha nokkure be jowdi, bo mamirabe mabbe walliti ha tariha nokkure mabbe.
Yimɓe ɓe man ɗo waɗa yonki maɓɓe bee nanugo belɗum masin, ɓe ɗo nana belɗum diidooɓe wakkati man.
Haa nder ɗemngal Faransa, kalimawol bourgeoisei ɓadi hollugo feerootiral hakkunde maɓɓe, ko ngam bo gonndal nder dental nder jamaaje bee njawdi waawan waɗa.
Hitler yerday bee riba ngam wonugo ɗum egotism, nden bo mo ɓuri yerdugo bee njawdi ko woni ɗo heddi bee nder leydi ko woni less yiide Volk.
“Hitler do wi’a marbde risku nder filotobe wala ko be andi to luti riba mabbe.
Naftirgo bee kuuje ɗo tokki ɓaawo kuuɗe maɓɓe.
Belle de Jour (Boɗɗo nyalloomaare man 1967) yetcci kubaru debbo bourgeois mo somi bee teegal maako mo fuɗɗi waɗugo karuwanci.
Haa nukkure Yirop, Inde Lamɗo Empero ɗo naftira ɓoyma, ɗo fotina ɗum bee Pope ngam darnde sakitoowo man dow ardiiɗo coci bee nanta ardiiɗo katolika jee hirnaange Yirop
To no woodi fassaram empero caatuɗum, kanjum on empero man walaa heddaali ɗo wangina teddaali kala lamɗo fuu nden bo mo ɗo laama ko ɓuri leydi gootel.
Mangu maɓɓe anditaama diga Empero Roman mawɗo nder hitaande 1514, amma bo ɗum anditaaka haa nder lamɓe Russiya sai hitaande 1547.
Bana mangu hiddeeko Roman bana Lamɗo mannga ko bo lamɗo lamɓe, ɗo naftira ha lamɓe Persiya bee woɓɓe feere, ɗum ɗo laara dow daidai bee man.
Laamu leydi anditaama dow mawnugo leydi amma bo dow mangu ko lamɗo maɓɓe mari caka hitaande teemere 18.
“Yimɓe Roma en naane ɗo naftira bee inde Rex (“”Lamɗo””), nden bo ɗo mari bote dow darnde siyasa ngam joggita laamu leydi.”
Augustus, mo ɓe laarata dow Epero Roma arandeejo, kafi laamu maako hedi jaɓugo hoore maako inde mangu, indeeji, bee nanta mawnitaare leydi Rome ko mari no laamu gargajiya ko sendi hakkunde yimɓe ɗuɗɓe, ɗo laara dow mangu ko hokki goɗɗo gooto.
“Haa fahin, ɗum wari dow fassirol Imperato (“”komandaajo””) ko warti inde ko ronoowo maako ɓuri yiɗugo.”
Ɗo on inde ko ɓuri neeɓugo: Caesar bee nanta tongitiggo man wangi ha nder kala nduuɓu fuu diga wakkati Caesar Augustus warugo Tsar Simeon II jee Bulgariya mo ɓe itti dow laamu hitaande 1946.
Ko wurti nder kanjum on ko kawti bee kubaru inde Augustan, kubaru jee Empero jee hitaande teemere 2 bee 3.
Seɗɗa nder maɓɓe keɓi inde man, nden bo naa doole sayto roɓe maɓɓe fuu keɓi inde man.
Nder leydi ko sakiti ɓaawo, bana nduuɓu kessum jee laamu, Imperato ɗum inde on ko hokkata jeneralji sooja Roman diga konooɓe maɓɓe, bee nanta majalisa Roman ɓaawo to mo keɓa nasaraku, ɗum ɗo kawta bee mangu filt mashal (horeejo ko komandaajo sooja en man fuu).
Laamu mo tokki ɓaawo Nervan-Antonian, mo laami ɓurna hitaande teemere 2, de`itini laamu man.
Ɓe yiɗi wurtugo diga leydi man taton keɓi lamɓe maɓɓe, laamu Gallic, Laamu Britannik, bee nanta Laamu Palymrene amma bo ko sakiti man ɓuri naftirgo bee rex ɓurna fuu.
Haa nukkure woore, woodi ɓe sendata laamu man bana ɓe joy (laaru: Tetrachy).
Birni man ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum Constantipole amma bo hande inde man ɗum Istanbul).
“Ɓaawo man Lamɓe “”Byzantine”” Roma timmini egguki man diga dabare Empero dow leydi caka yahugo Empero man bana darnde lamɗo gabaɗaya.”
“Lamɓe wakkati Byzantine ɓe ɗo naftira bee kalimawol Girka “”autokrator””, ma`ana man “”mo laamata hoore maako””, ko bo “”monarch””, ko bindooɓe Girka naftirta ngam holla jawmo cemmbe nder Latin.”
Gonnga man, walaa koo gootel nder ɗii ɗo (bee luttuɗum) nder indeeji ɗo sakkinaa ma fuu.
“Tokkol ɓaawo kippol wuro man bee sankitiggo ɗum, kippooɓe man indi babal man kesum “”Laamu Romaniya””, ko andooɓe kubaru ko saali andi ɗum dow Laamu latin jee Constantinople, ɓe lamni Baldwin IX, Kaunt Flandas, bana lamɗo.”
Diga wakkati teddiiɗo Otto yahugo yeeso, ɓurna lesɗe Carolingiyan jee Fuunange Faransa warti Laamu Holy Roman Empire.
Lamɗo pamaro man koositi inde Lamɗo Roman (Lamɗo Roma en).
Lamɗo Holy Roman man ɓe ɗo laara mo dow mo ardi dow laamu.
Andal Duuniyaaru andaaɗum e (Geography) ɓe ɗo fassira ɗum nder nukkure ɗiɗi: andal yimɓe bee nanta andal babal.
Haa gargajiya, ɓe ɗo kawta geography man bee nanta diidugo map bee nanta inde babe.
Ngam asama bee babe meemi indeji ɗuɗɗum, bana andal njawdi, njamu, yanayu, leɗɗe bee dabbaaji, geography nasti nukkuuje daama.
Jee naane man tiiti dow taariinde be no ɓii aadama waɗata, laara, hakkila, nden mara teddaalu dow babe.
Ɗum ɗo mari haaje andal jee gargajiya jee andal babe bee andal yimɓe, bana no gureeji ɓiɓɓe aadama koositiri taariindi.
Andal janngirde duuniyaaji ko ɓuri Duuniyaaru ɗo nder wakkere Astronomy ko Cosmology.
Andal nukkuuje: Haa hitaande 1950, kungiya andal nukkuuje man ɗum Walter Isard ardi ɗum ngam wadda lissafiiji bee nanta foonditolji dow ƴamɗeeji geography, dow no sappol taskaramji geography gargajiya woni.
Andal diidi map mawni diga jaɓol kare kuuɗe warugo andal hoore maajum.
Dow ɓeddaari andalji jee geography man, andaaɗo GIS doole mara andal komputa bee nanta andal database.
Ɓe ɗo naftira bee geostatistics dow laabi daama, ko kawti bee andal ndiyam, andal leydi, wasugo nyebbam petur, foonditol yanayu, taskaramji birni, logistikji, bee nanta epidemiology.
“Map ko Eckhard unger waɗi holli Babylon haa dow maayo Euphrates, ɗo tarni bee tarnol leydi ɗo holla Assyriya, Urartu, bee wurooji daama, ko ɗo tarni bee “”bitter river”” (Oceanus), bee nanta babe caka ndiyam joyɗiɗi ɗo tarni haa wakkere man ngam waɗa koodeeji joyɗiɗi.”
Dow lartol ko Imano Mundi, Map duuniyaaru arande jee Babaloniya ko waɗi wakkati teemere 9 BC holli Babylon haa woyla dayɗum bee caka duaniyaru, koo ngam bo ɓe anda ɗume on haandi wona haa caka man.
Ɓe hokki Thales bee nanta tammunde waɗol mojol naange bee lewru.
Woodi wi`a wi`ta dow moy on meeɗi wi`ugo duuniyaaru tarnde on, bee nanta hakke mo wi`i man yahini Parmenides ko bo Pythagoras.
Manugo duuniyaaru man ɗum Eratosthene on wi`i ɗum.
Meridiyans man senditi nde 360°, bee nanta kala wakkere fuu sendi nde mintiji 60.
Ɗum ɓeddi yaarugo kuugal Hipparchus yeeso, naftirgo bee laabi grid dow mapji maako koosi juutol 56.5 milji jee kala degree fuu.
Haa nder duuɓi caka, yibbugo laamu Roma waddi dasutuggo andal geography diga Yirop yahugo Lesɗe Islama.
Haa yahugo yeeso, Mallum en Diina Islama fassiri nden tarjimi kuuɗe ko yimɓe Roma bee Girik waɗi nden ɓe Nyiɓi Saare Andal haa Baghdad ngam ɗo man.
Abu Rayhan Biruni (976-1048) fuɗɗi farssirgo polar equiazimthal equidistant foondol jee tarnol celestial.
Mo waɗi kuuje kuuɗe ko nandi ɗum to ɗum wari foondol juutugo kooseeje, luggugo maaje, bee nanta yaajugo horizon.
Matsala ko daamata tefooɓe andal kuuje bee andooɓe geography man kanjum on andugo latitude bee longiyute geography babal.
Haa hitaande teemere 18 bee 19 on ɓe anditi geography dow andal ko janngata haa janngirde, nden wari dow nokkuuje janngirde haa jamiya haa Yirop (musamman ma Paris bee Berlin).
Ko saali hitaande teemere ɗiɗon, jahol yeeso na`ura bee komputaaje waɗi ɓe waddi geomatiks bee nanta foonditol kessum bana waatol gite jee nastooɓe bee nanta geostatistiks ɓe waati ɗum nder kuuje ekkitol geography.
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807 - 1884) anditi yanayu malmalooje bee nanta ɓeddari andal dow no malmalooje man dillata, musamman ma dow yaadu malmalooje bee law.
Williman Morris Davis (1850–1934) – baba geography Amerika bee nanta waɗoowo tarnde yuutol babal.
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932) – Debbo arandeejo hooreejo dental geography en Amerika.
Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – Geographer ɓii aadama bee nanta mo waɗi Central place theory.
David Harvey (born 1935) – Geographer Marxist bee nanta mo waɗi theories dow spatial bee nanta geography birni, mo nyaami nasaraku caahu Vautrin Lud.
Haa ba feere, ɓe ɗo waɗa feerootiral hakkunde laamorɗe ko andi (kostitushonal) bee nanta korwal laamorɗe, ko ɗo babal feere.
Misaaluuji kanjum on Babylon ɓoyma, Abbasid Baghdad, ancient Athens, Rome, Bratislava, Budapest, Constantinople, Chang'an, ancient Cusco, Kyiv, Madrid, Paris, Podgorica, London, Beijing, Prague, Tallinn, Tokyo, Lisbon, Riga, Vilnius, bee Warsaw.
Haa lesɗe feere, ɓe wayliti laamorɗe man ngam haala siyasa; Wuro arande jee Finland, Turku, ko jooɗi joonde laamorɗe diga duuɓi caka wakkati laamu Swedish, tampi hakke mum wakkati Grand Duchy jee Finlan haa hitaande 1812, nde Helsinki waɗaama laamorɗe jotta jee Finlan diga laamu Russiya.
Haa Canada, woodi laamorɗe gomnati manga, nden bo nukkuuje sappo man bee nanta wakkere leydi man tati ɗo mari laamorɗe maɓɓe.
“Haa Austiraliya, kalimawol “”laamorɗe leydi”” ɗo naftira ɓurna fuu ngam ƴowna jihaji joygo bee nanta laamorɗe gomnati manga man Canberra, bee Darwin, laamorɗe nukkuure woylaange.”
Bana naa laamorɗe manga, ɓurna fuu walaa feerootiral hakkunde laamorɗe manga, amma bo laamorɗe leydi gootel wonan laamorɗe gabaɗaaya, bana London, ko laati laamorɗe Leydi Ingilan bee nanta United Kingdom.
Laamorɗe leydi Germany bee Russiya (Stadstaat jee Berlin bee nanta wuro laamorɗe gomnati manga jee Moscow) kamɓe ma hukuuma jihaji leydi man fuu on dow hakke maɓɓe.
Frankfort, Kentucky, midway hakkunde Louisville bee nanta Lexington.
Tallahassee, Florida, suɓaama dow babal kawtol hakkunde Pensacola bee nanta St. Augustine, Florida - wakkati man kamɓe on wurooji mawɗi haa Florida.
Waylugo laamoowo leydi wakkati feere ɗo nder ko waddata indugo laamorɗe leydi kesum.
Wakkati ko gureeji caka teeku andaaɗum Canary warti leydi hoore mum nder hitaande 1982, Santa Cruz de Tenerife bee Las Palmas de Gran Canaria fuu hokkaama inde laamorɗe.
Leydi Estonia: Jauleru Kitorgu Mangu ena Hukuma Hakkilanki yebre Andal ena biditol dido hedi galluwol Tartu.
Ko to woodi ummol hakkiilo feere, korwal laamorɗe man ɓe yaaran ɗum wuro feere, ngam saareeji majalisaji man jooɗa babal gootel bee hooreejo leydi man bee fada hooreejo man.
Ɓe woni dow kuugal leydi man fuu ɗo umma diga jiha gootel yahugo wuro feere kala lebbi joygo fuu.
Dharamshala, ko laati laamorɗe Tibetan, kanjum woni laamorɗe ɗiɗaɓo jee leydi man.
Wuro man ɓe ɗo laama ngo darnde kawtal hoore.
Uttarakhand: Dehradun kanjum laati laamorɗe bee nanta wuro ko majalisa woni, kootu mannga jee leydi man bo ɗo haa Nainital.
Nyiɓaalo man fuɗɗi nder hitaande 1960 nden timmi nder 1966.
Fada hooreejo leydi man (Malacanang Palace) bee nanta kootu mannga jee leydi man ɗo haa laamorde man amma bo majalisaaji ɗiɗon man ɗo haa wuro feere-feere.
"Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte kanjum on ɓe wartiri ɗum laamorde leydi man bee nanta haa majalisa woni, laamorde leydi man jee nane bo, Colombo, ɓe wartiri ldum “”babal ardata haa filu leydi man””.”
South Africa: Laamorde leydi man kanjum on Pretoriya, haa majalisa woni bo kanjum on Cape Town, nden bo haa kootu woni kanjum on Bloefontein.
Switzerland: Bern kanjum on wuro manga jee Switzerlan nden bo ɗo darnde laamorɗe leydi man.
Fahin ɗo foti bana Illinois bee Jiha New York, ɓurna ɓe suɓi nder jiha man bee nanta huuwooɓe mawɓe ɓe woni Fombina-Fuunaange Pennsylvania (Wuro Philadelphia, Bucks County, Montgomery County, Delaware County, bee Chester County) ɓuri yiɗugo huuwa haa Philadelphia.
Israel bee Palastinu: Gomnati Israel bee nanta Gomnati Palastinu ɗo wi`a dow Jerusalem on laamorde maɓɓe.
Ummungo laamorde leydi diga wuro feere yahuki wuro feere waɗan ngam ko haala njawdi ko ngam dabare bee dalila feere (wakkati feere ɓe ɗo andina ɗum dow laamorde woni yeeso ko hooree laamorde).
Lamɓe Ming ummini laamorde maɓɓe ɓe yaari ɗum Beijing diga wuro ko woni caka Nanjing ngam mballa waata gite dow hunduko wuro maɓɓe bee Mongol en.
Delhi warti laamorde mulkin malaka ɓaawo ɓe lammini lamɗo George V haa hitaande 1911 jokkiti dow laamorde keɓal darnde hoore diga hitaande 1947.
Wakkati feere, babal laamorde kesum ɗum ɗo suɓa ngam haɗa soynde famrol hakkunde gureeji ɗuɗɗi, bana misalu ko fe`i bee Canberra, Ottawa, Washington, Wellington bee Managua.
Wakkati laamorde taton, Shu bee Wu fuu do`aama wakkati ko laamorde maɓɓe Chengdu bee nanta Jianye do`i.
Ɓaawo nde laamorde Qing do`i, warturgo harkaaji caka wuro bee nanta jahol yeeso laabi yaadu bee nanta na`ura matootiral hokki yimɓe sin bee nanta pati siyasa ko laamata sin man eggini laamorde maɓɓe nden ɓe jogiti laamu maɓɓe wakkati ummol hakkiilo kippol Japan.
Ɗum fessiray dow babal tabbitinaaɗum bee nanta haa jamaaje ɓuri ɗuuɗugo bee joonde bee nanta kuuɗe ko memba en maɓɓe ɗo huuwa dow kuugal ngal laatay kuugal ndemri.
Haa kubaru, jooɗooɓe nder wuro laati yimɓe ɓiɓɓe aadama en seɗɗa, amma ko tokki ɓaawo nduuɓu teemere ɗiɗon, ko ɓuri reeta yimɓe duuniyaaru ɗo jooɗa nder birni, ko laati ɗo mari sanadu fe`aano massin dow ko joggata yimɓe nder duuniyaaru.
Ɓeddol nattinol man ɗo nufa birniji ɗo mari teddeenga dow ko laarani ɓe bana haala, ko joggata yimɓe, wullol duuniyaaru bee nanta njamu duuniyaaru.
Ngam man, daytotiral hakkunde joonde wuro ɗo nder laawol ko mari bote haa haɓugo bee waylugo yanayu.
Bana misalu, laamordeeji lesɗe bana Beijing, London, Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, Paris, Rome, Athens, Seoul, Tokyo, bee Washington, D.C. ɗo hollita no leydi maɓɓe woni.
Wuro ɓe laaray ɗum bana kubaru, no hulɗaaji woni haakunde dente yimɓe, babe waɗugo bee nanta sendol, babe kuugal cemmbe, babal koosol jaɓruɗe, ko bo babal habre.
Kawrol hoore leydi ɗo naftira bee ma`anaaji ɗuɗɗi - ɗo wadda bayanuji bana ummatoore, ɗuuɗal yimɓe, lamba jooɗooɓe wuro, kuugal njawdi, bee nanta nyiɓaalo laabi ko nyiɓaalo gomnati - ngam waata ummatoore nder birni
Narral njaynotiral wuroji bee leydi ɗo mari ko sakititta gootel ɓurna fuu ɓe walaa faala ɗum: haa duuniyaaru, birniji ɓe ɗo resa ɗum dow babe ko mballata yimɓe ndemooɓe.
Bana birniji no ɗo mawna, ɓurna hukuuma ummatoore, diga korwal laamu gomnati yahugo nyiɓaalo diina, waran ɗuuɗa dow babe fottol maɓɓe.
Wangugo babal ɓurna fuu ɗo dow no birni nyiɓaama.
Nden bo waawan laata yanayu faddol to laari no ko taari babal man.
Yanayu ɗo wangan dow no jahol yeeso woni dow wakkati ɗuɗɗum, bee nanta laarugo mahol wuro bee mahol ɓaawo wuro ko hollata hunduko wuro kiɗɗum.
Nder birni bana Moscow, ɗo man ɗo wangi har jotta.
Wasol haa babe ɗo kepti wuroji ko wonni ɓurna fuu hedi filu, siyasa, ko bo diina.
Birniji sin ɓe waɗi ɗum dow no diiɗaaji maɓɓe tedduɗum ngam jooɗa joonde tawɗum ko laarata diga asama.
Babe ɗo wurti ɗo taskiti dow yanayu mawɗum bee fawne masin, bee nanta cuuɗi ngam huuwooɓe bee nanta ce`i mawɗi ɗo feesi ngam yimɓe mawɓe.
Haa karniji ko tokki, wuroji ko ɗo dari darnde hoore maɓɓe wuro Giris, musamman ma Athens, waɗi polis, dental wurɓe marɓe babe ɓe kawti hoore nyiɓe wuro man.
Less laamu lamɗo maɓɓe, Rome wo`ini nder nden waɗi birniji ɗuɗɗi, (coloniae), bee maɓɓe ɓe waddi dokaji diidi birni, fawne, bee nanta ummatoore.
Jahol yeeso Norte Chico kawti bee nanta bana ko yotti babal joonde yimɓe mawɗum 30 ko ɗum jotta Norte Chico nukkure woyla-caka coastal Peru.
Joggooɓe laamu haa Hirnaange duuniyaaru lusini hooti Constantinople bee nanta yahugo yaake jahol yeeso Islama bee nanta wurooji maɓɓe mawɗum fuu ɗo Baghdad, Cairo, bee Còrdoba.
Haa karniji sappo e tati bee sappo e nay, birniji feere warti jihaji marɗi cemmbe, ɗo koosa babe woni kombi man less hakkilgo maɓɓe ko bo waɗuki laamu maayo mawɗum.
Laamorde Hirnaange Yirop (London bee Paris) nyaami bote mawnugo filu tokkol ɓaawo wangol filu Atlantik.
Ingi nasti yeeso nden bana no London warti laamorde lesɗe duuniyaaru bee nanta birniji nder leydi man mawni mawnande ƙira.
Ardungal filu wangi hedi jahol yeeso nyibooɓe, realto en, fiyooɓe kuuje, jarida, hukuuma gomnati bana mayo en, bee nanta hukuumaaji mawɗi masin.
“sakamako man waddi waɗol wuroji kessum; jahol yeeso caka wuro; mahol CBD dow andal waɗol kuugal; nanugo belɗum, babal maɓɓutuggo gite, babe gargajiya; nyiɓugo sitadiyom pijjirle bee nanta babe pijjirle manga-manga; bee nanta nyiɓugo hunduko maayo.””
Har ko yotti karniji 18, woodi fotootiral hakkunde yimɓe ndemooɓe jee kauye bee nanta ɓe woni birni ko ɗo nastina luuɓe bee nanta filu juunga peetel.
Ɗabiya al`aadaaji ɗo nder ko yaaɓata manga dow dasol hakkiilo jooɗooɓe.
Galluje Batam ha Indonesia, ena Mogadishu lamorde Somalia, ena Xiamen ha lesdi China hautande e Galluwol Niamey ha leydi Niger, kanji on galluje himbe buri dudugo be jawal ha Duniyaru ha kala dubi fu himbe do bedda be ukke 5 yahugo 8%.
Majalisa mobgal duniyaru andini wii hiddeko hitande 2050 dudugo jamaje beddan yahugo biliyonre didi e tobbe joy (2.5 billion) jodobe nder berniwol tan, den ha leydi je jamaje dudai bo heban jamaje heutinta miliyon temere tati (300 million) den ha nokkuje Asia ena Afrika on tammi hebugo beddari ukke 90% je dudugo jamaje ha der Galluje.
Ha irin galluje den wodi daaral masin hakkunde talaka’en ena diskube, tawan diskube do jooda ha nokku boddum den mardi fesaare den kanbebo talaka’en bedo hauti ha nokkuje wondi e billaje fere-fere wala kuje nanki beldum haton je welnata be.
“Haa fahin birniji ɗo wadda diiɗaaji ko tiiti maɓɓitiiɗum (ko walaa cemmbe sam) aybeji bana darugo reena kuuje walaa hujja feere bee ngaatugu, ɗo mari haaje ɗerewol ngam waɗugo zanga-zanga ko bo marugo marɓe saare bee ɓe jooɗata nder wuro man haaje itta malmalooje haa babal yaadu kosɗe.””
Ɗii ɗo man ɗo ngadda wakkati yahugo wakkati, dow laawol gootel ko bo dow laawol feerootiri.
“Diiɗaaji waɗugo kuuje ɗo-ɗo hokka ummugo “”diiɗaaji yaarugo kare””, laabi ko tokkata koonday ngam yaara kare, ko ɗum foondol on ngam waɗa diiɗaaji tokkitinaaɗi dow fiyol kare bee nanta kuuɗe nder birni.”
"""Robert L. Lineberry, ""Mo waɗi fotootiral nder Birni: sendol kuuɗe jamaaje nder birni""; nder Hahn bee Levine (1980)."
Haa fahin, hokkol kuuɗe birni ceede kuuɗe, bee nanta kesutuggo birni man bee nanta kuuɗe yaarata ɗum yeeso feere, ɗum masala on ko neeɓata masin, ko birniji kabdata bee man hedi tornde ha gomnati mawɗum, taskaramji bee nanta nukkure joonde hoore mum, bee nanta dabareji bana sorrugo kuuje jamaaje (sorrugo kuuɗe hoota haa jooɗooɓe hoore maɓɓe), kawtal hoore (waɗugo joggitol hakkunde birni bee jooɗooɓe hoore maɓɓe) bee nanta keɓinol ɗum ceede (waatugo kare ko birni man mari nder ko sorrata).
“Bote kawtal hoore babe duuniyaaru haa gootel bee nanta darnde kawtal hoore lesɗe daama nder hukuuma pamara haa nder duuniyaaru fuu, waɗi sanadu dasitiggo dow gomnati birni, yaasi “”uban rijim teory”” dow no kawtal hoore giɗol hukuuma pamara man ɓe laamata ɗum, yahugo teory yaasi hakkilgo njawdi, ko ɗo andi ɗum bee inde mawɗum nder janngirde bee nanta filosofi neoliberalizim.”
Kuuje taskaram, ko saali no ɓe waɗi dizain birni ma, ko kawti bee nanta waɗol ceede dow nyiɓaalu bana laabi bee nanta hakkilol naftirol babal bana jaɓol-jaɓol.
“Haa fahin ko ɗo waagini birniji dow waɗol kuuɗe taskaramji kanjum on cemmbe birni dow jaɓol-jaɓol, hakkilgo les subdivishon bee nanta hakkilgo nyiɓaalu, ci`e bee nanta diiɗaaji wuuwugo.””
Yimɓe ɓe ɗo jooɗi kombi jooɗan, huuwa nden fijida, haa babe feere-feere, nden bo wonda bee yimɓe feere-feere, ɓe ngaɗa kawtol ƙabila ko no yonki maɓɓe yiɗi ko bo, nder babe ko soynde woni, ha gehto.
“Wuroji haa hirnaange duuniyaaru, bee nanta, ɓeddol, babe ko ɓe ɗo maɓɓa bee nanta yanayu “”pirivatopiya”” haa nder duuniyaaru, ɗo acca yimɓe nder gure itta ko`e maɓɓe haa babe ko ɗo mari kisndam.
Yimɓe ɓe ɗo mari kuugal waɗugo ɗo - ko yotti biliyon 1.5 hande, biliyon 2.5 yahugo 2030 - kamɓe on ɓuri kala nukkure yimɓe fuu mawnugo bee law haa nder duuniyaaru.
Fuu man ɗum ontolojikal fuu gootel nden feere-feere dow hukuuma hokkol habaru ko sappi Alkawalji Kommunist en.
Bana babal wuro filu birniji warti babal fe`ugo bee nanta babal ɓe naftirta bee kare man hedi laawol soodugo bee sorrugo.
Babal kuugal mawɗum ɗo hokka fottinol andal hakkunde kampaniji bee goɗɗo hoore mum.
Mawɓe ƙabila yiɗi jooɗugo nder birniji, ɓe ɗo kawti hoore bee nanta ƙabila ko ɓe sendata, nden bo ɓe ɗo nasta nder kuuɗe gomnati.
"Greg Kerr bee Jessica Oliver, ""Rethinking Place Identities"", nder Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015)."
Ɓe mari yiide yaadu maɓɓitol gite ɗo yaha Agra ngam ɓe laara Taj Mahal, ko bo New York City ngam ɓe yilla Cibiya Filu Duuniyaaru.
Ko waɗi yimɓe ɓe andaaɓe - talaka en, ɓe walaa mangu feere, ɓe-ɓe itti nder jamaaje - mari haaje yonki les bone nder ci`e peeton-peeton dow joonde nder njamu bee feesaare wuro peetel-peetel ko bo babal ko ɓe ɗo wuuwa jee nukkure kauye ko ɗo mawna?
Ɓe wari jooɗugo nder maɓɓe wari on ngam ɓe nasta nder ɓe timmina kala yaake ɓe mari haaje fuu.
Pijirleeji ma ɗo dow ko waɗata kuuje mawɗum nder ummungo inde wuro bee nanta wangingo hoore.
Ko ɓuri bote, woodi kuujeeji mawɗum ko neeɓata ngam yahooɓe yaadu maɓɓitol gite bee filooɓe dow man (Kasimati, 2003).
“Konu waddi ɗuuɗal ardungal jamaaje bee nanta cemmbe siyasa nder juuɗe yimɓe seɗɗa marɓi balmi, ɗum darnaama diga ardungal coci ko ɗo waɗa kuugal nder sirru nden ɓe ɗo mari andal sirru dow andalji kuuɗe kimiya.””
Wakkati konu duuniyaari ɗiɗabre andaaɗum (World War II), gomnati mopgal leydi maɓɓi birniji feere, ɓe waɗi sorenda haa konnu en maɓɓe ɓe tiiti wuro man ngam ɓe luuta wonnere bee rufol iyam.
Konnun kala tow man, ko andira bee inde kaɓol ɓee saatol ra`ayiji, ɗo kawti bee nanta na`uraaji lincititta bee nanta konu bee ngaandi bee nanta kaɓolji ɓe wi`ata ɗum kulos kombat, ɗo huuwa haa yaari no faddata soynde goonga haa nder wuro, ko ɗo naftira bee dabare bana babal difens.
Ngam masala ɗuɗɗum haa nastol, netwok ji ɗo senditi nden waati ɗum darnde joggitol luuma dow kampani woore, ɗo nufa dow dabareji njawdi ɗo hokka kala netwok fuu hakkilina bee kungiya gootel, jee jamaaje ko bo jee jooɗol hoore mum.
"Kath Wellman bee Frederik Pretorius, ""nyiɓaalo birni: Productivity, Project Evaluation, bee nanta Finance""; nder Wellman bee Spiller (2012)."
Wuuwugo, ɗo mari haaje ngam njamu boɗɗum nder babal ko ɗo sukki, ɗo mari haaje ndiyam bee nanta hakkilgo bee mbuuri bee nanta siwaaku ɓii aadama.
Yonki njamanu haa nder birniji ɗo njaynitiri dow yiite lantarki ko heɓata hedi lantarki ngam kuugal injiji mawɗi (diga kare na`ura bee injiji ɓe naftirta haa saare yahugo injiji ɓe naftirta haa kampaniji warugo na`uraaji ko ɓe naftirta haa maatootiral, filu, bee nanta gomnati) bee nanta jee yiite tirafik, jee streetlight bee nanta jee yiite nder saare.
"Tom Hart, ""Kuuje yaadu bee nanta Birni""; nder Paddison (2001)."
Birniji Amarika mawɗi daama ɗo naftira bee laawol yaadu jamaaje jee jirgin ƙasa, bana no holli misalu bee nanta jee ɓuri andugo jee laawol subway jee Birni New York.
Nyiɓaalu andaaɗum anturopojenik bee mbuuri, bee nanta remugo haa lambuji, waddi taariindi wangiiɗum bee jee kemikal ko walaa fotootiral haa nder ladde, dow fe`aano feere ɗo hokka famrol hakkunde ɓiɓɓe aadama bee nanta ko Jawmiraawo tagi.
Dow no woɓɓe feere wi`i, birniji ɓe walaa ko he`a ɓe sanadu marol haaje kuujeeji naftirol.
Birniji njamanu ɓe andi ɗum bee nanta waɗugo mikurokilaimet jee maɓɓe, sanadu konkere, kolta, bee nanta kuujeeji ɓi aadama waɗi haa yeeso, ko ɗo wula wakkati naange ɗo waɗa nden bo yaara ndiyam yeende nder lambatu.
Patikulet asama ɗo ɓedda yeende bee nanta hsare 5 yahugo 10%.
Bana misalu, haa nder mikurokilaimet birniji man, babe ko walaa awdi masin bana leɗɗe ɗo kabda bee gulɗum man masin (amma bo ɗo mari laawol nuɗɗungo bee man seɗɗa).
Haa fuu man ɓe ɗo ƴownaɓe Babal maɓɓitiiɗum jee birni (ko ngam bo kalimawol man wala nufa babal leɗɗe koonday), Babe leɗɗe, waɗol awdi haa birniji.
Janngirde man naftiri bee bayanu ha kusan yimɓe 20,000 haa UK.
Yimɓe ko walaa keɓa ko famɗi fuu awaji ɗiɗi - ko to ɓe saali awa gootel haa asawere - walaa keɓa boteji man.
“Janngirde man limay wakkati ko goɗɗo mbari haa nder lambu maako, amma ko ɓuri fuu haa lambu man ɓe yahi babal man hakkunde milji ɗiɗi diga saare.””
"Saskia Sassen naftiri bee kalimawol ""birni duuniyaaru"" nder kuuɗe maako nder hitaande 1991, Birniji Duuniyaaru man: New York, London, Tokyo ngam holla cemmbe birni man, darnde, bee nanta komopolitanizim, dow mawnugo birni man.”
3 (1982): 319 Birniji duuniyaaru diga lissafi kapsiton jee ardungal maɓɓe, ɓe ɗo hokka koman bee nanta hakkilgo hedi njawdi maɓɓe bee nanta marol mangu dow siyasa maɓɓe.
Ɓe dasititta bee haala man holli dow yanayu laamu bee nanta waylolji.
Hukuumaji duuniyaaru marɗi cemmbe bee bankiji ɓe ɗo waɗa hukuuma mannga maɓɓe haa birniji duuniyaaru nden ɓe ɗo waɗa filu maɓɓe haa nukkure ɗo.
"Nancy Duxbury bee Sharon Jeannotte, ""Diiɗaaji Kolcoji Gomnati""; Yebre 21 nder wi`ɗitol Ashgate Companion to Planning bee Culture; London: Ashgate, 2013."
“Moptirde dow Joonde I nder hitaande 1976 koosi “”Ko Vancouver wangini dow joonde ɓiɓɓe aadama”” ko sappi hakkilgo birniji dow laabi mawɗum dow jahol yeeso nden ɓe waddi diiɗaaji daama dow joonde nder birni.”
Ha leuru January hitande 2002 hukuma majalisa mobgal duniyaru hakkilanobe bee joonde ɓiɓɓe aadama warti ƙungiyawa ɓe ɗo ƴownaɗum United Nations Settlements Programme ko bo UN-Habitat, memba en Dental Jahol yeeso jee Hukuma majalisa mobgal duniyaru.
Diiɗaaji banki tiiti dow waatugo hakkiilo dow luumo nyiɓaalu hedi hokkugo ɓe nyamaale bee nanta mballa dow andalji bee na`ura.
Birniji ko ɗo sappi nder yanayu al`aada lesɗe Hirnaage duniyaru, wurti haa nder deftere bible nder kuuɗe kalluɗum bee nanta kuuɗe boɗɗum, wangi dow Babylon bee Jerusalem.
Ɓe laaran birniji dow saatugo ra`ayi ko-ko wayliti banni: haa nde gootel ɗo nasta wurtina ko woni nder wuro man bee nanta nyaamoowo hakke, marɓe njawdi bee nanta talaka en, ko ɗo de`iti bee nanta ko ɗo nder ummol hakkiilo.
Ɗo bee nanta ra`ayiji siyasa feere ɗo mari cemmbe masin dow ko ɓe wi`a bee nanta timji nder wolde dow birniji.
Defte kilasikal bee medival waati kawtol dow ko waati yanayu ko wangini birni bee nanta kubaruji ko saali.
Ko wangi haa fimji feere holli birniji nder karnuji noogas holli ɗum dow ko mari na`ura ko he`a bee nanta laabi boɗɗi ko laabi yaadu njamanu woni.
Leydi kanjum on woni babal ko lbe andi ko bo babal siyasa (bana misalu leydi).
Naa ɗum darnde hoore mum ba.
Leydi ko ɓuri mawnugo haa babal nder duuniyaaru kanjum on Russiya, nden bo ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo bee jamaaje kanjum on Sin, tokki ɓaawo Indiya, United States, Indonesiya, Pakistan bee Brazil.
Haa nder leydiji Yirop daama kalimawol man ɓe ɗo naftira bee man dow sub-divishon jee babal leydi, bana no nder Germani Bundesländer, bana no kalimawol ko ɗuuɗay warugo dow ko anda sovereign state.
“Walaa yerdol dow kuuje gootel dow “”lesɗe”” woni nder duniyaru nden jihaji ɗuɗɗum ɗo miija dow darnde joonde maɓɓe leydi.”
Yanayu autonomi jee lesɗe ko daray bee hoore maɓɓe feerootiri haa nder duniyaru.
Rahotowol mai senditi kala lesdi fu fodde jahal yeso mabbe ta yebre risku be hebata nder lesdi mabbe.
Nder Rahotowol wurti hitande 2019 anditi lesɗe yahi yeeso on tan nder Woyla Amerika, Yirop, bee Aisiya bee nanta Pacifik.
Banki Duniyaru andaaɗum (World Bank) limti nukkuje maɓɓe darnde East Asiya bee Pacifik, Yirop bee Central Asia, Latin Amerika bee nanta Caribbean, Middle East bee North Africa, North Amerika, South Asia, bee Sub-Saharan Afrika.
Wasugo kanjum on kuuɗe wi`ɗitol ngam sanadu keptugo bayanu ko njawdi, musamman ma nder yanayu geography ko bo space, dow no wi`ɗitol bee jahol yeeso ko walaa dow kimiya duniyaru tan ko bo astronomi.
Ko lamɗo Nero on tan waɗi kanjum on holli bana waɗi dow taskaramji kippol bee jaɓol leydi Ethiopia ko Nubia: nder hitaande 62 AD legionariji ɗiɗon wi`ɗiti dow mayo Nile.
Roma en ɓe taski wi`ɗitol daama ha Woyla Yirop, nden ɓe wi`ɗito ko daayugo man yotti Sin haa nder Asiya.
Sobiraku Ruminko’en be China fuddi on tun diga dubi temere yahugo temere e chappande jowego e jowego bawo Danyugo Annabi Isah 100 AD - 166 AD.
Kuuje ɓe ƙeri haa dow yaadu wi`ɗitol maɓɓe kanjum on kombuwal outrigger, ko hokki ɓe laawol koosugo kare bee jamaaje.
Janngirde feere nder hitaande 2011 haa Wairau Bar nder New Zealand holli fottol dow aslihi maɓɓe ɗum Ruahine Island on nder Islamji Society.
Woodi nandugo dow al`aadaji bee nanta ɗemngal yimɓe Cook Islanders bee nanta Maori haa New Zealand.
Ha hitande 1328 warugo 1333, o tokki hedi mayo fombinari China be konbuwal o yahi pellel dudum hedi Fombina Funakeri Asia yottago Nokku Fombinari Asia, den o jippi Sri lanka ena India, den fahin o yahi bo Australia.
Nasara’en Prtugal ena Andalus kanbe on fuddi yahugo larana gite mabbe, hiddeko diga bawo luttudi lesde Europe tokka bawo konandi ba England, Netherlands, ena France.
Yanayi no dum wontiri ha nokku majum domari haje dabareji fere-fere hiddeko heba no jodira ton.
Subdivishon kuugal, dow darnde man, ɗum faamake wona dow sendugo jiha no haandi.
Babe njaynitirta bee woɓɓe feere ko lutti jotta haa nder duniyaru fuu man ɗo jogga autonomi siyasa manga.
Darnde Islanji Cook ɓe do hokka ɗum darnde darol hoore haa nder diiɗaaji duniyaru, nden bo leydi man ɗo hakkilina bee nanta joonde hoore mum nder alamariji nder leydi maɓɓe bee yaasi leydi maɓɓe.
Nder yarjejeniya dow yerdoye kawtal hoore, haa fahin bo, New Zealand ɗo mari teddaalu feere dow heddaalu maɓɓe yaasi beydi bee nanta saro Niue.
Limngal ɗo ɓurna fuu haaɗaama dow babe ko-ko ɓe ɗo hokka ɓe darungal hoore haa dokaji leydi yaasi, babe ko walaa yimɓe, ko bo ɗo mari yaakeeji gootel dow autonomi nden bo ɓe ɗo laama hoore maɓɓe dow yanayu ko na tan say dow heddaalu yaasi leydi.
Ɓe ɗo laama hoore maɓɓe, ko da no bo gomnati Biritaniya mari hakke dow saro bee nanta wakilcigo nden bo ɓe ɗo mari teddaalu manga dow tabbutungo laamu gomnati boɗɗum.
Walaa laamu ko njaynitiri bee hoore mum ko mari wakilijo haa majalisa leydi U.K.
New Zealand bee ɓe njaynitirta bee maɓɓe ɗo mari gomnajo fuu gootel nden bo ɓe ɗo mari lamɗo gootel.
Dokaji ɓe narri dow wurtngo lesɗe Commonwealth jee Woyla Islanji Mariana (CNMI) nder kawtal hoore siyasa bee Leydi United States ɗum yerdaama nder hitaande 1976.
Ɗo koonday ɗum kuuje maɓɓol hoore on bee nanta wembere to a` foonde waɗugo bayanu, faamugo, nden a` wangina heddaalu siyasa Puerto Rico bee nanta leydi United States.
“Haa fahin, darnde “”lesɗe maɓɓe ko koosi”” nder Karibiyen (Aruba, Curaçao, bee Sint Maarten) ɗum koositiray dow gootel ko bo “”mobgal lesɗe ko daray bee hoore maɓɓe.””
Keri kanjum sendi hakkunde lesde dam wurtinobe kerol didata, den wakkatigo to be itti kerol a tawan didon sendi gebe-gebe, wodi hedi nyidam, wodi hakkunde galluje e buttuli fere der mobgal lesdi.
Burna der keri leydi fu do heba hakkilanobe masin, saini ha keri mari sangere widitobe ontan hebata hakkilanego ta labi kandi.
Burna lesde fu domari labi dibe faddata keri mabbe ngam hakkilango yilaru ummatore, ena dabbaji diga wurtugo ena nastugo nder leydi mabbe.
To a latti kodo bo a yidi jodugo hakkunde kerol leydi mallabo a yidi huwugo eton saito a hebi dereji diga hukuma’en hakkilanobe hobbe nastobe leydi, saini wakkatigo koda ado mari dereji mai ma a tigortako be majum ngam nastugo leydi fere.
Burna lesde harmini nastugo leydi mabbe be nanta modetekon dibe harmini yarugo malla bo dabbaji mardi hatsaru.
Saini ha lesde fere di habdinta be billa nastinobe kare harminadi ena nastobe ta labi handinaka, be tarni keri mabbe be jamde wobbe bo wurtini didadi naudi diga hukuma hakkilanki keri lesdi.
Ha Nokkure Europe be nanta Nokku Shengen lesde dubbe nebi bedo naftira be lawol ngol, non kadima hakkunde Canada ena Amerika kerol mabbe do tarni hedi labbaje mabbe .
Mayo; lesde fere be sendi kerol hakkunde mabbe hedi labi ndiyam.
Ha deftere Hebrew, wodi ha Moses tindini chakantari mayo Arnon be wiugo dum kerol on je sendi hakkunde Leyol Moab ena le’ii yahudanko’en jodiɓe hedi Funankeri Jordan.
Misalu be wendu Tanganyinka, hakkunde leydi DR Congo ena Zambia hedi hirnakeri ena Tanzania be Burundi hedi funankeri; den wodi wendu Great Lakes je sndi hakkunde kerol Amerika ena Canada.
Burna lesde fere bo koseje on sendi kerol hakkunde mabbe.
Misalu gotel kanjum on ladde dam himbe China tarni tun diga karnuwol sappo’e go’o wato eleven Century.
Alal misalu, yadake jonta wala ferotiral kerol hakkunde funankeri Germany ena hirnankeri Germany, saini ha jonta wodi daral hakkunde mabbe ta yebre jahal yeso riku.
Keri ta wakkere ndiyam do heddi ta nokkure lesɗe, nokkure kontijiyos, bee nanta nokkure njawdi marol leydi man; haa fahin, kalimawol man kawtay bee nanta maayo ko keri hedi mayelji, ko ɓe ɗo koosa ɗum nder keri leydi man.
Keri asama koosi nautikal milji 12 diga hunduko leydi man nden bo kamɓe mari teddaalu faddugo asama maɓɓe sayni to ɗo les faddol bee njoonde njamu NATO.
Be nonfu, wodi alkotiral dow labi asamanji je haadi ha kerol Karman.
Hukuma’en leydi ena Galluje kanbe on mari baude hakkilango kerol saini do jongotiri be yanayi siyasa leydi ena sembe risku leydi.
Kude hakkunde keri - beddi mabbituggo lawol jaharle ha dow keri den fahin wallita faddago soynde rento ha gifa funakeri Afrika.
Tona ngam bononda’en wujjobe himbe ba, himbe dubbe tammi toggugo hedi keri leydi hakkunde huwobe ena jodibe hedi nokkure.
Saini soyde rento tammi billango himbe acca yillugo hakkunde keri din.
Burna nokkuje heddi be keri lesde do wallita hedi jahal yeso risku hakkunde lesde bee nanta filu hakkunde lesɗe man ɗiɗi hedi keri maɓɓe.
Diga wakkati ɗum wurti haa nder hitaande caka 80, foondol kuuɗe artistikji ɗo mballi dow waɗol ƴamɗe ko taari joonde leydi, keri, waatol gite, keptol, ƙabila, yaare, bee nanta wurtol leydi.
Keri koosan amma bo haaɗay dow ɗemngal, al`aada, yanayu joonde njawdi bee nanta joonde nder jamaje, diina, bee nanta keptol leydi.
“Atistikji ɗo kamɓe ma “”ƴamɓitooɓe kerol on”” bee hoore maɓɓe.”
Labbaje dun nokkuje on andiradi ha bawo galluje ton di woni.
Ɓurna labbaje fuu ɓe ɗo mari yimɓe seɗɗa bee nanta joonde ci`e seɗɗa.
Ɓurna birniji fuu ɓe ɗo mari ko lesti hasre 15 dow ummatore wuro maɓɓe ɓe jooɗata haa labbaje.
Labbaje nokkuje woyla ɓurna fuu ɓe labbaje ko limi on sendi ko ɓe ɗo tawa ɗum fuu dow ko bo ɓurna fuu dow layiji ko tokkata ɗo nder kala nokkuje feere: Newfoundland bee Labrador, 50th; Quebec 54th; Ontario, 54th; Manitoba, 53rd; Saskatchewan, Alberta bee British Columbia, 54th.
Hukuma’en limotobe ngu leydi Amerika, ena hukuma widitobe jahal yeso risku, ena hakkilanobe chede ketade befu mabbe be walliti ha wurtingo nokku labbaje.
Ha didangol bewadi hitande 2002 dow hala Ngesa (P.L. 107–171, Sec.
“Dow no deftere nde wurtini, Ma`anaji labbaje: Deftere ɓe wolwata nana bee nanta wi`ɗitooɓe, “”Yimɓe jooɗata haa birniji lesɗe ɓurna fuu ɓe ɗo andiraɓe bee keɓol jahol haa hakkilta bee njamu leydi man ha babal ko ɗo sukki.”
“Ɗo warti no Goldsmith waɗi ma`ana labbaje.””
“Horeejo laamu leydi Faransa Emmanuel Macron nder hitaande 2019 wurtini kuugal ko baawi babe labbaje ɓe waatini takiyere “”Agenda Rural””.”
Haa Scotland, ma`ana labbaje feere ɗo naftira.
RBI fassiri ma`ana labbare dow babal ko ɗo mari yimɓe ko saalay 49,000 (birniji tier -3 yahugo tier-6).
Labbaje haa Pakistan ko ɗo kombi birniji ɓe ɗo koosa ɗum birniji peeton-peeton ko bo ko ɓe wi`ata suburbs.
Subusji maran darnde siyasa ko doka jee maɓɓe, musamman ma haa United State, amma ɓurna fuu na kajum on ko fe`ata ba, musamman haa United Kingdom ha suburbs ji ɗo tawa haa kerol birniji.
Haa lesɗe feere, bana Morocco, Faransa, bee nanta ɓurna United States man fuu, sububji daama ɗo jooɗa birniji peeton peeteon ko bo ɓe ɗo laama ɓe darnde maɓɓe birniji mawɗum bana leydi, nokkure ko borough.
Kalimawol subuji nder bee nanta sububji yaasi ɓe ɗo naftira bee man ngam ɓe sendita ko feerootira babal ko woodi yimɓe masin haa caka birni (ko ɓe ƴownataaɗum subub haa ɓurna leydi fuu), bee nanta subuji ko walaa ɗuuɗal yimɓe masin ko ɓe tawata ɗum haa yaasi birniji manga.
Haa nder New Zealand, ɓurna subub ɓe fassiray ɗum nder doka, ko waddata wembere dow haa toy on ɓe fuɗɗata nden ɓe timma.
Kalimawol suburbani ɗum fuɗɗi naftirgo diga mawɗo Roma Cicero dow sappol vila en manga bee nanta ci`eeji ko marɓe ceede Rome nyiɓi haa yaasi birni man.
Haa caka karnuji 19, babe suburban aran manga ɗo mawna hedi London dow darnde birni (wakkati man kanjum ɓuri mawnugo haa nder duniyaru) warti yimɓe hebbini ɗum sukki masin nden warti walaa siwaaku.
Layi man yotti Harrow nder hitaande 1880.
“Nokkure filu luumo jee Met wurtini kalimawol “”Metro-land”” nder hitaande 1915 wakkati ko Sapporɗe Yajjinol Layi man warti sapporɗe Metro-land, ɓe waati ceede man dow dala 1.”
“Haa wakkere man, ɗo on jaabol ko hokki dow soynde cemmbe wakkati konu duniyaru arande andaɗum (World War One), ɗum heddinaama bee nanta joonde nder soynde; ko ɓe yerdi bee man ɓe kawti haa nder posta wakkati man “” a` tammataako keɓugo umatore A1 nder ci`e C3”” - ɗo tiitina cemmbe kuugal sooja jee wakkati man.”
Rahoto man waɗi doka dow ko mara haaje, ko ɓuri famɗugo ngam nyiɓugo suburban; ɗo kawti bee waɗugo doka dow ɗuuɗal ci`e ko nyiɓata nder taskaramji maɓɓe nden bo ɗum waddi sawralji haa dow lamba cuuɗi ko nyiɓata bee nanta cuuɗi feere nder kala saare fuu.
Haa nder ko saalay duuɓi sappo suburbanji man mawni.
Levittown ɓe nyiɓi ɗum dow darnde kala man dow nyiɓugo ci`e daama.
Soodugo kuuje ɗuɗɗum bee nanta yoɓol kuuɗe haa babal gootel naa sayto a` waɗi yaadu haa dayɗum ba ko babe daama, mballi haa resugo babe sorrugo kuuje irin ɗo haa suburbji ko waɗi kessum ɗo ko ɗo kabda bee ɗuuɗal jamaaje.
Doka laabi mawɗum jee hitaande 1956 mballi dow keɓungo nyiɓaalu laawol ko yotti kilimoti 64,000 nder leydi man diga marugo dala dubu 26 yahugo milliyon ngam naftira, ko mballi haa kawtol ɗuɗɗum haa babal sorrugo kuuje ɗo bee koyɗum.
Suburbji feere mawni haa kombi birniji mawɗi haa ɗon laawol jirgin ƙasa yahugo wuroje ɓe waɗata kuuɗe.
Kuuje man ɗum ci`e ko mawnata.
Bee nanta andaaɓe miliyonji 16, laawol suudugo saare ɗo dow koyɗum.
Nyiɓooɓe ɓe soodi babe haa yaasi wuro man, ɓe nyiɓi ci`eji dow yanayu ko woni juuɗe maɓɓe, nden bo ɓe waddi laabi bee nanta kuuje naftirol, ko bo huuwooɓe njamanu ɓe ɗo yawna ɓe nyiɓa babe janngirde.
Veteran en keɓan gootel bee nanta yoɓol ceede seɗɗa.
Mawnugo suburbsji man heɓi laawol bee nanta waɗugo dokaji jaɓa jaɓita, redlininji bee nanta waɗol kuujeeji boɗɗi dow laabi yaadu.
Yimɓe African-Amerikan en bee nanta yimɓe nolde feere ɓurna maɓɓe fuu ɓe ɗo haa nder babe laatititta haa nder birni nder soynde.
Ɓaawo konu duniyaru ɗiɗaɓo andaaɗum (World War II), feesaare nyamale FHA waddi laawol ɗuuɗal ci`e nder suburbsji Amerika.
Jahal yeso risku ha leydi Amerika kanjum waddi maadi jamanu ha burna galluje Amerika den kanjum on waɗi wodi haje kampaniji kesi ngam mahugo wuro kesi.
“Dabare feere ko ɓe tokkata kanjum on nyiɓugo ““wuro kessum”” bee nanta faddugo ko ɓe wi`ata green belts nder birniji man.”
Mballa dow nyiɓugo suburban ko gomnati leydi hokkata waddi dillugo laawol ɗo bee nanta foondol redlininji diga banki bee nanta babe hokkata nyamale feere.
Virginiya Beach kanjum on birni ko ɓuri mawnugo haa nder Virginiya fuu, ɗum saali adadu yimɓe ɓe woni birni keddiraaɓe maɓɓe, Norfolk.
Hasre ɗuɗɗum nder dane en (yimɓe ko laatay Hispanik bee nanta, nder nokkuje feere, Hispanik en) bee nanta hasre seɗɗa nder yimɓe kabila feere dow nder birniji man.
To hawti bee labbaje, suburbsji ɗo mari yimɓe daama ko ɓuri ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓe woni haa labbaje, bee nanta joonde yonki boɗɗum, laabi masin, shagoji mawɗi bee babal ɓe sorrata nyamdu, bee nanta gese seɗɗa bee dabaji ladde.
“Haa fahin, bee nanta jamaje woni metropolitan, nder 2001 kusan reeta ɗo jooɗa haa babal yimɓe seɗɗa, bee nanta gootel nder joy on tan jooɗata haa “”birniji””.
Haa nder Kanada fuu, woodi taskaramji ko haɗata sankitiggo nyiɓaalo na dow no haandi.
Ɓurna ɗuuɗugo yimɓe balɗe ɗo haa birniji mawɗi jee Kanada (Greater Toronto, Greater Montréal, bee nanta Greater Vancouver) ɗo fe`a haa babal ko naa kanjum on municipalitis mawɗum.
Ɗo ɗum ngam nyaamol babe bee nanta kosɗe babe mawɗum nder kerol birniji man.
Nder limngal yimɓe leydi andaaɗum (census) nder nduuɓu 2016, birni Calgary ɗo mari yimɓe 1,239,220, haa bo metropolitan jee Calgary ɗo mari ɗuuɗal yimɓe 1,392,609, ɗo holla ɓurna yimɓe nder Calgary CMA ɗo jooɗa nder haaɗande birni man.
Haa nder UK, gomnati man ɗo tefa waɗol doka dow ci`e daidai dow babal ko ɓe hokki ɓe nyiɓay ci`e kesum haa Fombina Fuunage Ingilan.
Ɓe taway suburbji haa Guadalajara, Birni Meziko, Monterrey, bee nanta ɓurna birniji mawɗum fuu.
“Bana no mawnugo suburbsji yimɓe marɓe caka-caka bee nanta suburbsji marɓe masin, babal joonde jee caka-caka ɓeddi mawnugo, ɓurna ko andi fuu “”birniji ko majji”” nder Meziko, campamentos haa Chile, barriadas haa Peru, villa miserias nder Argentina, asentamientos nder Guatemala bee favelas jee Brazil."
Nder ko fe`a haa South Afrika, ci`e RDP nyiɓaama.
Haa babe feere bana Klang, Subang Jaya bee Petaling Jaya, suburbji diga caka babe ɗo.
Nder laabi suburban, ɓurna yaadu fuu diga kuuje gootel yahugo kuuje gootel ɗo mari haaje dow motaji nasta nder laawol kollekto, koo daano no laawol man rammiri ko juuti fuu.
To woodi hasaruji tirafik haa dow laawol kolekto, ko bo to wo`ungo laawol haɗi yaadu man, laawol man fuu wartay walaa nafu sayto ɓe itti ko maɓɓi laawol man.
Ɗo-ɗo sattina yaadu mota jokke ko daano juutol laawol man saalay mitaji seɗɗa (ko wartata milji ko kilomitaji daama danadu yanayu laawol man).
Koosi fuu wakkati gootel, dental yoɓooɓe haraji ɓe ɗiɗon ɗo-ɗo wakilta haraji ko ɓe jaɓay ko birniji fuɗɗata tiitugo bee cemmbe, musamman ma to ɓe ɗo kabda bee soynde.
Gimjii Faransa bana La Zone by Fréhel (1933), Aux quatre coins de la banlieue diga Damia (1936), Ma banlieue diga Reda Caire (1937), ko Banlieue diga Robert Lamoureux (1953), wurtini suburbsji Paris musamman ma nder hitaande 1930ji.
Babal cinema French ɗo mari no yiide dow waylolji haa suburbsji, dow fimji ɗo Mon oncle diga Jacques Tati (1958), L'Amour existe diga Maurice Pialat (1961) ko Two or Three Things I Know About Her diga Jean-Luc Godard (1967).
“Gimi 1962 “”Little Boxes"" diga Malvina Reynolds feli nyiɓugo suburbia bee nanta no ɓe koositiri ɗum bee nanta marɓe njawdi caka-caka bee ɓe waylittita joonde yonki maɓɓe nanda jee woɓɓe feere, nde bo gimi 1982 wakkere subdivishon diga gimoowo Kanada fuu wolwi dow suburbia, bana no Rockinʻ the Suburbs diga Ben Fold.”
Over the Hedge ɗum ko Michael Fry bee nanta T. Lewis on windi.
Diramaji televishon Biritaniya bana The Good Life, Butterflies bee nanta The Fall bee nanta Rise of Reginald Perrin wurtini suburbia dow no ɓe ɗo hakkilini boɗɗum amma bo ɗum ɗo metti, bee nanta jooɗooɓe babal man ɓe ɗo tokka dokaji masin ko bo ɓe ɗo kabda bee ɓilla ngaandi.
Labbare ɗum babal joonde ɓiɓɓe aadama on ko babal ummatore, ko mawni ɓuri kauye peetel amma yottay wuro mawnugo (amma bo ɓe ɗo naftira bee kalimawol man ngam ɓe fassira kauye man bee nanta wuro peetel), bee nanta yimɓe ko ɗo umma diga teemere seɗɗa yahugo ujuneeje seɗɗa.
Ɗo man hokki waawugo dow kuugal cemmbe bee nanta kuuɗe juuɗe, bee nanta jahol yeeso filuji daama.
Mawnugo labbaje man ɗo feerootiri.
Desa ɗum ɗo tawa ɗum haa labbaje nden bo kelurahan ɓe ɗo tawa ɗum haa subdivishon birni.
Desa ko kelurahan kanjum bo subdivishon kecamatan on (subdistrict), haa fahin bo subdivishon kabupaten (district) ko kota (birni).
Haa Malaysiya, kampung ɓe ɗo foonda ɗum bee babal ko mari yimɓe 10,000 ko-ko ɓuri non.
Julɓe woni Malay man fuu ko nder labbaje Indonesiya ɓe yiɗi ɓe waɗana ɓe du`a, nden ɓe keɓa rahama Jawmiraawo Allah ha laahira.
Haa nder leydi Singapore ɓe ɗonno mara labbaje kampung amma bo jahol yeeso njamanu bee nanta wartugo birni bee jawɗum laari ɓe yibbini ɗum; Kampong Lorong Buangkok kanjum on labbare ko lutti haa leydi man.
Labbaje Vietnam kanjum on alama ndemri Asiya.
Haa Sloviniya, kalimawol selo ɓe ɗo naftira bee man ngam labbare peetel (ko yottay yimɓe 100) nden bo nder ɗemngal; kalimawol Slovene vas ɓe ɗo naftira bee man nder Sloveniya fuu.
Ɗum waawan haddugo bee nanta Sanskrit bana kalimawol Afgan deh bee nanta kalimawol Indonesi desa.
Ko yotti hasre 46 ha ɓe eggi diga wuro gootel yahugo gootel ɓe canji babal joonde maɓɓe diga wuro gootel yahugo gootel.
Babal kuugal laamorɗe Empire Russiya, volost, ko bo Soviet man ko bo Russiya kessum ko gaji mo, selsoviet, kanjum on no mari laamorɗe ha selo nden bo ɓe jaɓi ɓe koosi labbaje woni keddiraaɓe maɓɓe.
Nde ndemooɓe peeton-peeton haa caka Russiya ɓe ɗo jooɗa haa nder kauye hedi ardiiɗo maɓɓe manor iyalu Cossack ɗo jooɗa haa ngesa maɓɓe, ko ɓe ƴownata ɗum khutor.
Woodi, haa fahin, babal joonde peetel ko ɓe waɗata ɗum haa Ukrainian bana selysche (селище).
Ɓe ɗo wakilta labbare peetel ko laatanno khutir, babal joonde nangooɓe liɗɗi, ko bo dacha.
Haa fahin, soynde inde gootel luutama nder kawtol maɓɓe bee nanta birniji dow ƴownugo ɗum bee harfuje tati smt.
Ɓe warti ɓe andi bee maɓɓe masin wakkati wo`itinol Stolypin nder century 20.
Labbaje mawɗi ɓe ƴownay ɗum bee nanta Flecken ko Markt ɗo laarani nokkure man.
Bana misalu, haa nokkuje bana duniyaru Lincolnshire, labbaje man ɓe ɗo tawa ɗi hedi hunduko maayo caka laawol les koseeje, nden bo ɗum wari bana joonde dow layi maayo, bee nanta babal maɓɓitiiɗum hedi wakkare labbaje man.
Labbaje feere majjiti (bana misalu, labbaje medieval ko ɓe ummi acci), wakkati feere ɓe ɗo acca coci ko bo sare manor wakkati feere bo ɓe walaa acca kooɗume sai ni alaamaji tawɗi haa nder babe.
Labbaje feere mawni nden ɓe fotti nden wakkati feere ɓe ɗo waɗa dankiji mbang haa nder babal mawɗum jee suburbia - bana Hampstead, London bee Didsbury nder Manchester.
Ɓe ɗo laara ɗum ɗo daayi yaawande dow yonki njamanu, ɓe ɗo laara ɗum dow darnde fewɗum bee kawtal hoore, to ɓe ɗo laara nder.
Ɗii ɗow (bana Murton, County Durham) mawni diga labbaje peeton-peeton wakkati ko colliery muti nder ndiyam nder karnuji 20 ɗum waɗi sanadu ɗuuɗugo dow jamaje maɓɓe nden marɓe colliery man ɓe nyiɓi ci`e kesum, shagoji, pubsji bee nanta coci.
Ɓe nyiɓi Maltby less hakkilanki Sheepbridge Coal bee nanta Kamani jamɗe nden ɓe kawti bee babal maɓɓitiiɗum manga ngam waɗol lambuji.
Labbare andaaɗum kan ɗo mara pub ko inn, shago, bee nanta makera.
Haa fahin, parishesji jee jamaaje walaa parishji ko ɗo huuwa, wuro, ko bo babal moptirle jee wuro man walaa bo babal moptirle jee parishji.
Haa nder Scotland, fotootiral man kanjum on babal moptirle jee ummatore, haa fahin, dow darnde maɓɓe joonde sitatutori ɓe walaa cemmbe executive.
Nokkure Danniyeh ɗo mari labbaje cappan e` tati e` joygo ko kawti bee Almrah, Kfirchlan, Kfirhbab, Hakel al Azimah, Siir, Bakhoun, Miryata, Assoun, Sfiiri, Kharnoub, Katteen, Kfirhabou, Zghartegrein, Ein Qibil.
Dinniyeh ɗo mari taariindi ko ɗo hebbini bee leɗɗe biyeteeɗum woodlandji, orchardji bee nanta grovesji.
Labbaje haa Fombinaare Syria (Hauran, Jabal al-Druze), haa woyla-fuunaange (Island Syria man) bee nanta Mayo Orontes ɗo njaynitiri ɓurna fuu bee ndemri, ɓurna fuu butaali bee ko nandi non, haako, bee nanta ɓikkoy leɗɗe.
Birniji Maayo Mediterranean haa nder Syria, bana Tartus bee nanta Latakia ɗo mari labbaje kala gootel.
“Kala babal ko ɗo warta birni fuu inde man ""pueblo"" sayni to ɓe ɓamti ɗum bee nanta diiɗaaji decree yahugo darnde yeeso.”
Haa fahin, ɗo kawtol fuu on; haa jihaji daama, woodi labbaje ko ɗo less magnitude amma bo ɓuri wuro peetel haa nder jiha man.
Haa dow fe`ano feere, labbaje man waawan ɗo coterminous bee nanta wuro ko township, dow fe`ano man ɗiɗon man maran gomnati ko ɓe ɗo hakkilina bee maɓɓe.
Hempstead, labbaje mawɗum man, ɗo mari jooɗooɓe haa ton 55,000; ɗo waata ɗum ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo jamaaje dow birniji jiha man feere.
Labbaje Arlington Heights, Illinois ɗo mari jooɗooɓe haa nder maango 75,101 dow limngal ko waɗi nder nduuɓu 2010.
Labbaje kawtay babe haa nder townshipji daama nden ko nder countiesji daama.
Labbare ko ɓuri mawnugo kanjum on Menomonee Falls, ko ɗo mari jooɗooɓe nder maango 32,000.
“Haa Maryland, babal ko ɓe waatini ɗum inde ""Labbare ..."" ko dai laatay wuro ko ɓe ɗo kawti hoore ko bo nokkuje ɓe jaɓata haraji feere.”
Haa nder wakkati tow Laamooɓe gargajiya ɗonno mara cemmbe mawɗum haa nokkuje ɓe laamata.
Kala labbare Hausa en fuu ɗo laama diga Magaji (arddiiɗo labbare) mo ɗo less laamu Hakimi (lamɗo wuro man) haa darnde wuro man.
Ɓe ɗo mara ci`e loope bee nanta dow suudu man geene ko ngam bo, bana ɓurna nder labbaje man haa woylaange man, dow suudu zinc ɗo warta ɓurna ko ɓe laarata.
Woɓɓe feere ɗo nder ɓe waɗi sa`a ngam marugo wauru haa babal ko ɓe waawata yaha bee kosɗe.
Atlas kanjum on lissafi mapji; ɗum mapji on ko ɓe kawti jee duniyaru ko bo nokkure duniyaru.
Inde ɗo hokki Mercator no o waɗi bayanu kalimawol man dow sappol waɗol bee nanta yanayu duniyaru man, naa tan kawtol mapji.
Atlas tebur ko korwal ɓe waɗi ɗum dow deftere ko laarata.
“Haa nder cartography, laayi contour (ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum ɓurna fuu “”contour tan””) kawti babal ko ɗo foti (Juutugo) dow babal feere ko ɓe hokki, bana babal dow kombi maayo.”
Gradient function koonday ɗum ɗo daidai bee nanta layi contour man.
Layi contour ɗum ɗo wuri, ɗo sitiret ko bo ɗo kawti bee man fuu dow map ko ɗo waɗa bayanu kawtol jee gonnga ko bo babal ko ɓe tammata waawan laata bee nanta babal ko kuuje man fuɗɗata gootel ko-ko ɓuri.
Haa nder nduuɓu 1701, Edmon Halley naftiri bee laayi man (isogonsji) dow chart feerootiral magnetic.
Nder nduuɓu 1791, map Faransa ko J. L. Dupain-Triel naftiri bee laayi contour dow mitaji 20 hakkunde kala gootel fuu, hachures, laari towndiire bee nanta laayi dariiɗum.
Isobathsji ɓe walaa naftira bee man dow chartji nautical sai nder wakkati jee Russiya haa nduuɓu 1834, bee nanta jee Biritaniya diga 1838.
Nder nduuɓu ko yotti 1944, John K. Wright ɓuri yiɗugo isogramji, amma bo meeɗay yottugo naftirol masin.
Ko ngam bo kabdol supta gootel ko naftirta, fuu ɗo man yotti jotta ɓe ɗo naftira bee man.
Babal foondol yanayu andaaɗum (Weather station) ɓe waati ɗum haa laayi contour (to ɓe ɗo haa ton, ɗo holli foondol daidai bee nanta contour man).
Haa meteorology, hollugo cemmbe barometrik ɓe ɗo usta ɗum yahugo daidai bee maayo andaaɗum (sea level), naa surface pressuresji ko woni dow babal map ba.
Isallobarsji ɗum laayi on ko ɗo kawti pressureji gootel ko canji wakkati daayol wakkati seɗɗa.
Isallobaric gradients ɗum kuuje marɗum bote on dow henndu to ɗum ɗo ɓedda ko usta henndu geostrophic.
Isotherm haa dow 0 °C ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum babal ko wartata malmalooje.
Diga laayi contourji ɗo, andol yanayu no babal woni waawan kepta.
Haa cartography, daayol hakkunde contourji kanjum on feerootiral towndiire less laayi contour.
Laayi contourji ɗiɗon ko-ko ɓuri to hawti ɓe ɗo holla cliff.
Ɓurna fuu daayugo hakkunde contour ɗo yaadi nder map man fuu, amma bo woodi ko waawata waɗa na non ba.
Ko dow ƴaɓɓutuggo laayi equipotential ɗo wakila wa`ugo dow ko dirtugo less potential man ɗo holla diga labelji canjiji man.
Precipitashon Acid ɗum hollaama dow map bee nanta isoplats.
Laayi contour ɓe ɗo naftira bee man ɓe holla bayanuji ko naa jee geography haa economics.
Isolines ji ɗo-ɗo mari bote haa dow wakilcugo dimenshonsji ko ɓuri ɗiɗi (ko ɗuuɗal kuuje) dow dimenshonal graphsji ɗiɗon.
Dow tarjamaku hooto radar, isodop ɗum laayi daidai on jee Doppler velocity, isoecho bo ɗum laayi daidai bee nanta radar reflectivity.
Kala laayi man ɗum cuɓol kala lamba fuu jee pigment ko hollata no haandi.
Yanayu laayi man ɗum koo daano laayi contour man ɗum solid, dashed, dotted ko bo broken nder patternji feere ngam wangina kuuje ko mara haaje.
Markinji jee lammba ɗum laawol on ko waɗata denoting lammbaji arithmetiks jee laayi contour man.
To ɓe winday lammba haa laayi contour man nden bo laayi less ɗo mari yanayu gootel bee nanta (teddaalu gootel, kala gootel bee nanta yanayu gootel), nden kam ha gradient man tiiti ɓe andaataa ɗum diga dow laayi contour man tan.
Map contour to ɓe wurtini no haandi wallitan janngoowo man hepta yanayu babal man.
To ɓe foondi coordinateji babe feere diga babal hakkilol ko woni kombi hedi wi`ɗitol.
ɓe ɗo ƴowna phenomenon ɗo bee manta datum shift.
Yiide daama ɓe koosi ɗum bana Struve Geodetic Arc haa nder Fuunaange Yirop (1816 yahugo 1855) bee nanta wi`ɗitol Trigonometry Indiya (1802 yahugo 1871) koosi wakkati masin, amma bo ɗum wurti dow no ɓuri daidai dow yanayu Duniyaru ellipsoid.
Bayanu dow ma`ana see level kanjum on datum WGS 84, ellipsoid, haa fahin bo bayanu ko ɓuri laatugo daidai kanjum on Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), naftirol bee musamman spherical harmonics je 2,159.
To ɗum naftiri walaa andal, kalimawol latitude ɗo nufa geodetic lattitude.
shift datum hakkunde datum ɗiɗon feerootiray diga babal gootel yahugo babal gootel haa nder leydi ko nokkure, nden bo waawan laata kala kooɗume diga hoonde yahugo teemere mitaji (ko bo kilomitaji daama jee islanji feere ko ɗo nyukki).
Bana misalu, haa Sydney woodi mitaaji 200 (kosɗe 700) ko feerootiri hakkunde coordinates GPS ko waati nder GDA (ko woni dow no woni haa nder duniyaru WGS 84) bee nanta AGD (ko ɗo naftira dow mapji lokal), ko ɗum felaare on manga ko jaɓataake dow manhajaji feere, bana wi`ɗitol ko bo babal jee scuba diving.
Nde datumji ko lartata maran feerootiral radii bee nanta babal caka feerootiri, babal gootel dow duniyaru maran coordinateji feere-feere ɗo laarini datum man ko naftirta waɗa foondol man.
Datum ko laarata ɓurna ko naftirta kanjum on ɗo naftira haa Woyla Amerika ɗum NAD27, NAD83, bee nanta WGS 84.
“Datum ɗo, ko ɓe hokki ɗum inde bana NAD 83 ...ɗum dow no ɓe dasi pointji 250,000 ko kawti bee satellite 600 Babal Doppler ko joggata system man dow wurtol geocentrik.”””
Kanjum on kuuje ko lartata ko Hukuuma hakkilta bee saro jee U.S (DoD) naftirta nden bo ɗum fassiraama diga Hukuuma Geospatial-Intelligence (NGA) (Dow no woni dow tsari kanjum on Defense Mapping Agency, nden fahin bo National Imagery bee nanta Mapping Agency).
Ɗum naftiraama dow firam ko lartata dow broadcast GPS Ephemerides (orbits) fuɗɗi lewru January 23, 1987.
Ɗum warti firam ko lartata dow orbit broadcast nder lewru June 28, 1994.
WGS 84 (G873) koositiraama dow firam ko lartata dow orbits broadcast nder lewru January 29, 1997.
WGS 84 kanjum on default standard datum jee coordinateji ɓe resi nder nokkure GPS nanugo belɗum bee nanta jee filu.
Bana misalu, feerootiral longtitudinal hakkunde nokkure dow equator nder Uganda, dow Plate Afrika, dow nokkure equator nder Ecuador, dow Plate Fombina Amerika, ɓeddi bee nanta 0.0014 arcsecond kala nduuɓu fuu.
Ɓurna mapping fuu, bana nder leydi, walaa jooɗa nder babal plates.
Ptolemy koosi teddaalu koosol longitude bee latitude, dow no foondol latitude dow juutugo dow nyalloomaare caka wakkati gulɗum.
Cartography Mathematics ɓe fuɗɗi ɗum haa nder Yirop tokkol ɓaawo Maximus Planudes kepti bindi Ptolemy bako 1300; ɓe fassiri bindi man nder ɗemngal Latin haa Florence diga Jacobus Angelus hedi nder hitaande 1407.
Nden bo ɓe suɓi mapping ko ɓuri haandugo jee coordinate tarnde dow ellipsoid tow, ko ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum terrestrial reference system ko bo geodetic datum.
φ, ko bo phi) nokkure haa nder duniyaru kanjum on wakkere hakkunde plane equatorial bee nanta laayi juɗɗum ko saali hedi nder nokkure man nden bo hedi (ko bo kombi) caka duniyaru.
Kala meridians fuu ɗum reeta ellipses manga on (ɓe ɗo ƴowna ɗum bee nanta tarnde manga), ko fuɗɗi haa Polesjo Woyla bee Fombina.
Antipodal meridian jee Greenwich fuu ɗum 180°W bee nanta 180°E. ɓe kawtataa ɗum bee nanta laayi Date jee Duniyaru fuu, ko sendiri diga kanjum nder babe daama ngam haala siyasa bee nanta de`itaare, ko kawti bee nanta fuunaange dayɗum jee Russiya bee nanta Hirnaange Islanji Aleatian.
Coordinateji dow map ɓurna fuu ɓe ɗo nder kalimaji woylaange N bee nanta Fuunaange E yaasi laayi ko ɓe wurti diga ton.
Haa nder geography, latitude kanjum on coordinateji geographic ko hollata nokkure woyla-fombina dow yaasi duniyaru.
Ɓe ɗo naftira bee Latitude bee longitute fuu wakkati gootel ngam ɓe holla haa kuuje woni dow duniyaru.
Laabi ɗiɗaɓo man kanjum on ɓe misaalu lmingal geoid diga mathematically simpler reference surface.
Laayiji no woni jee latitude bee longitute fuu man ɗiɗon kawti graticule dow yaasi ko ɓe takkinta man.
“Nde woodi feerootiral daama haa dow ko ɓe takkinta ellipsoids, latitude kuuje dow yeeso kuuje naa kala gootel ba: ɗo ɗum sattinaama haa ISO standard ko limti dow “”To ɓe waɗay sappol coordinate man fuu man, coordinateji (dow latitude bee longitute) walaa ma`ana gootel haa dow kabdol man nden bo walaa bote feere haa wonnere man.
Plane man hedi caka duniyaru nden bo kawti bee nanta hedi ɗum taarata sendi caka man hedi taarindi mawɗum ko ɓe ƴownata ɗum Equator.
Feerootiral wakkati ɓe waɗi bayanu ɓe wolwi haa dow man dow deftere dow axial tilt.
Ɓe wayliti yanayu man haa June solstice, to naange man ɗo hoore dow Tropic jee Cancer.
Nde ɓe ɗo waɗa bayanu latitude dow fotootirol bee ellipsoid, babal dow kala nokkure fuu feerootiri dow kala ellipsoid fuu: goɗɗo wurtinta no latitude bee longitute woni dow yanayu geographycal to o` waɗay bayanu dow ellipsoid to naftiri.
Latitude geographic doole ɓe naftira bee man bee hakkilol.
Foondol daayol meridian ɗum ɗo caka ɓurna janngirde geodesy bee nanta projection map.
Woodi laabi jahol yeeso ɗiɗon.
To ɗo waylita diga isometric ko comformal yahugo geodetic, iterationji ɗiɗon jee Newton-Raphson ɗo hokka daidai guda ɗiɗon.
Feerootiral ko hollata haa dow diidi man ɗo nder arc minutes.
Waylolji hakkunde geodetic bee nanta Cartesian coordinate ɓe taway ɗum nder waylolji Geographic coordinate.
Haa fuu man laayi dariɗum dow nokkure yeeso man wartay daidai bee nanta ko daano daidai dow takkol man ellipsoid ko bo daidai yahugo geoid man.
Longitude ɗum coordinate geographik on ko hollata nokkure fuunaange-hirnaange nder yaasi duniyaru, ko bo yaasi asama.
Prime meridian, ko saali kombi babal waatol gite jee Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Ingilan, ɓe waɗi bayanu man dow longitude 0° dow no ɗum ngaɗata ko ɗum woni.
Wakkatiji nder saare (bana misalu diga nokkure naange) ɗo feerootira bee longitude, feerootiral longitude 15° ɗo fota bee feerootiral awa gootel dow wakkati nder saare.
No ɗum wona ɗo laaɓi, amma bo haa naftirgo bee man ko tefata laawol ko naftirta ko laarata longitude ɗo koosa karnuji, nden bo ɗo mara haaje tiiɗal andal kimiyaji masin.
Prime meridian mako saali hedi Alexandria.
O` naftiri bee prime meridian hedi nder Islanji Kanary, ngam kala limngal longitude fuu wonan dow no haandi.
Julbe e Hindu ji astronme jokudiri e yaajnude mijo ji, beydi hen makanu ji kesi e fewni bindi ptolemy
E Watindore moyen age, Tubakobe beydi yidde geographe, ndaade beydi, jomi gandal arabebe fudima andede e kobi jokidiri e yimbe spain e north africa
Christophe Columbus etima laabi didi hurtorade niɓere lewru sabo yidde andude longitude mako. Ko adi nder Saona Islan, 14 September 1494 (Dannago ɗido gu), e ɗido gu nder Jamaica 29 February 1504 (ɗannago nayo go)
Adan, observation device goto, koko beydi e dubi capande joy, joni wonti measurement tool nafow
Dow leydi, zaman fuɗido e fewnugol telescop e pendulum clock ha e hakunde 18 century ho koko beydi no fewi nder noku ji jogidi longitude laabdo, jumde hewani, no badi 2-3°.
Wopude Hagile e dyam dam no buri tiɗɗe dow leydi, e pendulum clocks o majaani heen.
Be rokiri didi levels of rewards, solution hakunde 1° e 0.5°
Kugal kin hebhi jogago, kuma u hebhi tyede dhudhe e jungo mogal de lungitude hu e non , se u wa i deeettigo tyede den , ha e $20,000, ton yeso ni u hebhi tyede den dher hittaan de 1773 gada kungiyare den natti hakkunde.
moobgal naftoraaq ndaayirka lebbi fuddi naftoreego baawo hirtaande 1790.
Bako tipel dum fami naftirigo telegram nafan taskitaago jutirka wakkati.
Kuugal man saanni sura nokkuje her Ameerika cakaari e fommbrari, e hirnange indiya, haa yahago Japan e chains under kitaale 1874-90.
Doo man waylake, nde telegraafhon kon naftortaaka woya peegi ha aran karnuwol 20.
Moobgal naftoraago Reediyo fadaama baawo koru duniya andiraangu (world war II).
To ɗum accii itti magnetic, pat ɗum holli zahiru kungal man.
Yaake go njaajirka don taskitee e hisaago pecrootival wakkati hakkude nokkure e yoga wakkati duuniyaaru (UTC).
Kalimawol badogal naftiraano ngam ko sappeti ndego laataako ha caka ngiifa wakkati nokkure nden no ngiifa wakkati nokkure don hoositiree siyaasa ngamman caka nokkuje e keeri maaje tifootivtaa bee meridiyan ha ki libata 15°.
Moobgal duuniyaaru (ISO 6709) gasni fluraaye don mari alaama (+) tabutuke e naftoraago katesiyan koodinet sistem yamnyamel ha walaadu woylankeeru faago dow.
Naahande be kootai naftoraago tatal booxiingal.
Giyod dum sifa no kommbol teeku waadata e tamre duuniyaaru, hawfaade e ndu waadata e giraviti e yirloode maaru, to nii walaa batte henndu e no yaakeeji ngaylitirta ndu.
Non man faamoto to mi etirgal giravity kimminingal e hiiso saahi mingo hebake.
Koo ngam tamre duuniyaaru woodi eskucon ko wadata +8,848 m (mount evarest) e --10,984 (mayanas firengh), lutugo giyod man ibgo e wirnallo hoosan daga +85m (chunde) yahgo --106m (fommbina India) fuubeefu ko leestata 200m.
To nii ummature ko woni ha dunarde kiisoraama duudugo leli e coifi, duudirka ndiyam coofi din maa badoto fotuge bee giyod.
Holli keenan to a don nder koombowal, a anndataa no giod waadata e henndu, kommbol duuniyaaru darooriigol dow e les koondey ngol don foondootiri e giyod e gaaforiingol walaadum.
Ngam setilayyel GRS, capootoongal caka giraviti tamre duuniyaaru, ngel foondan darnde ko laanani yirloode jometiri tan.
Naa'uuraaji GPS di jamanu ngadanaama ko waawata hollugo no yaake gondasdo woni, darnde giyod (misaali EGM. 96 jiyod) ha dow yirloode naa'uura jiyodetik (WGS).
To yirloode man mabbaka ha ndiyam, ndiyam man laatataako potora Koo toye.
Kanjum wadi marbe naa'uuraaji GPS ngardi poondirgal ngel tiito dow ngam hetaago darnde ko woni yaasi teeku.
Naa'uura aranndewa bama no setilayyel GOCE holli, laatake don hebo ha laabi intanet nder lewru Jun litkande 2010, her naa'uuraaji hakkilanjo yaakeeji duuniyaaru di hukuumawa ESA, sari (European Space Agency).
Jiyod nii dum hunde marnde tolde potari, nden no dum don naftore ha hisaabu.
Suura tarrde duniya dum misaatu tamre duuniyaaru, ndu balliranke Adams koobo taarde asama.
Suura taarde duniya, taarde asama din wi'e suura taarde asama.
Dum hollan lesde e gure mawde e no laabi paamoaamtiral hakkunde juutirka e ngaajirka duuniyaaru.
No woni kam, dum sennditan tamre asama faago gebe-gebe.
Tamre suura duuniyaaru anndaande aran nii kayre woni sitiraviv(strabo), wannginoore no suura tamre dwuniy kakkaraare woni daga 150 Bc.
Sura tamre duuniya duudde ngaaraama e diidol taarndewol ngol miiti go'o, ngamman kannje ngoni misaalu tamre duuniyaaru ha dow niijorgal 1:40 miliyon.
Burnaa suura tame duuniyaaru de jamanu jam fuu, gadanaama diidi potari e taarndewol pilutungol, heba no goddo heftira ha tammete jokkere kaka bokkuure fuu.
Suura tame duniyaare aranndeeje kollooje duniyaaru ndun, ndu fuu maaru ngadaama ha duuniyaaru njuulntamku.
Behaim dum goddo German goddowo Map pilotoodo nden no anndandi yaakeeji.
Bako o wada suura tamre duuniyaaru, Behaim yilkake masin.
Ha fashin, suura tamre duuniyaaru aranndeere hayre woni hunt-lenox Globe, ca.
Nde laatoto tamre suura duuniyaaru anndaande birnde neebugo hollunde duuniyaaru.
Hesuru Martin Waldseemueller hanko wadi suura tamre duuniyaaru holloire Amurka ha litaande 1507.
Naa'uuraaji lantarki di Globus IMP hawtaade e suura tamre duuniya de inci jowi naftoraama ha soviet e mba'antewa njayri nga Russiya daga hitaande 1961 yahugo 2002 dow kuutinirdum jahaale mabbe.
Dabare wadugo suura tamre duuniyaaru, ndee hollitaama ha hitaande 1802 under suurdinki sifa huunde, gadaadum nder sakulopidiya tarankodore nde George Kearsket
Doo man don bilee ha na'uuea (machine) ko tamata ngel faago huunde marnde suura kommbol.
Suura tamre duuniyaaru, dee de "mawde masin" nden cadde bo.
Ragareeje dee mari wurtorde harsali hebraande Germany.
Taarde mawnde, anndiraande orthodrome falaku, ɗum kommbol fakakin e sebatto wurtinriingo caka falaku.
Taarde fulaku ndee nde feerootiri e taarde famarde, waato kommbol fulaku man e sebatto ngo wurtoraaki caka.
Ko sendi dum nii, dum fotorde bakeeje didi ha tawataa woodi taarde mawnde de ngalaa keerol.
Sifa yirloode taarde famarde ha taarde mawnde don foondee e ndaayirka hakkunde nokkuje didi de njeyri fulaku ha jometiri Riemannian ha tawataa taarde mawnde dee don innitiree taarde Riemannian.
Taarde de wonnde mownde boo hayre woni ko senbdi hakkude lesdi e falaku ndiyam.
Ha katogirafi, suurdinzo map dum datal on ngal darnudugo sifa suura tamre duuniyaaru faago sebatto ha wadugo map.
Dum don jonngiti ha dow haaje map man bayle goddes don njabee yaake go, godde no njabataake; ngamman, woodi noone map ji feere-feere ngam hisna sifaaji nandudi bee falakuye majjugo dow bandiuji.
Sandal suura moobi darseeye hisaaba duudde hawtaade e peerootiral jometiri, capporgal jometiri e darseere anndiraande manifolds (turankoore).
Ngam bo, kala yebre hisaabu nafnde fuu nden nde foondi hakkude nokkure taarde feere mun no haani ha yahugo sebatto Kanjum woni suura timmuduka.
Duuniyaaru e luttudum ko woni ha asama fuu haani koositire taarde falakunji heba kuujeeji pamari bana astoroy laato koondey mari nonnde sifa mum feere.
Ngam yirloode bannfa duuniyaaru walaa cobbuli ha sebatto mum, reentugo sifa caahiudum walkutan ha senndindirgo niijo.
Dalila Mapji man , ngam fahmuugo salnadu ntoi wonta nder map man.
Mooftirde bayanu man jee jiyogirafi on , no ɓe mooftir fototirii datum duniyaaru.
Bana indisatirik Tissot , indisatirik Goldberg-Gott laati be infinitesimal e diidol felxion e diidol skewness.
Wakkati feere ɓe ɗo naftira fee’irewol taarinde.
Laawol feere noo ɓe haynata waylito wontiran haa noone gray e noonde je magnitude maji wakilca fee’irewri babal inflation.
Ngam he’ita hakkika duniyaaru , bayanijii majjida.
Ngam Foondal , A wawata ɓultuugo leemu to a sekai dun
Tangent ɗo nufa jihaaji man meemda amma nastata nder kurratuuji man ; Secent ɗo nufa jihaaji man nastan nder kurratuuji man.
Too layiji man wontiri haa darngal latituyd , bana salnadu conical ɓe ɗo andiradun e darngal hakika.
Waawan naftira je salnadu silindirikal e salnadu pseudo-silindirikal haa babe daidai.
rammitinngoo da dow lawna layyji sitiret kon waɗata radiating haa babe jiyogirafi andirɗun
Too laati taaro ko ellipsoidal , no halla ma woona wala asara kuubɗannku
Ɓe duuddiri naftirgoo Missalu ellipsodial haa waduugo topogirafi mapji e mapji mawndee be petel maaji je haani ɓe diida dun daidai dow jihaaji lesdi.
Hakkunde ellipsoid daidai e missalu geoidal ɗo sannaja bayani kon mari nafu bana ndaayirka.
Je himɓe ɓe wala kaytar hore gam kungal bano asteriods, ko noi ma, wakkati fere jamanu analogou yako geoid ɗo naftira be man hedi kungal mapji.
Be ɗo fahma salnadu man be mawnandee jihaaji dow duniyaaru, tokkinta be kuugal.
Haa annooora man vurtiɗi kan jum siffata constraint bawo koo hollata hakkunde salnadu silindirikal jaati feere-feere.
Silindirikal ɗo taari yelyelna duniyaaru , darinngal dow ma jum
“Ndayigo caka Funa-fommbina wala ɓedda ko usata (1): hollugo fe’iire ndendei ko ""plate carrée""."
Ngam ndaayirka maɓɓotore, salnadu Funa-Fommbinna fototiraan be je waila-hirna , ɓe hisni babe man ngam shapes maaji.
luttuɗi meridians ɓuri luuttiɗi meridians caka je ndaayidiri meridians caka man.
Kanjum waɗi , meridians man don daidai be daranngal parallel.
Natiija conic map mari waylotiro seɗɗa haa yanayu be babal ɓadaaki darangal parallel hakika.
Waawan maahugo daga nukkere ndaayirka yauugo nukkere tangent;; r(d) = c sin .
Nukkere perspective ɓadaaki kanjum waɗɗata stimulating no ɓe laarata space haa ndaayrika boo ɗo holla hemisphere seɗɗa na fuu ba bana no ɓe naftiri haa The Blue Marble 2012).
Nukkere keeriɗum fottan moɓɓota nder layyiji ko segment layyiji ɗum ɗo wuri to ɓe waɗi projecting.
Ɗatal ndaayirke daidai; Kanjum ndaayugo daga caka yaugo seɓattoji.
Banni , projection ɗuɗɗun ɗon ngam nafu mapji e burna scale majii
Map lencitaaki je duniyaaru dellan nder hollango accindirki.
Salnadu Mercator kanjum map murɗilaki ko jiyogirafa boo katogirafa ɓi wuro Flanders Gerardus Mercator haa nduubu 1569.
Lencuɓe salnadu Mercator ɗo uppina mawnandee kuje sala hedi equator.
Koo noi , no jiyometiri kuje fahmugo wakkati man wooni , mapji man woonai nandaɗi caka salnadu murɗilaki. Haa fe`aanuuji salnadu gnomonic kon mari kaakaadi kanjum on asali kuje fahmugo wakkati.
Koo noi , ɗo laawol ɓuri sauki seklere
Mercator hokki mapji man inde “ Bayanu duniyaaru kessi ngam naftirde maayinkee’en
Feere-feere en ho'sita be emi duubi duddum, amma ha yanayiji fere Mercator's suubiraabe be Pedro Nunes be nastuki maako yahogo loxodromic tebur Nunes tagdi je waawata wallidi habdugo mako.
Koo noi,Thomas andoo ilmu lissafi cakka nduubu 1589 waɗi lissafi kon kawti kuugal man amma ɓe lollinai
fitirdirgooji ɗiɗi wati nafturgo man saɗa ; saɗugoo andal longityud teeku je dai-dai e ɗatal magnetice hakiika no leddi woni daatal, naftiraama ha taaraaki.
Koo noi ,kon fuɗɗai ɗuuɗugo nder mapji sai ha karnuwol 19th, den-den ɓe wawtiri fitirdirgooji andugoo nukkere.
Ngam ɓillango , lollinaɓe ussti nafturgo salnadu dow course haa karnuwol 20th.
Haa timmangoo ɗo, maɓɓetaanngol hirna-waila dow map man , ɓesdan ndayiirke daga hedi eqautor , tokkindira salnadu Mercator haa maɓɓtaanngol Funa-Fommbina, kanjum waɗi nukkereji Hirna-Waila ɗn dai-dai be je Funa-Fommbina, ɗo on tabbitira salnadu mapji man fuu.
Latituyd kon ɓuri 70° funa ko fummbina salnadu Mercator naftirtaako, ngam sikeli linear warti polesji mawnɗi.
Islanji Ellesmere haa Funa acrtic Canada, mawnugo arkipelago man waɗ dai-dai e mawnugo lesdi Australia, Be wiugo Australia ɗo mawne nde 39.
Manngu lesdi Greenland je hakiikinkeejum fototiree je lesdi republica congo tan
noonde lesdi Alaska ngorgidan e lesdi Australia , koo nde manngu hakiiken lesdi Australia mawna a 4½
lesdi Sweden mawnan lesdi Madagascar
Mapji duniyaaru hoyhoyta be Icosahendron doo ko salnadu Gnormonic
Ha dalila langetuukgo , atlases zamanu naftirtaa e salnadu Mercator a mapji duniyaaru , ko je feeyo daidun be equator , be subtii salnadu je wonni cylindrical , e feeyo fotanta e salnadu ma juun.
Arno Peters wuddina konturobasii ha duunbu 1972 , ha salnadu makoo dun andirduun e Gall-Peters salnadu ko hani nyawndingu fitindirgo ko shafi Mercator, ko o hositidun kugal makoo je hakiikinkeejum o’’nuddirai kugal je ko katogirafas e saleeto bana kugal Gall ha duu’’nbu 1855.
Tippaji ko nder burduma jun 35km on, amma je naftirtango sikay rammitinngo feeroteeri , be mean value 6,371km be 40,030 wawwana cuggo a radius be saikomfireens majuun.
mapji ko fototieeran salnaɗu silindiriical be fomila hauturggo e ko’odinetii babei je latitud be hanga longitud yahuugo ko’’odinetii Cartesian haa dow mapji annduƙi asliiji cakka be waƙƙere X waafa cakka man.
Baawoo alad silindirica wonturri je hakiikinkeejum cakka kurratuuji be kobal hakkunde silindiiri be kurratuuji fototiraan haa cakka majuun.
feerotiraal ( λ − λ0 ) ɗakkootiraki radians
Ɓe donno walɗirna koo hooti be koalejii haa, Jangirde atlas lesdi Finland koaalejii tammitiran 76° N be 56° S hade boo1.97.
sira rammiteerawoo ɓuri ; sec 8° = 1.01 , sakko sira njaajirka 16°(cakka duniyaaru) woontiri saaheƙe bana 1% koo juzuuji 1 a tawool 100
darajaaji e2 yaaƙe 0.006 haa lencitaaki ellipsoid.)
Haa misaalu dou 1cm fototeerai e 1,500km haa latitud 60°
Suɓɓundu chord woontakee haa cakka 2arcsin(cos φ sin ) ɗiɗi boo ndaayirka taarɗe mawniiin hakkunde A e B arcsin ki 2a(cos φ sin ).
Ngam faadaareje wontaa haa badɗi , ɓeye ngam meridiyan Mars salootake cakka kireta Airy-0.
Boo ƙo ko woonntirree duniyaaru de’i, Lewru , Naange fuu dou fototiiraa haa yeɓre −180° to +180°. Ngamm faadaare ma jun dou laata haa 0° to 360°.
Sira mapji waawana yarran resho ndaayirka haa dou mapji fewndootira be ndaayirka lesɗe.
Gureeji araanndeejo mawnande ƙira kurratuuji e mawnande lesɗe.
Mapji ɗuɗɗina holli juunga peetel ɓe fotti hollangoo juunga bar (ɓurna fu ɓe andiirƙee e ‘ juunga’ ngam cifargoo mapji.
Haa cuuɗi dou juunga dou nufa(daraja juunga = juunga keeriiɗum.
Salnadu mapji woontiree saatino fahmuugoo juunga feereetorie haa lawool naftuurgu mapji.
Ɗo tefaal ko hautirdi salnadu fuu daga antiquity yauugo nduuɓu 1993
juunga peetel ɗou nuufa mapji duniyaaru ƙo heɗi mawdee nder mapji bana hawtal lesɗe ƙo lesɗi mawnee’en.
juunga mawdee nder mapji ɗo hoolla heɗi peetel ɓe bidittaaki , bana mapji lesɗi ko mapji wuro e wuro
Diidouɓe mapji bana no ɓe wanngitanana nane ɗo naftiira juunga mawdee, ngam hollla feesana tullinangoo mapji , je holli heɗi peetel.
Misliɗina majoon fottoteeran e misalu ɓoltangoo leemu dou suɓɓita narɓina nana seto seeƙi ko woonaƙiɗi.
Hasalu juunaga isotirofik fe’itan nder mapji defnyita salnadu tabbituuwol.
Haɗo peetel ɗo nufa yoga daidai foondol man wala wayloji haɓɓaƙi ɓe bote .
Min wuyoogu coodinates andaaɗum e salnadu mapji ko feerootiral be takkan mapji ko fotti laara.
Ɓawoo nukkure feere feerrotiral ɓe ɗatal salnadu e darnde taarde man , salnadu ma fotti wonnankii.
Wonnuugo ellipses dow salnadu mapji ɗo hollaa laawol ko fahmata wayloji haa dow mapji man.
reshoki taarindi mawdee e taarindi peetel.
Rammitimgo gonga dow equator laataki (k=1) ngam rimmta juutangul takkan mapji e RF inverse hokkata hakiikinkeejum diidol duniyaaru.
Diidol ɗibbootira isotropic Mercator ɗo holla nafuu nauiwol man ; Nauii layiji ko tokkata fototiiran be je woni haa meridian.
Lattan bo , salnadu tangent Mecarto ɓuran daidaito cakka geɓe equator ee 3.24 degrees
Waatol gite man waddi foonditol kessum dou salnadu Mercator ko womntiri haa janndorde meridianki waɗana wi’a salnadu equator , kanjuum waɗi en keɓi mapji daidai nder meridian ndayiidun.
Ɗatal alkibilaaji naiy, ɗe nay fuu wontiiri ɗatal duniyaaru ; Fuun, Hirna, Funbina, Waila, bo ɗo anndita fuu be fuɗɗano man N , E , S , W.
Saa’i nde yaadu hedi hirna ko waila equator tan dawrananɗo yaadu hedi hirna ko waila waala wayluuto (wala nafu laanyuki).
Danranngal magnetic je funa ɗo hayna haa ɗatal danranngal funa duniyaaru e ko nandi bannin.
Haa cakka yeendere , ɗo laata funbina on haa laarutuɓee funa, ɓe jooɗida funa ɓadi cancer , ɗo laata funa on haa laarutuɓee funbina kon jooɗida funbina ɓadi Capricon .
Haa babal ɗo , haani a fahma cewa Naange ɗo wuɗɗita funa e funbina se bo vurta haa hirna yaugoo waila .To dilliri hedi ɗatal nano yauugo nyaamre do nufa funbina , boo to dillari ɗatal nyaamre yauugo nano ɗi nufa Funa.Ko boo godɗo laara ɗouidi Naange man.
Ngam waylitaree axial duniyaaru , ko laatiri babal larowoo fu , nyalawmaare ɗiɗi on tan haa nduuɓu to naange vurta hedi hirna.
Dabareeji ɗo kuuwantan haa hemisphere funbina , wakkere 12 do hayna funa boo wakkere hakkunde juungu awaji bee awa sappo’ɗiɗi 12 do holla Funa.
Axis man ɗo kowta taarde Celestial funa e taarde celestial haa funbina, ko wurti haa laarowoo laara daga dow funa eh horizontal funbina.
Footoo ko hollaata ɗuuɗire concentria arcs(hedi tarnde ayni) daga caka ayni footi naftira , kanjum fota be polesji Celestial ko laarata ɗatal dow nukkere polesji Funa e fommbina dow horizon
Babal polesji man ɗo waylota bawoo nduubuji ngam yanayi equinoxes.
Ɓe waawan naftirgo "Big Dipper" ngam heɓtira polaris
Nde heɓtoore man goonga na magnetic ba , saɗan ɓe babal magnetic e fillaƴen naftira ɗatal funa.
Ɓurna mapji Yurop kiddi, misalu, waɗu funbina (E) a dou.
Map leddi hauti e fodirki, be layowon tartigol.
Haro fuuna man kanjun on haro tergal je kombi waila falaku.
Wailitako dou leesa windugo diga haro Funa, goto hautan e hedi Waila, be hedi Funbina, be hedi Hirna.
Heddoko Yirop fera ɓe pat, hakkude hedi jetata ba 32 je kompass - ko hollata shaka be hedi shaka man - be hokki ɗum inɗe.
Hedi marɗum timmode joi (hedi nai be shaka man) hauti e wamɓe leddi Sin heddeko be fera, hauti be tawaaduruujum Turkic, Tibetan be Aninu cultures.
“wawan ɓedda be””dou”” be “”las”” e hedi man, gammajum lorne hakkilo dou andugo hedi jeɗiɗi.”
Funa ɗon hautidiri e Himalayas be lahira denden funbina ɗon hautidiri e lesduniya ko deddi babiraɓe (Pitr loka).
Funa ɗun go’o der hedi timmode ko der hedi shaka.
“ septentrionalis ɗum daga funa, “”the seven plow oxen””. inde Ursa major.”
Bana misalu, e Lengian, kefer waɗan nufa pat ɗiɗi “”salaki”” be “”funa””, dego e funa baleji Julɓe Lezgian ɗon babal himbe na julɓe je Caucasian be Turkic jabta.”
Dau kuje wailitore de jangata lelewal, funa ɗon holle a haro wailitore liddi wakkati to ɗun lariɗun hedi babal wailitore ndayide.
Amma hoide hala ɗo pat hositira ɗum na ngoga, bo yarai a haɗuko be narnotirko dou terrestrial magnetism.
Kujeji ɗo pat heɓake daga naftriko ɗatal, wato funa hadi dau.
95% je Funa Duniya ɗo mari ƴamdu be jankiji ɗuɗɗi be dabare jangirde bonde.
“Naftir e kerɗinagal “”Funbina”” waɗan lata leddi-bandirɗi, ɓedum andi mari jaudi be biraku dariɗi.”
Ɗum ɗuɗa andir ko ɗum be Bolivia manga, bo andirgan man darake tan dou maɓɓode Chile, Argentina be Uruguay.
Waila ɗum wakkere liddi je wailitore Duniya dou tareinde, gammaju hanjun on wakkere de nage wurtirto kodeye haa nde do’o.
Hadi himɓe nane e Egypt, be andi Waila hado lawon lesduniyaru, bo shaka wakkere be hautirta be maide, amma ni na kodeye ɓe numata ko woɗa hedi man.
E Judaism, be andi Waila hedi lawol Shekinah (wodi) jomilawo, bana e tahiri Jewish hedi haikariwol Tabernacle be Jerusalem ɗon lara hina, be jomilawo e der fellen Holies e hafakande hedi waila.
Tarde Arctic ɗum go’o nder tartiɗi ɗiɗi ɗe polar be funaji tartiɗi joi mauɗi ɗi latitude bana no ɗum holli dou map Hirna.
Tartide latitude ko didol latitude ha dou duniyaru don bana tartiyel petel gen hirna-waila hautoyen felli gondi dou duniya pat (wala asama) hedi latitude andiga.
Tartide latitude na bana tartide longitude, gonɗi tartiɗi boɗɗi be shaka duniya a shaka man, bana no tartide latitude famɗirta bana non ndayiɗun shaka man ɓeddirto.
Tartide latitude dum perpendicular je meridian man pat
Shaka man kanjum on tartide latitude ɓurde jutugo bo kanjum tan lati tartide latitude marɗum tartide bonde.
Ha dou map, tartide latitude waɗan fota ko ta fota, amma shaka man wawan sanja, hakkilango babal ɓe naftiri hedi maping duniya man nder duniyaji man.
Alal misalu, dou Mercator projection tartide latitude ɓuri babal konbi polji gam resa fodal be yaake man, dego dou Gall-Peters projection tartide latitude man ɓuri babal kombi polji gam hautidirgo fellel man hoya bo wooɗa.
Don karɗinaɗi ɗuɗɗi nanduɗi, ko waɗi dum feroto ko ndai do mitaji goɗɗi ha wakkereji din pat.
54°40'N boda hakkunɗe ƙarnawol 19th je wakkere Roshiya hedi funa be hedi babal Amerka be Biritish haɓata do man e waina funa Amerka.
43°30'N e US, boda hakkunde Minnesota be lowa.
42°N ainihin hedi funa New Spain ja timmidi.
41°N e US, wakkere boda hakkude Wyoming be Utah, boda hakkunde Wyoming be Colorado, be wakkere boda hakkunde Nebraska Colorado.
38°N ko sendi hakkunde Soviet be Amerka nasti hedi Korea, ɓawo ɗon bo hakkunde Funa Kore be Funbina Korea, daga 1945 yago Haure Korea (1950-1953).
No leddi woniri, hedi Waila ɗum ɓeddirta boda hakkunde Virginia be Funa Carolina be wakkere boda hakkunde Kentucky be Tennessee.
Kadi bo, wakkere hakkunde boda Funa Carolina be Georgia.
32°N e US, wakkere boda hakuunde New Mexico be Texas.
25°N wakkere boda hakkunde Mauritania be Mali.
17°N ko sendi hakkunde Republic of Vietnam (Funbina Vietnam) be Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Funa Vietnam) wakkati haure Vietnam.
8°N wakkere boda hakkunde Somalia be Ethiopia.
7°S hedi petel je boda hakkunde Democratic Republic dum Congo be Angola.
Kugal didigo kuje mauɗum on je neɗɗo waɗirta ba ko ɗum anda, yeccul habaru ko sali be hollugo pullaku.
Ɓe wawan naftirgo ko ɓe andi ko ɓe numi gam ɓe wurtina kujeji, kugal, writina andal be yiɓuki felleji kesi be babal e dou duniyaru.
Bo ɓe wawan ɓe nafa hedi heɓugo kujeji ɗuɗɗi e ko handi be didi marɗi bone, bana e fotoji.
Fuɗɗano ko ɓe nufata be kalma art ɗum « no ɗum waɗirta ».
e nder bayanu ko ɗum anda hore majum, diduki kamjum un wurtingo ko wani ɓerde himɓe ko hedi no ɗum heɓirte gam komoi lara, nnanaa ko anda ɗum.
Doɗum andirta voɗuko maji ɗo jonngita dou watugo hakkilo e kujeji ɗuɗɗi.
e Greece himɓe nanne, pat didi ɗo hautidira be kalmawol gotol, techne.
Didol himɓe nanane ɗum Roman holli jomirawo ɗo mari fahamu himɓe, ɗo holli be feutoji fere-fere (misalu. Felmango Zeus’)
Feutol kubol ɗo kanjum won baagol je hollata ɓawo man (ko hautidirta kanjum won cartoon).
e jangirde jamanu, ɓurna fu didi ɗo hautidire e ko be goɗɗaku.
“kalimaru architecture heɓama daga arkhitekton. “”bawuɗo madi, gatowo kuɗe,”” diga rom αρχι- (arkhi) ""chief"" + τεκτων (tekton) ""builder, carpenter""."
Nder naftirol jamanu akitekca dum fannliwol futtingo Koo wurtingo taskitaadi di huwnde koo kuuje nyikkootirde.
Akitekca taskitaaka wuylan yaake hayre reedu hanndin, jajugol, dowdi, koo bo kuuje biirniide ngam no hebira dum wooda.
Kuuje gadiraade loooe jodde don koositiree dow kouje waawkinaare kodde bo don koositiraa kuuje pawne, sana'a, koobo kuuje de nafii waawkinaare.
Haa nder mahirde payande koo bo kaakon loope, woodi himbe taskitoobe maha nder pawna payande den.
Dum fuu dum don laarani diidugo e tobbugo banndu fayande nder bee nyo'ugo koo dasugo baawo fayannde bee kautinirgal.
Dabare birnde naftoreego woni diidugo diidol gootol, diidi baarindirdi diidi gaccindirdi diidi cankitiidi juujaadi tobben e boggaadi.
Pentiiji fuu nanbdan bana aaliyam (bana don laara don penta) foito biirniidum ngecca, alarndinaadum (bana waawkinaaki alamdinoobe), ko maatetee nder (bana no goddo yiirata huunde), koo dum laarani siyaasa (bana bamtugo taskaram siyaasa).
Innde "literature" binnde-binnde hebi asli iga demngal Kalimawol Latin "litters" maana maago (karfeeje binndaade.
Kala gootol nder fannuji kuude den fuu naa neebooje, non man donnufo ko hebaa man wadaana nder wakjatire woore.
Wamarde fu don naftoree haa tinndingo (laaru ngeewta banndu) hakkunde himbe koo dabaaji (misaalu wamarde nyaaku wamarde waawnugo) dimmbaago kuuje de ngalaa yonkii, (misaalu haakirooji ngami haa henndu) nden bo fiide koo takiyaaje.
Futtingo wamugo e himmidinaare fiide haa bee tinndinoore ko woni fide fuu don feerootiri hakkunde fina-tawa e joonde yimbe.
Gimoowo biyeteedo Richard Wagner hittitake nder fijirde woore, o holli misaalu man haa fijirde maako "Der Ring desv, Nibeluugen" "Halagaare Nibelung"
Kuude godde haa ragare karnuuji 19bol, 20wol e 21bol kawtindiri fannuuji goddi nder laabi basiira timmududi, kuude waar kinaare.
John Cage don hoositiraa, dow o badoowo kuude waqwkinaare naa husboowo gilli, Koo ngam o buri yidugo wiyee go jusboowo.
Waawkinaare naftorteerde don fannuuji bana diide-diide kubbinirde sanaa'aaji, wanngingo kuude e
waawkinaare filorteende nde nder kimiyya ummatoore hakkilanoobe risku fina-tawa kolli no nastugo pijirle bidiyo mbo inirta yaakeeji nastoobe bade ndonndinuuje e taskitanaago fina-tawa Doo man don sappa dow kala gootel fuu hakkunde pijir le bidiyo e bade den don mari haa heedata.
Akitekca dum kalimawol ngol asli mum iga kalimawol (Latin "architecture", nden Latin ma hebi ngol iga Girkawol "arkhitekton architect" don moobi kalimaaji didi "puttinoowo" "mawdo") dum don jogi kuuje didi, dabare e ko hebaa haa taskutugo, diidugo e nyibugo maadi koo nyibaalooji goddii.
Kuude den puddaama bako taariiha fudda winndeego nden bo manngingo fina-tawa ngam perndam dow duude duuniyaaru den jeedidi fuu.
Nder karnuwol 19bol, leuis Sullivan gasni wiigo ""mahaalo tokki haaje""."""
Akitekca fuddiri dow huunde labbaare e wolde mabbe dum fuddiri do" o-ommo haa dum mawni dum warti kuugal tinoriingal togiteego.
Yaake duubi cakaaji lesde Eroopa doo, pasaliiji gooti mbanugi haa Eroopa fuu di asli Haykaleeji Ruum e Goti mbanngi ammaa laamu buri yidugo akitek 'en anmdiraabe bee inde mabbe.
Be buri lornugo hakkiilo dow dabareeji jamano, kare-jamanu e poondirdi koytinaadi doo man mabbiti laawol ummaago njibaalooji mawdi.
Mahaalo koo nyibaalo fotoro koo leebootirngo.
Ngam man ngarol kimmidiniingol kam kanngol woni ngarol ngol huunde mari buri gadaqngol, nden dou jonngiti dow goonga ka duuniya fuu anndi.
Nder karnuwol 16bol Itaaliyaajo laatido akitekjo ne'iido, pentoowo nden bo tiyoriijo biyeteedo sebastiano serlio winndi deftere wiyetende (kuude timmudude dow akitekca e no ka laardetee.
Pugin nuddini dow akitekca Goti (marka danorange juudde doo) tan woni "asli akitekca masihinke'en."
Don nder falsafanji gayludi kuude akitek' en jamanu bee no be ndiidirta nyibaalo laatiidi hujjaaku, kiisa, leebootiral, baawo-leebootiral, peerootiral e yi'a-yiita.
Akitekca e galluureeku perdam maajam bana Girka e Ruum hebaama iga yanayi yimbe wuro walaa haala diina koo kiisa nden mahaalooji kesi mbanngi.
Binndi mbinndaama dow akitekca iga jamanuuru.
saaliindu Akitekca Buddinko'en Holli feesitaare wanngeere nden musamman.
Kuugal akitikjo gootal bee ngal mahoowo mawdo ko nden. Magister lathomoroum bana wakkatii tindini ha je jamanu siiga kowgal.
Be don mbiiya mahaale kajaa de akitek'en kajaa'en- (misaalu ba lintaabe bee-) Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michilangelo, palkadio- nonnon gootel fuu fuddiri lollugo.
Misaalu elto dow akitekcaaku nde karnuwol 19bol haa janngirde feere haa faransa semmbidini dow hebugo diide-diide boodde amma semmbidinaay haala ko wondaa e no dum wannginirtee.
Ko buri anndeego nder maajum woni wiijeteende "Deutscher Werkbund" tirggaande nder hitaande 1907 ngam hebana yimbe kuuje boodde koo bo jame gadaade inji.
Yaake akitekca ka jamanu fudda winndeego, dum kawtal ngal basiira kesa hawtaade bee tarbiiya fedindiraama bee falsafaaku e waawkinaare.
Laawol akitek'en jamanu wonno wartingo nyibaalo dum mahaalo maraango haaje tan ko luuti beddugo alaamaaji taariiha koo bo pawne.
Akitek'en bana Mies van der Rohe, Philip Juhuson e Marcel Breuer huuwi haa wurtingo ngarol njibaaloo ammaa don jonngiti dow wadugo Kare maadi e dow dabareeji nyibaalo di jamanu Filorgo Kare taariiha de ndonndonu, ngam hoytina yanayiiji jometiri teddina laabi e dabareji kesi di firlitaago sanaa'aaji waddi, doo man hawti bee ma'aji on mahalaaji burdudi umminaa.
Laabi taskaram ngam diidugo kala mahaalooji jaasdi nyikkootirdi fuu beddake den bo yaakeeji din mari haaje janngeego ngam haala semmbudugo, fabbugo, yamdiigo, ceede, e dow tan go diidaafi haa wonaa.
Yeedingo hurum laati fiiji kuubtududi mardi batte dow kuugal akitekcaaku.
Waylaago yaakeeji akitekca doo wayli janngirde akitekca lorni hakkilo dow hurum Hukuuma aardugal haa semmbe e taskitango hurum.
ka U.S Green Building don mari laabi foodugo kumtudi.
Dum waawan laataago bo taskaram e haatumeere naftirteende iga aran, nden baawo you Fudditaama taskiteego ngam hoosa kala baylin ngadaa fuu, koo bo taskaram pudditaadam tilimdam ngam hebo no fudditira naftirgo kobe godde de mahaalo ngou.
Taskaram arandeejam dam maadi ndin, diidi timmududi, nyibaalos, habdi-habdingo, hakkilaugo, mabbutugu e jokkindirgo kanje ngoni kuude mawde.
Nonnon bo, akitekca ceniika, dum nukkuure on nde badargal ndego nde laato bo feerootirunde bee nanndu maare, fobbataa, nden bo maral yimbe tan naa ngal hukuumi.
Ummaago Masiihinkeeku e Njuulndamdu wadi mahaaje diina ngarti nokkuuje dewal, do'a e hilwa.
Laabi jahaale filotoobe ngaccindiri nder india-woodi iwoybe iga sirafe sin nonnon bo jananbe lesdi mauuri yaakeeji haa mari batte dow pasaliiji lesdi.
Misaaluwol gonndaangol don has Nalanda (Bihar).
Situpaaji (pasali mahaalo Buddinko'en) nastinaama haa mahaalo diina mabbe bana kuude Niina ngaylori nden bo seese-seese.
Baawo tou mahaalooji diina Buddinko'en nyibaama yaasi fommbinaare Ausiya haa diina Buddinko'en Ustakeeno iga aran karnuuji danyeeki annobi Isa Koo ngam bo misaaluwol aranol woni suudu dewal ndu mahabodhi wondu haa Bodhi Gaya nder Bihar.
Hindunko'en nuddini dow suudu ndun don dari darnde nyibaalo tageefooji ndenbo burduka haa duuniyaaru
Wartugo maaru bannii man hoosa ndu ko burata duubi 2000.
Nden bo kaaye mbattitiraama bee tuubaliije. Diidi asliiji ustaama haa naftoreego, fawnirgo keeyie diidaade wattiti pawne cehaade, nden bo domji nasti meheego dow mbilpuuji.
Pasaliiji aranndeeji nder akitekka Njuulndamku wurtini hatumeere nyibaalo nde Arabbe, koo bo juulurde de mbilpuuji maaje taboraa bee dangrage jubbootirde, yaake laamin umayyad'en.
Nder juulurde marde jawleeji jawleeru wooru koo ko buri tiito daldal-manngal ngal laato dum juuliirde.
Dow miinaaru man bo koo ndey ton buri towugo haa juulurde marde dum, nden bo burnaa fuu minaaru man buri towugo haa yiifa kan.
Baawo ton bo akitekca juulurde wuyi sifa bildude lenngi haa mahugo miinaaruuji di haajeeji maaji fuu laati gooti-yioonugo juulbe ngarqujuula "nuddinaago".
Koo ngam bo domji don sifori beeyeeraande, Mughal' en haa indiya lolliri bee domji Ciforiidi bee sita tingeere haa fommbinaare Aasiya e pasiya.
Koo ndey haa kofol dammugal nastugo juuliirde man dum mahol koo dakkawol
Kibla, ngol koo ndey woodi mihrab, mimmbar koo bo luggere sappoore kibla.
Mihirab woni haa limanjo daroto juulana yimbe wakkatiiji jowi.
Dum don moobi tankudi townaandi ngaafindi e teeburwal heedi fuuna ton (laaru haatumeere katediral).
Burnaa taariihanko'en akitekca fuu njogiti diidolMichel langelo ngol haykaleeru Basilika ndu St Peter haa Ruum.dow dum don holla ngarol,doo man don anndiratoro bee yajjingo nder mahaalo (mbattudi takkudi paadudi njuundi), ko buri foodugo hakkiilo faago jayngol e dowdi, pawne pootiide e wuja-wuja aje jaasdi, lurnugo hakkiilo dow pawne nderje, nden wo'ingo heediyaasi laato don woodi koo ndey.
Nden bo nyibaalooji di laataaki diinankeeji buriuno marugo batte dow jahal-yeeso akitekca jamanu. Misaaluuji akitekca jamanu burdudi woodugo dauddi-sedda tawetee haa mahaalooji di karnuwol 20wol.
Dum tinndiniraama bana "cakkuwol haboobe waylitaabe tijjitinaa dow".
Suudu dewal yaake ndimu, akitekjo Japan biyeteedo Gyo obata surduni Missouri iga tagdi-ndiyam feere.
Mahaalo Haykaleeru wiyeteego Basilika Mayramjo meeden wonnga haa Lichen bo buri laatago nyibaalo ndonndonuwo.
Pasali akitekca dum moobgal gukkuji gadooji mahaalo koo nyibaalo laato lollungo koo laato annditaa nder taariiha.
Burnaa akitekca fuu yebetee faago dubi wanngugo pasaliiji gayliidi nder wakkati don wannga nder waylaago pasiliiji-gayliidi, nuddirru, diinaaji, koo wanngugo yaakeeji kesi, mbaawaangu, koo bo Kare baawooje wurtingo pasiliiji kesi
Koo ndey pasiliiji sedde mbaawan fawnooreego nden bo to nii pasili waylake, too ko woowaa kam seese-seese on, yaake akitek'en ekkitoto nden naftira yaakeeji kesi.
Misaalu, yaakeeji wayhinde duuniyaaru mbauugi nder italiya kommbi 1425 nden di cankiti faago lesde Eroopa fuu nder duubi 200 baawo ton nden wayliinde nder faransa, jaamani, ingilan e sipen holli pasaliiji gooti ammaa bo di don mari yikkuuji timmududi.
Baawo yaawugo pasili akitekca badiima fintingo e fassitirgo di tokko.
Kuude daranaago pasaliiji fintinaama haa sipen duubi 100, dow dom kuude-daranaago fintinol, nden bo neebaay dum warti pintinol dow nanngugo lesde jananne ngol lesdi sipen.
Misaalu akitekca neediiku woni caaka farnes ngoringa kapuraroola haa labbaaje yaasi Ruum
Heedi Antwerp, pasaliiji wayliinde e neediiku nastinaama lesdi inngila, jaamani no yaaji nonnon woylankeere e fommbinankeere Eroopa no foti.
Yaakeeji wayliinde di hawtiinde mabbiti laawol burdungol ferwugo haa numugo fottina yaakeeji din.
Tiyori akitekca woni daranaago numo, dawriinde e binndol dow ko laarani akitekca.
Tiyori akitekca wakkiti goo don hanndita nden tiyori'en buri wonugo ko kuuwugo kommbi janngirde, koo iga nder maaje.
Koo non, doo naa don nufi kuude ba dee ngolaano ngam yi'ugo kuude duudde tuu ngeedutaa baawo yimbe maaje.
Ndego di mbinndaama hakkunde duubi 27 e 23 bako danyeego Annabi Isa, ammaa kanjum tan woni asliwol manngol ngol jamanu haa luttudum akitekca booymaha heborto.
Dum sawri wurtingo dookaaji hooreji tati di doole on akitekca tokko di, ngam ka hoositiree: firmitas, utilitas, venwtas, kalimaaji di sir Henry Wotton firti faago ingilisre nder karnuwol 17bol o maanniri di semmbudugo, nafu, e seyo (di don nufi he'aare haa nyibaago, he'aare haa nafu, e ngarol).
Nde nii tiyoriiji akitekca domno adaanana nyibaalo, sedda maaji tan passitiraa.
Tiyoriiji dii faddi njahol-yeeso nafuuda akitekca jamanu.
Doo yahi warti asli pasali pawne haa UK, misaalu maajum don haa kuugal Charles Rennie Mackintosh, nden bo ngal wadi batte dow senndilaago Viijeena.
Ummatoore danyaande nder caka yebre tatabre karnuwol 19bol nanngiraama bee boososel ngel semper hebani be haa hawtugo tinayeere taariiha fottunde e dabare gabbe.
Kawtal yimbe jamanu sali nufayeeji tati, nden Le Corbuster jabbiti kuugal ngal bee semmbe.
Tiyoriijo diide-diide goddo marnoodo batte yake man won Ebenezer Howard, Puddudo kowtal ngal Garden city.
Naftirol kalimawol akitekca jamanu arti wallifeego nder deftere winndaande Otto Wagner, dokkudo misaluuji kuude mum daraniide sennditaago viyeena bee pasali Pawne e eltudi janngingo fukaraabe maako.
Frank Lioyd Wright laati jamannujo naa salaago fintingo yaake taariiha; ammaa o feereejo haa tiyori maako ndi o sankiti nder binndol duudngal.
Wright buri laataago gimoowo nden bo o tiidi dow sennubidingo kuude juude nde karnuwol 19bol dow kannje buri waawkinaare timmudunde.
Doo nonnon haala kan woni koo haa janngido janngirde bana dalibor Vesely koo bo Alberto-perez Gomez, ender dubi badiidi dii kanuda ka falsafa tidditinaama heedi bidolitol aagal tiyori'en kesal (E.G Jeffrey Kipnis koo Sanford Kwinter).
Wobbe bo bana Beatriz Colomina e Mary McLeod, njajjini foomuki taariiha akitekca hawta bee geewte oamare ballutude yaari yaake akitekca yeeso ko fabbi.
Haa tiyooriiji mabbe akitekca foondaama bee demngal, waawau fottineego Lora fottine fahin ko ngal naftiraa.
Iga 2000, tiyori akitekcaaku hebi ummaago ummul jawngol ngol galluureeku e kuubidol duuniyaaru.
"Nder duubi sappo caaliidi woodi akitekca wallugi mbi'eteeka "akitekca" dijital".
Akitek'en don ndiida mahaalooji nanndudi kuuje-yonki haa habdugo maha demngal boosingal kesal.
Iga nde yanayiiji akitekca dii mbanngi tiyori'en e akitekca dii mbanngi tiyori'en akitek'en duudbe nasti huuwugo dow yaakeeji, be don njajjina tiyoriiji e numooji, bana biyeteedo, Patrick Schumacher wurtini basiira kesa ka.
Akitekca Bazantien Ruum don akitekca lesdi Bazantien koo lesdi fuuna Ruum.
Diidi pawne dii kanngeeri e suura maaji laabka waddi jayngol e seyo haa berde yimbe haykaleeji.
Dangrage den godde ngadiraama bee kaaye cehaade.
Be'itte ngadiraade ledde tilimde bana leese, koromje, teeburje, sigorde defte, koofiiji cardi koo kanugeeri mardi ngarol ciwtino wol, pawnitaadi, pawne Bazan tonkooje.
Je gargaajiya temples, je yaasi tan mari naafuu, ngam hanjum tan furisto en nastaata nder, ha statue je ko nuffata Allankeego ha mo temples be wallifii be siigi.
Hambe ha Cathedral je Saint Mark, Venice(1071) ngam dasogo hakkilo John Ruskind fancy.
Ha fuuna asli je eagle, ka baba laddi be pitilla wakkatii-wakkatii sebri amma be als’'aadaji.
Hautiki asli diidal ha maudu njangirdii babal je liddiu.
kolumns do hebbin be haakooje ha koo duume je sendirkii.
Luttudi shiriije do haute be yibbukii je saare laamu manga je konstantinoful, kuuje kessum (bee 192 towas) be BasilikaCistern (bee temerre je beddoki faa'idaa je gargaajiya kolumns).
ka paleologan wakkatii do waakilni boddum nder dozin Chuuchijii daa ha Instanbul, sokonko St Saviou ha Chora be St Maryam Pammakaristos.
Chuuchii je mardum seenuyii Annabo'enn (Tasaloniki) innaade archetypal taskaram je wakkatii maybee mahol yaasi intrikateli pawneede be hautiidom koogal tuubalakere yanayi e benanta kyalleje yumbu.
Ha Saint Sergius, Konstantinoful, be San Vitale, Ravenna, chuuchichuchijiije caka naw'iiji, ha baabal je dome don maunii ha les apsidal beddaari loowi yahaago ko nuufata oktagon.
baabal je yewai, baadi 260 ft (80 m) juuteega, pellel maudom hanjum on buuri 100 ft (30 m) yaajeega, dum fuu mabbaadom be system je saare daldaal.
ha mardum seeniidum Annabo'enn( (6th bol) njoy domes be shaafii kurucifom taskaram; ha caaka dome hanjum boori.
wakkaatigoo je caaka baabal be wadi sukwaya, wakkaatigoo oktagona, e famaree don no juy e taate gasde wallata je dome ha madadii nay, be nav je transept be burii gedaal.
fahin ha yeeso loowi kootu sukwaya.
hoore do daari ha les je dome hanju on ambo, iga nassi be woyni, leddiI je ambo ha tafaare hanjum on baabal je mobgaal wambaabe.
laayiijI je pellel njuundi hakkunde nyobbukii je sounds hakkilo be jpatriarch's korowaal ha caaka hirnaage hawte Synthronon.
Je domes be vaults yahaago yaasi do mabbe be ardugaal e be tiling je Roman feere-feere.
De di dubbe Byzantine jaa'lukii je waawan heftukii ha der je sokonko aaran islaama ko numtirtaa ha Syriys(709-715).
tuubalakere 70 cm × 35 cm × 5 cm naftiraama, be tuubalakere je takki taare do naftiraa waade baadii 5 cm tekkurii.
Ndego buuri sendirkii tobbe je Hagia Irene hanjum on Sitirik sendirkii hakkude je nder be je yaasi design.
Ha style jasgordom je maahol je duddum luttudi msshi, banta St. Peter's Basilika.
Je maahol je ragare je Hagia Sophia, je ha jotta do darii hande, be loowi gitee ha Lamdo Justinian.
Gothic akitekca (e hollokii akitekca) hanjum on akitekca style je chubaadum andudo ha Yuropeb iga mayde 12th bol yahaago 16th bol, saa'ei je manga be maybe ha caaka duubeje, yeedukii ha 17th be 18th bol ha faddi feere.
Style mai ha wakkatii mai wakkatigo andiraama be Opus Francigenum (lit.
Ha firamare kuude injiniya bidi'are be gotel je luttudi haaliiji design be woddinI hanjum on ummukii poobe.
ko noy, don hujja je hullata dom hautaade hakkude fassiroobe akitekca be yahaago yeeso je Gothic style ha wayla Yuropeb.
Habbe Gothic style, latte nder konne en yaahago gargaajiya akitekca, iga ra'ayi do be hauti ha halkogo je yahugo yeeso be Sophistication.
Ajaal ‘Saracen' donno naftiraama ha 18th bol be burnaa mai volde ha julbee marbee nasaraaku, nder have je Moro be Arab en.
Siigamako je style buri mardum sembe ngam o sali loowI Gothic dou sare ha kessum St. Paul's bellaama o wada.
Author je dubbe do mari manguu daw tuumuuki daw je Gothic style buuri ko waawata siiwi ha yuropeb be luttudi laabi, misali hedi spain e Sicily.
Hanjum maa jaalii tiyoloji doctrines nbeyitee je burii laabuki be ha fasahaaji je beddata ha vaults be poobee je accii burdom manguu ndardee be yaajeega windojii.
Ɓe hosi Rab-vault kungal hedi wakkere fare ɗum cooci man e Durham (1093) be Lassay Abbey e Normandy (1098)
e Duchy Normandy, wakkere Lamorde Angevin heuti karnu 13, bako ɓe yiɓi iri Gothin maɓɓe.
Misalu go’o je fuɗɗano Norman Gothic ɗum Bayeux Cathedral (1060-70) hedi ɓe yiɓiti nder e yasi Romanesque man be sitayel Gothic.
Ɓe meti yibugo coociji Coutance iri Gothic fuɗɗi ban duɓi 1220.
Yiɓutirgo wakkere suga ɗum cooci kiɗɗum je Romanesque be Rib-vault gam itta mahe be ɓeɗɗu go babal keɗɗeji.
Ɗon boo , O waati keddaje taarinde haa dow fotal yeeso
Rawitirde Durham kan jum on rawitirde je arɗini watugo rib vault, maahaɗi hakkunde 1093 e 1104
Ɗon Mahoowo anndaɗo mo huuwi haa rewitirde Sens , Williams Sens , diga bawoo bo O dilli lesdi ingila e o wondi akitek hakkunde 1175 e 1180, hanko waɗi style hesru haa rewitirde Canterbury.
faransa en Gothic chuuchiji be latti sosai hautaade be mota asibiti be suudu suujada do taare be wambaabe ha Saint-Danis, e hasuuma guda diidi be dammude taati ha fombinaa facade.
Mahooɓe Notre-Dame waɗi introducing firata poobee, teddi columns je habbol keesi ha yaasi mahul hautaadee be kundudi je dou mahiji.
William Englishman timmiti kuugal maroo inde iri je mako ɓi lesdi faranasa haa 1178.
Tiercerons- faunnol vaulting ribs kanjum woonti aranndejo ko ɓe naftiri haa rewitirde Lincoln , ɓe wati don nduubu 1200
Mahol arande nder High Gothic kanjum rewitirde Chartes , rewitirde sokta ko ɓuri ɓote a funbina paris.
Bongooruu do hebbini e kawaryel , ɓurna do holla diidol Virgin Mary (Daada Annabi Isa) amma bo haa tolɗi keddajee wodi diidol mo wati kaddejee man, tindintaa ha filoo je guild mo hokki kaddajee man.
Haa caaka Europe, style Gothic manga wangii ha Roman sinnaade njawdii, araan ha Toul(1220--), mo Romanesque Cathedral fudditi nyibugo ha style je Reims Cathrdral; se Trier's Lienfraunkirche mallum en chuuchii (1228--), ha koo toi be Reich, fuddaano be Elosabethkorche ha marburg (1235--) be cathedral ha metz (c. 1235).
Tahugo keddajee be lorni njoode mai ha duddum laabugo ha geometrical peller yaarugo mbal-tracery.
Luttudi haaliiji je Gothic manga donno beddi yeeso je pendu keddajee je manga, nafturkii be baabal yaarugo mbal, bordum mangu juddum firata poobee, je waawan latta bordum maunogo keddajer, be bongorde je sebrii tindinkii biblical habaruuji hebbenta ha facade be yeeso transept.
Burdum mangu sewgal mahol je faransa en Rayonnant Gothic acci ha bundu bamtata hukki laawol beddoki buuri hukki laawol yajjinki kawaryl be pawne tracery. sembidini be kuude njamdi.
Manson's waɗi bayanu nyenya tracery kaddeje , daga asslu jiyometiri yauugo yaake e kon wuri-kaddeje man fuu marii lancet dow maɓɓe
Cocijii kon marii pawne hauti e Westminster Abbey (1245) , Rewitirde haa Wuro Lichfield (bawo 1257) e Exeter (1275-), Bath Abbey (1298-) sai bo rewitirde Wells (c.1320-)
Nafturgi ogees anɗiɗum on
Missalu maadi mawndee hawtiri e waila yeeso rewitirde Rouen, musanmman yeeso Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s) e coci choir Mont-Saint-Michel's(1448).
Ha aran wanguki ha cloisters mbiyaata saare- chapter (c. 1332) je hi'nde St Paul's Cathedral ha London iga Williams be Ramsey.
Perpendicular wakkatigo innaade taatabal sappadum den denta hoosaama buri taatii karnuwol; ha fan-vaulted bargal ha Christ Church, Oxford mahi wakkati 1640.
Ha lambe faransa en je aran juude andal je kesum Italia style, ngam je soma kono tefuki zaabe je Charles Vlll ha Naples be Milan (1494), be musamman je kono tefuki zaabe je Louis Xll be Francis (1500--1505) ngam lurnaa faransa en hakkilinki daw Milan be Genoa.
Ha château be Blois (1515-24) wanginki je Renaissance loggia se mabbeti datal bargal.
Ha les Henry Vll be Elizabeth l, England manga no sendurki iga akitekca yahugo yeso ha nahiyare man.
Shute wallifii aran defteree ha turankoore daw gargaajiya akitekca ha 1570.
Sappadum hundugo hullai ha usuli ha Gothic akitekca; mi hoosaama kuugal je karnuwol ha kumbe waila je bako islaama habe akitekca islaama je hundudi, arcades, be ribbed vault je.
Be latti no wakkatigo naftiraama je hujjaaji mardi naafu, bana waddugo transverse vault ha fotan ndarde fotan sindirki vaults, bana ha lesdi be laabi je Durham Cathedral, nyibe ha 1093.
Na bana semi tarawa barrel vault je Roman be Romanesque mahiiji, ha sembi tunni yahoogu hedi les, do yidi tikkudum mahaale be petel keddajee, je Gothic je becce vault wadaama ha caaka diidi yabbuki hundudi becce.
Ha yaasi yerba yeso je bongordi limtaadum ha tiddeega je poobe se yeso bamtuki poobe.
Be latti njur caddum ha nyibuki, be waawan yebbuki ha iyakaci ma ha dou.
Be madaadi be diidi madaadi usuli be gaskaa jabugo je tindeega je vault ji be lorni be koidum usuli kala jabugo fu be futan tindeega.
Aran je kesum vault ji do mari beddaari, mbiyaama tierceron, je duggi les hankuude je vaults.
Vault ji do de duddum kopi je forms ji subtaadum tracery je maybe Gothic style ji.
Ha diidabal nau'uji doonaama ha reticulated vault, je mari laawol gewta be beddaari pawne becce, ha diidol didi fotetiraama be luttudi geometric forms, sigaama hakkude e daw je traverse becce.
Missalu man koloista rewitirde Gloucester (c. 1370)
Ɓe naftiri be man bawo haa wuro Sens , Notre-Dame de Paris e Canterbury lesdi Ingila
e wakkati Gothic mauɗum, ɓe waddi kuje kesum, hauti be caka nder man tarti kuje ji kautiɗi e ndarannɗi ɗuɗi, ko colonettes maggotoɗi do vaults man.
Ha ingiland, burna columns be latti pawne be hayre halaagaaji, ha be column ji je sebe haajo.
e hedi wuro Corinthian manga, ndarannji goɗii ɗo naftira faune baafe-paɓaaji.
Iga baawo taskiram, je poobee nde duddum do mari hundudi duddum, ko toi yutti ha feere-feere mataakiji taskiram.
Hundube marI beddaari ko dum nufata, be maari tashaaji ardin be je hoosi fartul iga kundudi je hayre gargoyles baabal nder diidul ha poobeeji.
Be meeti hujja mardum naafu; nde duddum be latti lengur habbul keesi belfries, mo lengur yecci ha wakkati woinuki diina services, barri je hiiti e aatuki suberaabe habri, be bangal je wakkati bana nasaraaji soja en be lamminki.
Iga Cathedral nyibaali vowe hosugo dube duddum, be nawdum sosai, ha wakkati be nyibaa sha'awa ummatoore je, mentin canji.
Chartres wartan no bura exuberant to ko shiryama je didaabal tukkaama; O dono jui e didi ha transept be karnuwol.
Aaram be manga Gothic Laon hasuumaaji Cathedral do mare feiire lantern dou yebbuki je transept; diidi ha wailaa yees; be diidi ha ragare transepts.
Ha Normandy, cathedral be maudum coci nde duddum mari dubbe hasuumaaji, nyebaali ha karnuwol; ha Abbaye aux Hommes (fuddi 1066), Caen mari jui e nay hasuumaaji be spires, luuwe ha facade, je transepts, ha caaka.
Sendirki je luggini ha fléche, cewdum, jaaral bana lunggunki, je burnaa do lowi ha transept ha yebbi lesdi.
Amiens Cathedral do mare fleche.
Ittaama ha 1786 wakkati taskaram be zamanu ne Cathedral, amma lurnaama ha baabal kesom je designed je Eugene Viollet-le-Duc.
Ha Ingiland Gothic, je hasuumiyaa manga latti duddum ha baabal je yambuki je transept be leddi, buri maunuki dou luttudi.
John Wastell maahi crossing tower haa rewitirde wuro Canterbury nduubu 1493-1501 , kanko huuwi haa colleji King jee wuro Canterbury.
Haani ɓe maaha nyiiwa ɗiɗi dow crossing tower man ngam hokka ɗon chembe ko haani.
Ɓe fuddi nyiibool ko Nicholas Hwaksmoor diidi man haa nduubu 1724 baawo Christopher Wren sappi diidal man haa nduuɓu 1710 amma ɓe acci nder 1727.
Ɓe fuddi rewitirde Cologne nder karnol sappo e taati (13) bawoo tuggiti rewitirde Amiens, amma dow e less tower gotel tan ɓe timmini wakkatii Gothic.
Ha hasuumaaji je Ulm Minster do mari nandu taahiriwol, fuddi ha 1377, acci ha 1543, nden bo timminaaka se ha 19th karnuwol.
Rewitirde Burgos waaya e jee Funa Europe.
Ɓe nƴiɓiool maahol plate kan jum woonti maahol arande haa sakiteel bawoo wakkati Gothic ko wakkati arande man.
Ɓe pawni maahol tracey kan juum ɓesdi mawnere kaddejee maadi Gothic ngam wallita daga henndu
“Farantee tracery yotti juuteega je sophistication be 12th bol keddajee je sharrudaaji Cathedral be je “”mata-mata"" pendiiji keddajee at loncoln Cathedral.”
Hayre peller yarugo mbal, nafumai be kare pawne hasiri je Gothic styles, aaran naftirama ha Reims Cathrdral rammudum 1211, ha maahii chevet je Jean D'Orbais.
Maahol Bar-tracey kan jumm ɓe ɓuri andugo bawoo 1240 e ɓesdare mawnango e lessogo teddaalu.
Raonnant ma wadi yerbuki vo'ina-vo'ina je diddi sendiraadum types ha tracery, ha aaran style je natiraama ha vo'ina-vo'ina je gotel, be feere-feere mangu mullion je.
mullion ji je Geometrical style burnaa do maari wuru manga je leddi mai be nyobberre ha peller yarugo mbal iggoki iga ha mabbe.
Mullions ji be latti ha ko hebi siffa-Y design je beddaari pawne be cusps.
Didaabal sappe (14th bol) laari Intersecting tracery hala timmude be ogees, takdi hautiiga giddi basira (banta net) design andaama be Reticulated tracery.
Siffaaji do andaama be laabeeji, babal sillugo liddii, e mouchettes.
perpendicular tidal je darni dom be sindirkii be Curvilineat style je sinuous diidol ha yerdukii je yewaaka do furti mullions iga dou yahugo les, transectef iga do waali transoms ha peller yaarugo mbal.
Ka tafare hebaama duudaama jur hed peetel krenellations.
Akai-akai mabbe fakad be mahul ndeer ji nave be mabbe moobgal wambaabe be.
2 Vaults bangu ko beetee koppee Ribbed Vaults wanngee ha Romanesque Jamanu nden be wanngeenii ha Gothic jamanu.
Bedo mari jamanu njuundi njee watta bandu coci, ha ikklesiya watta ndewaal; Judi waylitittaa nbeyitee transept be, baawoo mai yaahago fuunaage nbeyitee chancel e presbytery, nje bornaa bedo siiga ji mallum en.
Baabal nbeyitee ambulatory tarni wambaabe.
Araanal katedirals, bana Notre-Dame, doo maare hasiire becce njigo Vaults, hautaade be deedeyahal sababuu be gasde, den iga baawoo katedirals do marii bordom huyndii be mardum siimbee haaserii--naii vaults, hautaadebe nanduderni gotel.
Transepts burnaa ramminaadon ha araan Gothik nyabalii faransa, amma warti njuudi be hokkama maudom pinndii window ha Royyonnant wakhati.
Ha ingiland, transepts doo maare nafuu jur, be taskaram hafakande bure saaklugoo daw ha firansa katedirals, bee beddaari be ruube chapels, be oktagonal chapta sare, be luttudii kala (laru taskaram je Salisbury Katedirals be York Mallum ha less).
Dardum feere burnaa du mare naii.
Dau doo dum goral lqrde, nbeyitii triforium, haanjum fuu valli ha hautugu beddari tikkurii be Kawtaal
Ka system naftoraama ha Noyon Cathedral , Send Cathedral Be luttudi kala.
Tribune majjii hanjuum nuufataa anndaal wawan latta burduum manguu
Ko nandii shiryekii hibaama iga ingiland ha Salisbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, be Ely Cathedral.
Doo wadaama ko waawataa fe'a hedii laawol yahoogu yeso buttress, je canzugu law je tedndeega je dou ha walliide ha yaasi mahuul.
Beauvais Cathedral yotti ragaree je ko waawataa fe'a be Gothic andal.
Gothic fakad be Futiitiri iga ko ikitittaa ha Romanesque fakads
Ha seprii je caaka tympanum be wallifii ha kiitaa, ha yahoogu naanu ha budurwa Maryam, fahen yahoogu nyamu ha waaluu sabbungoo ha musamman Cathedral.
Be tukkii andinnkii wange ha Saint Thomas Aquinas ngaral doi lattii “”narraal ha sendeerkii.
Ha Ingiland ha pendii Window nde duddum be lornii nokkuure mabbe nde huyndee window.
Ha portal be tardee nbee juuteegal , archesd gables, hautaade be ndoodii do hebbini be siibee.
Towers be kaawitii be hunduko, koda meetalawool hautadee be ha dou.
Ha faransa cathedral habdaama daw dardee facades, turankiiri Cathedral, chubaadom ha arandii Gothik, e ngam habdaama be width.
O yeewii ha faranseeku daw habduuki ha ndardee, be wortinkii ha deedeyahal statutes be statuary ha hunduuko nasturdee, be mabbaade ha facades be kalaaje mosaics je biblical uureega (Je burnaa mosaics hanjum on iga baawoo).
Ha sculptor Andrea Pisano wadaama bangal bronze dammude je Florence Baptistry(1330-1336).
Dunno burnaa sindirdom e hautawdom ambulatory, e aisle, ha taarawaal wambaabe be ragare hirnaage, gammai hijjuube wawan wanca be fesaarii e nanta huyndii ha taarawaal hirnaage ha ragare.
“Abbot Suger araan naftiri be dentaa deftere do hautee be becce Vaults e buttresses ha madadii gilas wonnaadom, mabbetire dom ha baabal je Church ha ko o hakkilii “”ha labuuki jaumiraawo”” “.
Don taate chapels ha chartres Cathedral, jui e didii ha Notre Dame be Paris, Amiens Cathedral, prague Cathedral be Cologne Cathedral, jui e nay ha Basilika je saint Anthonyhe Padua ha itali.
“ hadul fere je didabree mofterde je Nicacea ha 787 labbinn" ko woni ha nder diina na je accugoo ba ha wahayi je marbe famu; hebaaka iga ka'ida loowe iga Catholic chorchi be al'ada diina.
Be hakkiilil ha salon hebaama ha sebrii warti buree wurtugoo, huusugoo safiire je portal, sai statues je niches mabbe facade mai fuu, be voodugoo Cathedral, be ha nder facades.
Ha set je hautiigaa ikonogirafi je tukki luttudi churche.
Tympanum ha dou je cakaa portal hidii waila facade je Notre-Dame de paris ha labdum tindiinaare ha karshe hetukii, be keerol je yeddube Allah do ardeetii ha hiitee jahannamaa, be haabee bodbe yahoogu asamaa.
Yangada ji hiitee burdii duudugo ha baabal be tinndiinii.
Be latti ha nder lenaal je be laari je jahiili en rewoobe, alama halleedee je hunnokii be tukkai ko be ikkitinii ha churchi.
Be latti ha nder kiirol sari Gothic, taskinaama be Eugene vayolet-le-suc wakkati 19bol lurnukii.
Andinki diinaa ha caaka duubi, musamman wenduuki je Pseudo-Dionysius je Areopagite, e 6bol hiynde defteree, De Coelesti Hierarchie, andaado no hankuude hibbe ha faransa, ikkitinii daw kala labuuki pad je Allah on.
Windooji je gal fuuna pad, mere-mere ha dawdii, donno mari windooji hollogo ha shida hiynde.
Ha details be wanni dom pentii ha gilass ha vitreous enamel, sai bedo gaasaaje nder kiln be fuse je enamel ha daw gilas.
Sainte-Chapelle warti tokkaadum je luttube Chapel ha nder yurope.
Gilas labdum be solkii ha nder gilas mardum kalaaji be sendii buri fotidira ha dawdii nyamoo.
Gotel nder mabbe burnaa bangaal mahuul filamboyant latti Saiten-Chapelle je vincennes (1370s), be laruuki gilas iga tafare yahagu cilin.
Je stained gilas windooji be latti musamman latti naudoom ngam taskinaama.
Pendii mai alama on je budurwa maryam, nden be musamman nafteraama ha churchiji wallifii ha mako, nder habe Notre-Dame ha paris.
Ha palais de la cite ha paris, mabbe Notre-Dame je paris, fuddi ha 1119, je latti mauduum ha njuude je lamdo faransa en har yahugo 1417.
Ko noi, nebi ko be wadi je timminaaka kuugal yahugo yeso je bindigaaji manga sai ha 15bol be voytinii nder beldom babaal njuude.
Burdom keddom je laati misaali ingiland wawan latta ummature Quad je jami'are melton ha Jami'a oxford, nyibaama hakkude 1288 e 1378.
Ko nandii lamdo andal mofti tagaama ha Queens kwalejii, Oxford ha 1140s, waawan latta designs je Reginald Ely.
Kwalejii fere, bana Balliol kwalejii, Oxford, aari ha salo sooja iga Gothic catles, be koonu be tagdii laarukii.
" O windii ha 1447 ngam o yidii chapel mako ""ngam yahugo yeso be duudugo, labdum, saiti feere bawo superfluity je maube koogal curious je kebaal be sukleri je voinna-voinna.
Laruuki do mare mataakiji je yaadu hedi nder, crennellated parapet be kakkana, be projecting machicolation iga kare kono mardi linzaami wawan jippinaa ha besiegers.
Nyebaalo maude do tarnii nbe gaskaa luggudii je be diidi woorii be diidol gada.
Gotel boddom hesal hanjum on chateau je Dourdan, kombi Nemours.
Ka tuububee do nufa waduki narral iga Latin churchiji be Karkici ha yahugo hernaa be juulurdee karkici gal macca.
Juulurdee Lala Mustafa Pasha , ha Famagusta, Fuunaage Cyprus.
Ɓe fuɗɗin hasitir Gothic sitayel do kuje kiɗɗum, nyidduɗun bo catuɗum.
Ireland ɗum fellel akitectur Gothic e ƙarnu 17 be 18, hauti be yiɓuki CoociDerry (ɓe timmini 1633), Cooci Sligo (c. 1730), be cooci Down (1790-1818) kanju on misalu goɗɗum.
Hasumaji waila ɗiɗi ɗum Westminster Abbey, Nicholas Hawksmoor un ƴiɓi ɗum hakkunde 1722 be 1745, maɓɓtugo wakkati kesum ɗum Gothic Revival.
Wakkati wulliki ɗuɗɗi ɗum duniyaru, hasa ban 1855-1885, ɓe andi ɗum e Britain do High ictorian Gothic.
Daga reta ɗiɗaurum karnawol 19 waɗi do, warti ɓamdu ha Britain naftirgo didi neo-Gothic hedi maheji je kungal be na ɗum gomnati.
"Landscape architects ɗo huwa dou yadiji be babal yasai dum nder didi ko yadi e landscape - manga ko petel, wuro be ladde, hauti be “”Shatuɗum”” (mandi) be “”ɗigguɗum”” (leddi) kujeji, hedi woɗugo babal kungal man.”
Ɓe wawan ɓe laritira tefon yiddi laruki kungal kontirac wo’ingo man.
Neɗɗo fuɗɗu ɗo vindugo gam waɗuki Landscape ɗum Joseph Addison e 1712.
Wakkati timmode ƙarnu 19th,wawuɓe didugo landscape fuɗɗi naftirgo kalma landscape architect, bo ɗum heɓi inde man ɓawo Frederick Law Olmsted, jr. be Breatrix Jones (ɓawo Farrand) be woɓɓe heɓuɓe American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) e 1899
Kugal maɓɓe waɗan hosa diga hedi tefugon yago famfamtirko fellelji ɗuɗɗi gam wo’ingo ko andal.
Kungal maɓɓe ɗo hautindiri nder vindi kugan be no ɗum waɗirta kungal man, bo kungal man hauti be deftere no ɗum mahirta madi kesum, fonduki landscape be lartukiI be taskuki hakkilango ďum leddi man ko no ɗum waɗirte.
e ɗuɓi saliɗi yidde be nafol gesa therapeutic waɗi ka ummigo masin..
Nder naji ɗonno Central Park e Wuro New York, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York be Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.
Ɓe waɗi mo yi’owo himɓe ja jami’aji ɓuri sappo e ɗiɗi hauti be: Princeton e Princeton, New Jersey; Yale e New Haven, Connecticut; be Arnold Arboretum je Harvard e Boston, Massachusetts.
Ɓe taskaran birni waawan huuwa kuugal arkitek leddi baagiɗa , haa fuu , korikolum arkitek leddi ekkitina fukaraaɓee no ɓe taskaran birni.
Roberto Burle Marx e Brazil hautindiri be International style be native Brazilian plants be culture gam aesthetic kesum.
O heɓoyi no ɗum anndirta leyaji babal gam ɗum fama kujeje ɓoɗɗi hadi babal man pat.
Toni AILA famti kuje man, landscape architect naftiran somore 'Registered Landscape Architect’ hedi yaakeji jeygo nder Australia.
Nder NZ, himɓe NZILA to ɓe heuti no ɗum yiɗino ɓe wawa kuje man, waɗan ɓe naftira somore Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.
Yidde ILASA's dou wo’ingo kungal landscape architecture be waɗugo kungal man no haandi ɓe waɗana himɓe maɓɓe, be darako dou kungal landscape architecture hedi kujeji ɗin nastinta ko himɓe maɓɓe yiɗi hander kungal man.
Jonta wodi kuɗe andaɗi sappo e joi hander UK.
“e 2008, LI waɗi loncin kuje hosuko himɓe je ɓe somori “”mi yiɗi mi warta Landscape Architect”” gam ɓe dartin jangugo Landscape Architecture."
Jahaji ɗuɗɗi mari haje salago jarabawa dum wuro.
e ƙarnu 6th BC, leddi man ɗo maɓɓi be inɗe mauɗe heuti koppo maɓɓe.
Kirseku gotel ngam siiga temple ji do daw ra'ayi je William MacQuitty ha nyiba dam ndiyam laddam ha kombi temple ji, be ndiyam ha nder do sigii ha darde gotel bana Nile.
Be hositir don eftugo sudu ewal darni nafu daska gilowal hedi hedu ladde man.
Hakkunde nɗuuɓu 1964 e 1968, ɓe senditiiri se ɓe nƴibi badal man nder blocks mawndee (yaran ton 30 yauugo ton 20), haa daayugu cakka mita 65 e mita 200 ɓaawo labi ndiyam , ɗo challenge mawndee haa ilimu taarihhawol himɓe nane.
Hoɓɓeji wari Anfield haa nder piiroowal mahaɗun musanmaan ngam haykal , feere’en wari daga Aswan nder moota ngam daƴindiirai e wuro man.
Lawru colossal hedi mahol nano waatiɓe nguɗumre danneƴool haa birni lesɗi egypt ,den mahol wayliti banni waatiɓe nguɗumre ɗiɗi haa birni e ƙauye lesdi Egypt(Pschent).
Diidawol anndurɗum ɗo holla lamdo dow moota pucci oɗo fiɗa nyaamootira mako e moɓe nkosii pursuna’en.
Wodi diidawol Ramesses e Nefertari dow koombawol Amun e Ra-Horakthy.
Ɓe ɗo tuuhma Kistirgal man kanjum ngumrikura lamdo man e yendere ɓe hukki mo lamu.
Gonga man, kiimol kon waɗi ngam mɓantaangal koode Sirius ɓe almawo kon arkiyologist heɓi, kiistirgal wonan yende 22 lewru oktoba.
Goonga man taarihiiwool himɓe Egypt nane kooki debbo lamdo haykaliwol haa inde mako.
Haa gargajiya, lawru debbo lamɗo e’darii kombi je firauna , amma salataii koppi je firauna.
lamorɗe pilla majie ɗo holla yeeso Harthor , ɓe anndakehi column maji e Hathoric.
Dow bangoruu mahol man ta funbina e funa wodi diidawol lamɗo man e sobajoo mako don wakilla leɗɗe Papyrus yaugo Hathor mo ɓe diidi bana nagge dow koombawol tokkatira hedi mayo papyri.
Ɓe yardaki haa jotta lotuɓe mahol man wadi nduubu bawo karnawol 17, amma fototiiran ɓe mahi maa’ndiji man e dabareji be fawni fuu iri je karnawol saloto.
Lutti ɗi Kasbahs e Ksour ɗa haa laabiji man , bana ɓadaaki Tamdaght yauugo funa.
Ɓe mooɓti mahol kauyeji man pellel gotel nder bonngooru je hautiiri dammuɗi e majdali.
Kauye man mari mahol huumngo bana juulurde , caravanseri , kasnah e Marabout Sidi Ali ko Ameer.
Ɓe waaɗindiri mahol man e loofre ɓe njaareendi.
Cukkol Aswan, daga 1960 cukkol Aswan mawnde kanjuum laati cukkul mawndi ha duniyaaru fuu , ɓe maahi ɗun dow mayo Nile haa wuro lesdi Aswan , Egypt hakkunde 1960 e 1970.
Bana kuugal arande , cukkol man mari nafu haa njawdi e alaada lesdi Egypt.
ko noi, dabi’'a do je mbeebake ndiyaam foroteeran , ndiyaam ɗuuɗe waawanhalka nƴaamne fuu , ndiyaam sedɗa boo waawan wadugo hokkere e weeloji.
- Dabareji Nile Valley ko ando ilmu ndiyam ɓi lesdi Birtaniya harlod Edwin Hurst ƴidi , O sappi ɓe siga ndiyam haa lesdi Sudan e Ethiopia hedi evaporation leesi.
United State e USSR waati juungo ha mahol cukkol man.
Hitaande majjun Amirki hulataanonaa to marucaaku ko tuubaaku wi’ata communisme yaaja ley leydi Moyen-Orient de no yi’anno Nasser hagu hooreejo dental laarabuuɓe durwooɓe marucaaku de no ndarani ceendiigu
Gaɗa ko UN buykunoo ko laanaaji Israel ngaɗuno fi’annde dow soogeeji. leydi misira ley wuro wi’eteengo Gaza hitaande 1955, Nasser tawii ke waawa daraade darnde hooreejo leydiyankaaku laarabuuɓe fuh so waawaa reenude leydi mun e Israel
Nasser jaɓataa sarɗiiji ɗi de na ŋaaroo mballa URSS.
Ko leydi chine jaɓi politiki hakkunde mun e Nasser durwo politiki daraniiɗo faa haɓda e marucaaku Dulles ɗum hamninani Dulles.
Ɗum mettiimo duh ko Nasser suɓaaki fay gooto e enndude makko taweede ley pecce ɗiɗi tawanooɗe gaɗa woolde ɗiɗaɓerde mawnde ley adunaaru.
Baraasi mawɗo mo kaaƴe e njaareendi o dental leydi sovietique daraniingl ko haɓɓodii e ndiyam kamɓe e jomɓen annde leydi Misira.
No ɗum sinttorii, mbubban baraasi on ilii e nokkuure yaajunde saabii eggugol yimɓe ko ɓuri ujunaaji hemre(100 000).
Etu coggu e nafaaji baraasi on no keddii e jeddi duuɓi sappo gaɗa ñiɓdi makko.
Tawe jukkungo dow piilki tawti e ɓiɓɓe aadama ngo baraasi on saabi hiisaaka, no iimaa ke ko mursaa ɗum yiitaama ley duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.
Koroowo gooto jaɓay de wi’i ke baraasi on liɓe.
Dama on ɓuyti saɗɗaaji ilam hagu ɗam kitaale 1964, 1973 e hitaande 1988.
Andustiri liƴƴagol kesso ñiɓaa bannge callugol nasser fay so o mo tawdaa tiiɗorma saabee mboɗɗirka makko e luumo manngo.
Ɓaadeeji faro feccere miliyo koɗi e ɗen nokkuuje kese.
E nokkuuje goɗɗe ɗo ndiyam faddanoo arannde, keɓal ley gollal ɓeydake sabu ndiyam no waawunoo heɓeede wakkatiiji mo ɗam tiiɗi sanne.
Ley leydi Sudan, jooɗinooɓe soɓɓirre kan woni nokku Nubi 50,000 yaade 70,000 egginaa galluure hiinnde wi’eteende Wadi Halfa e kuɓeeje piiliiɗe ɗon.
Gofernema waddii porje faddaade ndiyam innditirteeɗo New Halfa Agricultural Developpment Sheme faa haabu, nguureeji, kaadaama e awtiriiji goɗɗi ndeme.
Baale kuɓeeje 47 nyiɓanaa cuudi kokka gineeji gollitirɗi Nubia.
Hayka ko neeminii ko ɓeyda ley leydi ɓura tonniiji kaata 6,000 e tonniiji ko tuubaaku wi’ata pentoxyde de phosphate7,000 tawti e kulle henndu tuubaaku no innditira ɗum azot tonniiji17,000..
Alqadara lamɗan leydi du ɓeydake sabu hakkunde ndaɗɗuri leydi e ɓulirde no famɗuno sanne(1–2 meetere gooto maa ɗiɗi sarɗi nguleefi e peeweefi leydi) faa walla ndiyam horsa, ɗum le waɗi de ko lamɗam hawronndirtaa e ndiyam ɗum dekonndiri dew ndaɗɗuri duuɓi.
Ley kitaale 1950 fecco misira toowngo(Haute-Egypte) famaro tan wonnoo ittaka ley nokkuje ɗo ndiyam faddetee ley jaaye(no hokka seeɗa) de wattaa ley ɗo ndiyam faddetee tawe hantataako(no hokka sanne).
Gilla nden S. Haematonium lallu lay.
Ɗum wari wiide ke ɗuuɗal ko njaareendi ufata ɗum heewu’an ley duuɓi 300 yaade 500 so callugol ngol ufotono nokkuuje mun fuh nde wootere.
Gaɗa ko baraasi on nyiɓa, kedde birgi walli faa kuɗooli ndiyam bonɗi puɗi ley ndiyam ɓurɗam laaɓude.
Liƴƴagol ɓuytake ley maayo mediteerane kamɓe ley ndiyeele weendu gaɗa nyiɓdi baraasi on sabu de ko neeminii ko jippotonoo e maayo Nil no rewa maayo mediterane fuh no fakkanno gaɗa baraasi on.
Ko waannunoo gilla baraasi mawɗo o nyiɓaakano wonno luggere wawnde taweede wurtorde baraasi gan saabe mbubban ɗan wardataa njaareendi.
Andistri daraniiɗo fiide tuufeeje boɗeeje, golliroowo luusinaaji ko waɗata keemede gollitortoɗi diƴƴere maayo on du biltaaki.
Saabe meƴƴagol ndiyam ɗam naanaaɗe no naata faa to ɓuri fuh luggiɗinde e maayo Nil ngon.
Golle nyiɓdi ɗen puɗɗaynaa hitaande 1995, de gaɗa ko ɓe nyaamunoo hiisa buuɗi 220 miliyooji keme ɗiɗi e miliyooyi cappenɗe ɗiɗi dolar amerik fuh ɓe cuuwii gollitoraade baraasi nyalaande sappo e jeegom lewru tuubaaku 16 octobre hitaande 2002.
Waɗude nokkuure ɗo dewte njanngetee de no ndese nde wanaa aadi yimɓe woɓɓe e aajensiiji, yo ɗum mballa waɗooɓe politikki misira.
Taweede waaldeere UNESCO gilla hitaande 1986 wallii porje on e laataade porje hakkunde leyɗe keewɗe.
Waalde natooɓe tawdakanonaa yimɓe sappo loomtuɓe leyɗe jeegom.
Amaanaaji hokkugol ceede porje go’aɓe ngaɗaakana ñannde batu gaɗaaɗo wuro inditirteengo Assouan hitaande 1990 : 65 miliyooji ceede dolar amerik ɗi fuh eɗi ƴuwa e laamu leydi MENA.
Hitaande 2010, nokku mooɓoowo dewte Faransi no innditire Bibliotheque nationale de France waɗi nokku mooɓoowo dewte on moƴƴere dewte 500 000.
Janngirde mawnde nden tawaakana ley masarakemmbu toowɗo ko watta meetereeji 32 e meetereji, janngirde nden no oonyori far maayo yaade hagu ko hiisorte wakkati no wi’e cadran solaire e tuubaakuure, peccungol mayre no waɗa hiisa meetereeji 160.
Roɓinannde inditirteende Antiquities Museum ko no tawda kulle alqadara ujune e keme tati e sappo e kulle jeegom no holla taariki leydi misira gilla wakkati fir’awna faa yaha jaalaade Alexander the Grea tawti e ko haɓɓondiri e neediiji yimɓe leydi Rome gilla alsilaamaaku waray leydi misira.
Ko resirtee dewte no wi’ee microfilm e tuubaakoore: salndu ndu no tawdaa ɗereeji ɗi keewaa faro ujunaaji cappanɗe tati e dewte ujunaaji cappanɗe joy e tawti roɓinannde wi’eteende Bristish Library faro ɗereeji ujunaaji sappo e ɗereeji ujunaaji nay ndaareteeɗi hagu roɓinannde ɓurnde maangu ley leydi Erop binndaaɗi e laarabuure tawti haala leydi Persia kamɓe haala leydi Turkey.
Ammaa Hitaande 2010, nokku mooɓoowo dewte Faransi no innditire Bibliotheque nationale de France waɗi nokku mooɓoowo dewte on moƴƴere dewte 500, 000.
Julirde jene mawnde nde laataakina nyimngo maanggo waɗiraanngo leydi e huɗo ma leydi ɓoldi, waɗooɓe maandaa nyimngo ɗuuɓe no kiisii ke nymngo juulirde ngo no laatii tabital mangal e njimngooji leyɗe Sudano-Sahelian.
Dewtere fuh ɓurnde naywude haaloore haala juulirde nden woni Tarikh al-Soudan mo Abd al-Sadi, e nde hokka taariki aranndeejo na ɗi ittaanoo e maabaaku no worrunoo hakkunde ko tuubaaku wi’ata siecle sappo e jeɗɗaɓo.
Tokkitiɗɗomo pay on nyiɓii soorooji juulirde nden de sultan jokkuɗo on nyiɓi kokuwol juulirde nden.
No laatoo nymngo ngo Caillié yi’i.
Juulirde heyre nde laatakinona nyimngo maango leyɗungo ngo walaa soorooji waaɗi fennaaka.
Nyimdi ndin yottinaakana ley hitaande 1907 dow golle tilayje e ardo Ismaila Traore mawɗo kawrital nyiɓooɓe ley jene.
Ƴamɗe umminaama faa faamee noy waɗi ko golle iimaaɗe juulirde nden hokka e dabare yimɓe leydi faransi.
O miijuno ke tagaadi ndin nandintaanona e nyimdi neenebal kaɗanaangal fa rewre tooruuje.
O mo filloo du ke nyimngo heso ngo welaay yimɓe fey seeɗa de ɓe caloo mooytude ngo , nde ɓe mooyti du fuh tawan kasu ɓe inndanaa.
Aanyeere ɓurnde maangu ley horɗoore wondi kedde Almamy Ismaïla liiman mawɗo ley ko farassire wi’ata siecle 18th.
Gere gon to ndaɗɗudiiji juulirde wattaama kulle bi’eteende kaarooji , ɗum le wari halkini ko haɓɓondiri e taariki de ndegom bonna ceŋal nyimgo ngon.
Hitaande 1996, suudu tele Vogue waɗii batu adugol nate ley juulirde ɗon.
e nde woodi naatirɗe nde tugudaaje jeegom nde hen fuh no fenna.
Kokol juulirde maa kaaba juulirde mawnde nden huccitayna lettugal fara makka yaade de no deki dew lumo ngallu ngon.
Boppaaɗe ndawu deki dewu kure gonɗe dew coppooli juulirde nden fuh.
Kenorɗe pamare cankitiiɗe e kokuwol ngol soɓɓirre e horɗoore ɗe accataa njaynam naata ley suudu ndun.
Liimam no ardii juulde tawe no woni hakkunde juulirde.
Nyaamo sooro hakkundeejo to no woodi suudu famardu ton liiman wonata ko no waajoo nyannde jum’a.
Kokuuji damɓuɗe leyiije ɗe ngoodaynna omtorɗe nanduɗe kure ɓaare.
Fadde faa waɗee laato cuurel hakkundel, soorol mihrab ngol woodaynonaa darorɗe ɗiɗi naatirgal soɓɓirre nanduɗe e ɓaare.
Say nyalaaɗe keewɗe ko sunnda de say no waylite wakkati fuh, gollal kaɓɓungal sukaaɓe fijooɓe ley hawronndirgol ngol.
Fuɗɗoode fijo ngon, doggudu waɗete fa faamee moy artata hokka juulurde nde mbolguuri.
Hitaande 1930 nandi juulirde jene oonyiiɗo nyiɓaama ley wuro Frejus horɗoore leydi faransi.
Juulirde nden wonnoo janngirde qur’aana fuh ɓurnde manngu ley Afriki gilla arannde, e nde woodunoo janngooɓe ujunaaji warannooɓe no njannga ley madarassa jene.
Nyalaande 20 lewru tuubaaku janvier hitaande 2006 sukaaɓe jokolɓe nji’aa na kalkina kippudi juulirde nden de ɗun ummuni olko.
Ley juulirde ɗon yimɓe fitina ɓen ittii ko wifata henndu no innditiree ventilateur e faransiire ɗi ammbasaddi Ameriki dokkunoo wakkati wolde irak, de ɓe naati ley wuro.
Sphinx mawɗo mo Giza boowɗo inndireede Sphinx Giza maa Sphinx tan wo maana gaɗiraaɗo kaaruwal baaliingal maandaa pukkiiɗo, ko jamtini.
Gaɗa majjum nokkuure kokuwol horɗoorewol no yamiri ke laawol hakkunde nyɓdi Khephren e weendu ndun no wonnoo ɗon gilla heƴƴugol Sphinx o waɗaakano.
Ko timre nden wasano hitaande 1925, binndi kaalooji haala Khafre udditii de mbonnina.
Tooru Sphinx no heddii no rewe faa hewti jamaanuuji goɗɗi.
Alexandrie, Rosette, Damiette, Cairo e nyiɓdiiji leydi misira no tinndinaa kile keewɗe de wanaa no laaɓiri.
Duuɓi jeɗɗi gaɗa ko André Thévet tuumtino Giza, André Thévet (Cosmographie de Levant, 1556) o mo sifoo Sphinx hagu ‘’ hoore daaba mo Isis mo jupiter yiɗi ɓii Inachus waɗi.
Sphinx Johannes Helferich (1579) wo debbo mo yeeso ɓuccaango,mo ɓernde faandu , mo ngaasa karriika; nafaa makko e hiisanaa e Thévet wo moorgol mun.
Yo goonga ke gere tooru on yo goonga, golle kolloojo goonga ɗen ndaaranooɓe ko haɓɓodii e yimɓe arannde ɗen njeddii haalol ngol de ɓe adiriɗum hagu taariki cakitiiɗo, mo mawɓe mopeere en tagi jardiiɗo fewreejo faa hokka nokku tooru Isis on taariki kiiɗɗo mo haɓaay abada.
“Filotooɓe njiitii ke ko ɓooyay ɗum nyiɓaaka gilla khafre laamaaki laamu nayaɓu.”””
“Mapsero miilunoo ke Sphinx wonno ‘’ko mahaa ko ɓuri naywude ley Misira””” “
Feccere ko uddata sukundu makko saamiino hitaande 1926 saabu huusaade mum, ko ŋemsinoo faahen daande makko.
Leeso leyɗo hoore nden resaa ɓuri teeŋude.
E nanti haalaaji goɗɗi, ɗum tawan golle Mameluks.
E haala al-Maqrizi, yimɓe heewɓe mbuurɓe ley ndewgu oon cikkataano naa ke njaareengo uddungo de'ende Giza na laatinoo jukkungo faa huunca Al-Dahr
Alnufi hollinii ke muurtere Alexsandria diinaaji goɗɗi hitaande 1365 ɗum ko jukkungo laamɗo ko seekuujo suufi mo khanqah Sa'id taƴitinooɗo hinere.
Ngo miilo no adiraa hono aranndeewo (taarikiijo) yimɓe mawɓe pilotooɓe annde, sabu fay so binndi ma noone aranndeejo walaa faa holla subinannde sphinx.
Na won taariki juutoɗo e miilo dow cuuɗi ɗi ley sphinx, dow anndal yimɓe mawɓe hono H. Spencer Lewis.
En miilan ke Sphinx wo nokku taarikiijo ɗiɗaɓo ley leydi Misira ƴeewteeɗo sanne; Nde'ende cuuɗi fira'awna en Giza, ɗakkon siire Kairo taan jaɓɓotoo ɓee yimɓe.
Nokkuuje tati keddiiɗe goɗɗe, de'ende Mut, laamorde Montu e suudu Amenotep IV cottinnandu, ommbaama to jamaa naata.
Ɓaade abadaare ndeen helaamaa ñiɓitaama saabu Hatshepsut, caggal ke laamiiɗo goɗɗo ñiɓii ɗakkol makko faa wayla hakkunde maa tinndingo nokku baarkinaaɗo.
Ñiɓngo ɓaadeya dewal fuɗɗaana gilla ko fadde waarde annabi iisa e tokkiri non faa wakkati Ptolemaic fiir'awna
Allaaji kollinaaɗi ƴuwal mburɗi duuɓi faa warde ɗi yimɓe heewɓe anndi, tokki sakitaade ley taariki finaatawaa misra aranndeejo.
Ɗeen ɓoɗe kaaƴe no mbaawi heɓude jeɓteede saabu teegooɗe faa e daarnde muɓɓen.
Soni hayre nden gollitiranooma faa waɗee laawi ndiyam diin fuf, en mbaawunoo gollirde gineeji seeɗaaji.
Noone kantiirdo waɗaama caggal joƴƴinde ko faddotoo henndu faa ta ɗum bona.
Siire Thebes nanndaa ba tawdaama darja fadde waarde jomtooɓe laamu sappo e ngo’aɓu ɓeydi cuuɗi mahanooɗi no pamɗunoo sanne, cuuɗi dawlaaji ɗii saahiiɓe, daraniiɓe Thebes tan mbaawi taweede toon, alla leydi Mout e Montou.
Amon(ndegom du no noddiree Amen) tawaama duuɓi allaajo go'aɓo dawranoowo Thebes.
Ñiɓngooji keewɗi ley de'ende Amon-Re potaanaa jomtooɓe laamu sappo e njeetataɓe.
Hakkilo wonngo ley wuro ngon, juulirde woɗeere karnak, ngaɗiraande fa nafa nokku cuɓaaɗo ɗo alla ɓattii e no tawaa tayte puɗɗe wakkunde ɗii cuuɗi ɗiɗi
Anndaaru garuwal noone ceeɓuɗo mo yottinaaka, ngal hollintaanaa no garuuje ɗeen muɓortenoo.
Waylannde nji'iniinde cakitaɓerde ngaddaande ley suudu Amun-Re laatii ɓeydude garuwal puɗɗeyal e garuuje mawɗe kuulnuɗe nokku oon fuf, ɗe ɗiɗi fuf Nectanebo l er jomtuɓe laamu cappanɗe tataɓu ñiɓiɗe.
Garuuje laamorde Karnak kelaakanaa aranen fuf hitaande 1589, neɗɗo Venitie heli-ɗe, fay nde ley taariki makko ko o ittanay e nde ndeen innde.
Binndi Protais nder dillol maɓɓe, Melchisedech(dewtere dillol filnde winndere 1670s-1696) e johann Michael Vansleb(The Present State of Egypt, 1678).
Caggal gollal filnde e moƴƴinde, golle de gollooɓe duɗal manngal Johns Hopkins, ɗe Betsy Bryan aardii fa ngollee, Wuro Mout udditanaa jamaa.
Hitaande 2006, Betsy Bryan hollinii ko yi'iti lew iidi tawdaaɗo yarngo doro sanne.
Ko yiitaa ɗum fuf ley wuro Mout, sabu nde Thebes wuɗunoo dawla ɗeen, Mout jeytii caahiiɓe rewɓe ponndaaɓe e laamɗo ɓeen fuf, Sekhmet e Bast, faa laatoo komum ɗum.
Ley dewal njoƴƴinaa ngal bannge iidi hitaandeejo fuf ley Sekhmet, Re, taweede ke dewal naange Misra towtiiɗo, fuɗɗi o iidi dow lammere nde heɓi to yaaye mum, fa wara yimɓe lunndinooɓe Misra njimmpitiiɗo.
Ɓaade Louxor wo ɓaade mawɗe ley ɓaadeeji misra paltiiɗo kettuɗo nder piilol maayo wo jehan Nil ley wuro hannden na annditiree Louxor (Thebes paltiiɗo) faahen ñiɓaakanaa ko foti duuɓi 1400 fadde annabi iisa waarde.
Ɓaadeeji nay ɗo luutan waawi taweede ɗi yahooɓe aartii ƴeewi yo suudi Seti go’aɓo nder Gurnah, suudu Hatshepsut nder Deir el Bahri, suudu Ramesses II ɓeydi suudu Ramesses III nder Medinet Habu.
Gaɗa nokku oon tawaa garuuje ceɓtiiɗe ɗe Amenhotep III tawaaɗo ley jom laamu 18 ñiɓi.
Nde loofere annditiraama dow innde loofere Nubi.
“Alexander Badawy, “”hiila ley ñiɓngooji misra”” Studies in the Ancient Oriental Civilization, 35 (1969): 23."
Nder balangol fuf, nokkuuje suultere ngaɗaama saabu iidiiji hono iidi Opet ɓorniiɗo dawla nder nde'ende ndeen.
Lelibela wo siire de'ende feccannde Lasta, ley ndewgu soɓɓiire Wollo, jeyal Amhara ngenndi Ethiopia.
Nder rewooɓe annabi iisa, Lalibela na tawaa ley ci'e barkinaaɗe nder Ethiopie, ɗiɗaɓerde caggal Axum, e nokku kijjeteeɗo.
Inɗe nokkuje kewɗe nder ciire heyre e no juuliirɗe ɗeen ñiɓiraa yo rewtintono inɗe e nooneeji ɗi Lalibela ƴeewannoo sukaaku mum nder Jerusalem e nder leydi caahiindi.
Limaanaaku rewooɓe iisa na cellina ɓernde hewɓe jogiiɓe innde cuɓaaɗe nder dewtere annabi iisa fay gooruwol Lalibera na anndaa dow innde foyre koode.
Diinakke mopeer Portugal Francisco Alvares(1465-1540) ɗowtirii ndaartiɗo dow innde Portugal nde o tawanoo Dawit II ko fonndetee e piilol hitaande 1520.
Beero ndewtuɗo kollaaɗo naatii Lalibela tawaama Miguel mo Castanhoso, golluɗo ley laamu nder fedde ndeenaagu leydi e laamu Cristovao mo Gama de dilli Ethiopie hitaande 1544.
"Guurti majjum ɗiin ley tilde ceɓenoo kamɓen du.””)"
Na won hen jeddi e nder hitaande ñiɓeede juuliirɗe mopeer en kewɗe.
Cahte makko kollinii ɓaadeeji ɗiɗi laaɓuɗi ɗi ngalaa nanndi nder jeyal ngaal fuf ɗi ɓe nji'i.
Nde caahiiɗo diinanke laaɓuɗo Catherine, mo yimɓe fuf anndi saahaare mum nder tilde Sina'i, diinakke ndewɗo ko saarɗiiji ndewu lettugaajo kettuɗo nder tiinde bannge Sina'i, ɗo weendu jokkiri e maayo tiinde Sina'i ɗakkol siire laaɓɗo Catherine nder Misra.
De'ende saahiiɓe diinakkooɓo inndiraaɗo caahiiɗo Catherine na tawaa hakkunde piilol tile tati: Ras Sufsafeh tayte tilde Horeb ko fonndi e 1 Km nder gorgan, Jebel Arrenziyeb et Jabel Musa, waamnde Sina'i nde dewtere annabi iisa haalta haala mum(towtiirnde 2km nder horɗoore).
Catherine kam e hoore mum hokkii laawol fa ɗum waɗee.
De'ende to caahiiɓe diina ɓen mbuurta ñiɓaakanaa dow konngol laamiiɗo Justinien Ir(527-565), ko fiilni juuliirɗe ngonnde nder guumooje kuɓɓooje anndaaɗo dow innde juuliirde caahiiɗo “”Saint Helene””), kanko saabii ñiɓde nde juuliirde o ɓii mawɗo Constantin, nder nokku to annabi Muusa haantawee yi'ii gumpal kuɓɓoowal.”
Nokku on won daarja nder diina mo annabi iisa ardii, diina alsilaami en e diina yahuuda en.
Faro ko karni jowee-ɗiɗi caggal iisa, waɗooɓe kalwa ndewooɓe iisa kettuɓe sera Sina'i mbaraa: caahiiɗo gooto jom gorgu tan heddii.
Ƴuude wawtu go'o fedde kawral dinaaji kediiɗi, taweede kokkooɓe dawla kulle palondiirɗe ley Sina'i faa warde 1270 tawaama muyɗe tokooɓe iisa ngomɓe ley Europe faa ɓeydi limoore hijjooɓe ɓe kultaa mbeerunoo ley de'ende cahiiɓe diinakkooɓe.
Darannde juuliirde nder golle pay ley juuliirɗe ndewnde sarɗiiji lettugal daraaki daarnde wootere: to yoga, e juuliirde ndeen fuf, nde adiraa hono moƴƴude huuɓunde, to feccere hono juuliirde keƴunde hoore mum ley sarɗiiji juuliirde Greek saahiinde Jerusalem.
Leyru Me hitaande 2003, jom en annde en Russie keɓii yiitude ɗerewol cahatiigol jakka ley yimɓe fuf, laamoorde Keer Metochion e diinakke Callistratus du cahtiingol hitaande 1869, 13 lewru sappo e go'aɓuurdu.
Ɗii ɗereeji ɗi binndi arandeeji moytaa no ƴi'inii caggal heɓude nawtorooɗi nde wootere ma kile kewɗe nde duuɓi keme.
Joƴƴinde hello ngo ɗereeji ley callati fuf na ada happa mitaaji jeetati.
Hawrondiirgo manngo darjaaji jawdi hono nate en goɗɗi fuf na (ponndee) e karni 5 be 6 gilla annabi iisa rimaaka, latiiɗi ndoneteeɗi men; de'ende saahiiɓe nden Iconoclasme Byzantine memay ɗum woɗi abada helaaka.
Ndesa ɗii gineeji lobbi ɗi ɓe mahi, nate e dewte no laatii aadi fedde nde.
Manngu mayre no hollina jawdi ko haɓɓodii e wittii.
Nde ñiɓaakanaa ley laamorde aranndeere, famarde, gadin innditiraaɗe Horus fay nde huybay lettugal-gorgal hono de'ende heyre kuybuɗe soɓɓiire e hoorɗoore.
Laamorde Edfou yoppaama dow darnde jawdi diinankkooɓe caggal riiweede heeferɓe, golle Theodose Ier de haɗi juuliirɗe ɗe tokkay iisa ley laamu Rom hitaande 391.
E duuɓi duuɓji, laamorde nden uwaama ko fonndi 12 (39 ft) m ley njaareengo saahel e loofe ɗe maayo Nile wurtinta.
Hitaande 1860,Auguste Mariette, jom anndal e misra aranndeejo jeyaaɗo faransi adi aadi faa uddita laamorde Edfou e njaareengo.
Great Zimbabwe yo wuro ɓooyungo tawaango nder tile hakkunde hoorɗoore-lettugal, fa'anannde weendu Mutirikwe e siire Masvingo.
Iɗen miila ke Grand Zimbabwe laatake laamorde ley laamu wuro ngon.
Ngo ñiɓa tay fay hayre ɓilaaki dow banndum.
Puɗɗe fantere laɓnaande yimɓe Europe na yaa faa ha'anande karni 19 caggal iisa, filngooji nokku on faɗi hitaande 1871.
Jeyal Zimbabwe Great honaakanaa nder karni 4 limngal duuɓi men.
David Beach na miila ke siire ndeen e wuro mum jeyal Zimbabwe ngaɗii daarja hakkunde hitaande 1200 e 1500 fay so wakkati mo hewtan oon hollinii lallere ngu laamu, hollinaama e nooneeji ko ɓattii piilol hitaande 1500 nder Joas Barros.
Iɗum anndiraa dow inɗe Hill Complex, Valley Complex e Great Enclosure.
Ɓaade Valley ndeen feccaakanaa e keli Valle towtuɗo e Valley leeƴuɗo, kam e duuɓi konu ɗi kawtaa.
Tonngoode laamu ngum dillinaama nokku fedde tilde nder karni 12 caggal iisa, ni de'ende mawɗe, ni Valle towtiiɗo ni hantorii Valle leeƴuɗo puɗɗe kitaale 16.
Gineeji goɗɗi na tawee loofe fuufa ma cardi ittaaɗe e kaaƴe teeŋuɗe (hayre hootere maƴƴe ns tawee British Museum), gineeji leydi, mbanngu njamndiijo, luwee ñiibi cettaaɗe, ɓoggi jamɗe, kire fuufaa, ɓoɗe fuufaa e manaaji to fuufaa ciiwetee, e colle, gineeji juuɗe, loofere hono tarde e laɓi kaŋŋe.
O jaagu kuuɓuɗo aduna on ɓeydunoo jaagu ndematirdi dewgu maɓɓe, ley ɗo daabaaji koolanoo sanne.
Jaagtooɓe leydi Portugal nanii na haalee haala kedde wuro gille jamaanuuji, gilla ko waɗata kitaale hemnde faa nde 16, kedde alhaaliiji batuuji e binndanɗe yoga e maɓɓe kollooji kawtal ngenndi annditirteendi Great Zimbabwe e gollugol golle kaŋŋeeji e soonnugol ɗum e nokkuuje boɗɗuɗe.
O hollii keh kedde kiiɗɗe nɗen njeyaakanaa gilla maa wakkati Ptomemaic (faro hitaande 323-30 fedde annibi Iisa Rimeede). Ndee jaagotooɓe leydi Greek jooɗiiɓe leydi Alexandria na jaaltinannoo kulle mahaaɗe gilla ko ɓooyi ley leydi Misira.
Annditirteeɗo Bent walaano anndal kaɓɓodiingal e filndeeji ko hiiɗɗi ɗuuɗungal kaa o yuusakeno ley leyɗe aaraɓɓe, Grèeece, e ley Asie Mineure en sanne.
Iɓe ngondi e finaatawaaji ƴuurooji e Juif en ɓooyuɓe maa mo horɗoore leyɗi aaraɓɓe banngal suudu baaba maɓɓe.
Yamugol jeyal yimɓe annditirteeɓe Lemba en duh William Bolts haalii haala muuɗum (ley hitaande 1777, o hollii ɗum hooreeɓe leydi Austian ɓe Habsburg) faa hannden annditirteeɗo A.A Anderson duh hollii ɗum (o winndii e mbeerkaaji feedee e soɓɓirre ndiyam Limpopo ley hitaande hemnde faa nde 19).
O wasiino go’o go’o fuh ɓulli tati faa o ndaara dow tile tuundiiji dow nokku ɓurngu toowude e teeruwal. O hawritii loofe e jamɗe ɗe nanndaa faay gootum.
Caton Thompson hollii law-law miilo muuɗum e ko haɓɓodii e leñol Bantu wakkati hawriinde waaldeere maɓɓe annditirteende British Association wonunde Johannesburg.
Ko hollata keh radiocarbone yo ko haɓodii e ponndi 28, ɗi fuh so wanaa nay go’aɓi jeyaaɗi gilla puɗɗe gollitoragol oon daliili jogoraaɗo hono fewreejo, ɗuum na taykinii e no wakkatiiji njaari ley 12th-to-15th s.
Ittugol kaŋŋe e kulle mahaaɗe goɗɗe ley filndeeji yimɓe filootooɓe kulle kiiɗɗe nder leydi waraɓu koni genɗe saabake bonondaaji keewɗi hono ley filnde Richard Nicklin Hall.
Preben Kaarsholm winndii keh yimɓe waruɓe faa kona genɗe e jomɓe genɗe ɓaleeɓe kaalii haala gilla ko hiiɗɗi e ngenndi Zimbabwe faa ɓe ɓeyda goonɗal miilo maɓɓe e no leyɗi ndin woorri hannden saabee taarikiiji yimɓe feereeɓe.
Pikirayi e Kaarsholm na njamira keh no Grand Zimbabwe woorri nii na laatinoo ko huynata tuubaakooɓe honooɓe genɗe faa kona ndi e faa hannden waɗugol golleeeji feere feereeji ley ton.
Ley hitaande 1980 leydi njeytundi hoore muuɗum anndanaandi ley aduna ndin, innde muuɗum wattitaama dow innde nokkuore nden e faa hannden duh kulle muuɗum mahaaɗe ndesaama tawti e lefol laamu e ko haɓɓodii e ko teddi e kulle laamu leydi Rhodésie hono maandaa ngenndi gaɗaaɗo ley lefol laamu kesol ngol leydi Zimbabwe.
Deftere Ken Mufuka yo maandaa saafaare go’aɓerde, fayso ndeftere nden yeddaama sanne duh.
Nde waɗanaakanaa faa taariki tedduɗo e leydi ndin resee sabu leydi ndin na wonndunoo e tiiɗormaaji mawɗi e ko waratano.
Nokku ngun na hillina taddiiji ñeeñe keewɗe, na miccintinde laabi ñeeñal ji’aaɗe ley ngenndi Maxique, Puuc e Chenses ley ngenndi suɓɓiire.
Na hasii tawee siire nden waɗii yimɓe ɓurɓe seedude ley maya en. na waawi tawee kañƴum woni sabaabu ñeeñe banngal ñiɓngooji tawaaɗi ley nokku on.
No Itza waawi fiirtireede yo « « suuñooɓe ndiyam » itz « sukuña » e « ndiyam »
Hono no « ch » e « ch’ » waawi seendireede, sabu helmere go’aɓerde nden yo ch’e’en (kaa nde wanaa janngeteende en ɗemngal maya) na fuɗɗira alkulal muumal hono (sh maa ch e bellaare)
Ley gayɗe ɗen, «Cenote Sagrado » maa Sacred Cenote (na annditiree duh ɓundu yaageteendu, maa ɓunndu sadakaaji) kam woni ɓurndu dawla».
«Fadde majjum, politikkaare siire nden na waawunoo fonnditireede hono «multepal», laatiinde keh yo fedde yimɓe leñol boowungol laamu woni ko hawjii ɗum»
Ko laati fuh yo faro wittagol Classic artuɗo e puɗɗe Classic kantorɗo woni ko nokku ngun laatii galluure mawnde, hawjiinde laamu leydi, finaatawaa e faggunde nukkuuje mayas en soɓɓurreeje.
Hunac Ceel heɓiino hollude gilla maa ɗum warayno ɓeydagol.
Fayso daliili keɓaaɗo dow filndeeje ley leydi na holla keh Chichen Itza helanooma, geneeji mum mbujjaa, daliiliiji goɗɗi na kolla keh wanaa Mayapan en ngaɗi ɗum, ko laatii fuh wanna wakkati mo Chichén itza laatinoo ngalluure mawnde.
Caggal daragol golleeji laamiiɓe Chichén Itza, ngalluure nden wappaaka.
Montejo waartii Yucatan hitaande 1531 wardii semmbeeji keewɗi, joƴƴinii nokku makko ley Cempeche, gorgal muuɗum.
Montejo, jokolle sakitake warii Chichen Itza, deh o wayliti innde muuɗum o wi’i Ciudad Real.
Lebbi na mbittoo, ammaa semmbe feereejo fuh waraay ɓeydii e maɓɓe.
Hitaande 1535, yimɓe Spain en fuu ndiiwanooma ley Yucatan.
Hitaande 1860, Désiré Charnay yehii Chichen Itza nanngowii nate deh o yaltini ɗe ley deftere annditirteende Cités et ruines américaines ( 1863).
«Auguste Le Plongeon innditirii-mo ""Chaacmol "" (innde nden waylitowaama caggal majjum wi’aa «Chac Mool» ndelle ndeen helmere woni ko kulle mahaaɗe tawaaɗe ley MesoAmérica fuh innditiraa)”
Ley hitaande 1894, sariyanke Etats-Unis mo Yucatan, Edward Herbert Thompson, soodii Hacienda Chichén, ko tawdanoo kedde Chichen Itza.
Thompson anndanoo keh gaajake Cenote Sagrada ( Cenote jaageteeɗo) ley hitaande 1904 faa yaha 1910. Nden o jaɓi kulle kaŋŋentereeje, jamɗe, kaaƴe cettaaɗe, e faa hannden ko miijitee ke kam woni tekke maya gille puɗɗe e kaɓitorɗe leɗɗeeje.
Muurtere leydi Maxique e rafi hawju laamu ndewtungu, e faa hannden wolde huuɓunde Aduna go’aɓerde, kanndinirii aadi on ko waɗata duuɓi sappo.
Ley wakkati on, gofernama leydi Mexique filake waartirii El Casillo ( ɓaade Kukulcan) e faa hannden nokku annditirteeɗo Grand Cour de Bal.
Thompson, tawaakanonaa leydi Amirki kaa ruuɗaaki Yucatan gatin.
Ley hitaande 1944, suudu sariya mawndu ndu leydi Mexique, tawi keh Thompson waɗaay faay gootum ko sariya haɗi, deh hokkkiti Chichen Itza ronooɓe muuɗum.
Go’aɓal ngal yo dow ardangal fedde National Geographic, ɗiɗaɓal ngal duh yo dow pawdi ɓoldi.
Siire nden ñiɓaakanaa dow nukkuure woodunoone tile, deh ɓe itti tile ɗen faa ɓe ñiɓa maahdiiji ɗin. Anniyaaji ɓurɗi maangu gaɗaama faa nokku sooro Castillo e deente Las Monjas, Osario e Main Southwest en keɓee fooddinee
Cuuɗi keewɗi ñiɓiraaɗi kaaƴe fuh yo mboɗeeri, huɗo-heccoori, mbuloori e mbulɗitoori nooniranoo
Hono no Juulirɗe mopeer en ley Germany en nii, nooneeji ɗin na kokkannoo miilooji lobbi e faa hannden na ɓeydannoo darja cuuɗi ɗin.
Cuuɗi ñiɓiraaɗi cuuɗi Puuc na ngoodi senngooji mawɗi ŋarɗiniraaɗi maadiiji loofe kaa na ceedi e maadiiji Puuc banngal kokuuji muɓɓen kawritinɗi.
Gilla arannde nden, bimmbeeje ƴeeñirɗe suɓɓirre-lettugaaje ɗen na cetta nandinaa hono ko’e bolle ni.
Caggal dawdawruuji piirtaaɗi keewɗi, ɓe njiitii bimmbeere ƴeeñirde wonunde senngo sooro soɓɓurreewo ngon.
Gofernama leydi Mexico wasii luuro ƴuwungo puɗɗe bimmbeere suɓɓirreere nden faa yehi bimmbeere sooro artiiɗo faa yottoy ley ɓaade suuɗiinde, deh ɓe kokki tuurist en laawol naata.
E ley alluwal gootal, piɗoowo gooto hoore mum na taƴaa, nawnaare nden na wurtina callali ƴiiƴam hono bolle nih.
To seeɓoodu horɗeereeru, ɓaade wonnde na won ton ɓurnde maangu seeɗa kaa bonunde.
Ley mayru ton kokuuji ɗin na nooninaa, kaa ko heewi fuh bonii. ɗoon woni nokku wolde.
Na nde ñiɓiraa hono ñiɓngooji yimɓe maya e Toltec en. Na nde wondi e bimmbeere hawroore e nokkuuje mayre nay fuh.
Ley ton, Filotooɓe kulle kiiɗi ley leydi tawii kulle mawɗe cettaaɗe ley hayre, deh nafaa majjum anndaaka.
Innde majjum ƴuwataana e toɓɓi gonɗi dow soppoodu suudu ndun, eɗi teeboraa e kulle cettaaɗe nanadinaa hono geese ɓiɓɓe aadama en nii na ƴepti juuɗe, annditirtee ɗum ""atlantes."""
Huunde nden na nandi e ɓaade B nde galluure toltèque mo Tula, na holla duh nandi ɗo finaatawaaji genɗe ɗiɗi kawri.
Ɓaade nden na hawti e ɗo ɓaade hiinnde saami, noddirteende Chac Mool.
Horɗoore Groupe des Milles Colonnes na ton cuuɗi tati pamari, jookonndirɗi.
Senngo wooto toowungo, wondungo e maandaa hono X e O na woni yeeso ɓaade nden.
Ɓaade Xtoloc yo ɓaade moƴƴinaande ko ɓooyaay wonunde yaasin samnnde Osario.
Hakkunde ɓaade Xtoloc e Osario, cuuɗi keewɗi jokkonndirɗi na ngoni ton : Samannde Venus, nde taddi muuɗum nandi e suudu wonndu ɗakkol Kukulkan(El Castillo) ndu innde muuɗum laatii gootum e mayre. Samannde Caabeeje e cuurel pammarel murliɗingel ngel innde mum winndaaka.
«Casa Colorada(e ɗemngal Espagne « Suudu Woɗeeru ») yo yoga e cuuɗi Chichen Itza ɓurɗi hiilneede.»
Ley hitaande 2009, INAH moƴƴintinake kollangel pamarel ɗo bal fiɗetee ɗakkiingel kokuuwol caggal Casa Colorada.
Innde ndun suudu Mayas en na ngollira ɗum ko ɓooyi, winndooɓe woɓɓe duh kollii keh yo dow innde natal daaba annditirteenga cerf dow hayre settaande nde heddaaki gatin.
“Spanish en innditirii ɗum Las Monjas (“rewɓe juulirde mopeer” maa “suusu rewɓe mopeer””) kaa yo ɗum ɓaadeno laamiiɗo”.
Binndanɗe ɗen na kaala wakkati fuh haala kaanaŋke annditirteeɗo K’ak’upakal.
Innde majjum ƴuwaynaa e bimmbeere nandunde e daanihuuñoldu hayre wonunde ley suudu.
Senngo juutungo huccitinngo gorgal na woodi dame jeɗɗi.
Sooɓoodu horɗooreero suudu ndun na woodi damal.
Ley cuuɗi mayru wooturu, ɗakkol tifa, na wondi natal junngo pentiiriyo.
Ɗo ngayka kan woni ɗon na anndaa sanne hannden.
E. Wyllys Andrews IV duh ndaarowii ngayka kan ley hitaande 1930.
Ñannde 15 lewru tuubaaku jeenayaɓurdu hitaande 1959, José Humberto Gómez, killitowoo tuurist en nokkuure nden, yiitii lowre fewreere ley ngayka kan.
Fadde deftere nden yaltude, Benjamin Norman e Emanuel Von Friedrichsthal njehii Chichen caggal ko ɓe kawri Stephens, ɓe ɗiɗo fuh ɓe njaltinii ko ɓe nji’oy ton ɗum.
Ley hitaande 1923, Governor Carrillo Puerto hokkii laawol yaade Chichen Itza.
Ley hitaande 1930, Hotel Mayaland ommtii dammbuɗe muuɗum, ɗakkol senngo Hacienda Chichen soɓɓurreeewo, ngo Carnegie Institution soodunoo.
Ley hitaande 1972, leydi Mexico joƴƴinii Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (sarɗi kaɓɓodiiɗo e kulle mahaaɗe e nokkuuje ɗo kulle ɓooyuɗe piletee, kulle ŋarɗuɗe, e taarikiyankooje) oon sariya hawronndinii kulle kiiɗɗe leydi maɓɓe fuh faa tawti e ɗe Chichen Itza dow jeyal leydi maɓɓe.
Ardotooɓe na kollita yimɓe kulle ɗen, kollowan saawto wooto tawteengo Chichen Itza tan: kelle juuɗe yeeso ƴeeñirgal damal sooro El Castillo ngal, waɗan olko ley sooro ton nanduko e ciiɓaali pooli, hono ciiɓaango foondu annditirteendu quetzal ndu Declercq waɗi filnde e muuɗum.
INAH waalde kawjiiɗe nokku ngun uddii kulle goɗɗe faa taa yimɓe nji’a.
Gilla puɗɗe fuh, aadi daraninooɗo ñiɓngooji e tawti caahiiɗono New York William H Reynolds, suudu ndu yo Walter Chrysler Corporation.
Suudu wonndu duh yottinaama ley hitaande 1952, koreeji Chrysler en coonniinde ley hitaande rewtunde, tawti jeyuɓe nde ko faltii.
Wakkati on na wardii e waylagol maangol nguurndam maɓɓe e gollitirɗe.
“hitaande rewtunde nden, suudu winndooɓe Time cuɓake Chrysler hono “”ɓuruɗo dawla ley nden hitaande””.”
Caggal wolde huuɓunde aduna go’aɓerde, ñiɓooɓe leyɗe tuubaakooɓe e Amirki en ngarii teddinirii ñeeñal koytinaangal ŋgal hono ko ɓuri hoytude e wakkiti meeɗen. Faa hannden soorooji mawɗi Art Deco hono maandaa ɓeydagol e jaaral yeeso.
Fadde makko hawtude e dabare ñiɓdi Suudu ndun, Reynolds na anndanoo keh ñiɓiino nokku kujje ɗo yimɓe ngarata na ndaare annditirteeɗo Dreamland mo Coney Island.
Ley hitaande 1927, caggal kitaale ɗuuɗɗe, Reymond Adii William Van Alen faa diida sooro maɗo mo cuuɗi cappanɗe nay.
Van Alen e Severance na mballonndirannoo e golleeji muɓɓen. Van Alen yo ñiɓoowo ñeeñuɗo jom hakkillo sanne, Severance duh na laatii jom ceede jomɓanooɗo ceede golle ɗen.
Anniya ñiɓdi ndi ɓe adunoo ndin waylitaama jeɗɗiije ɗiɗi caggal majjum, ley anniya cakitiiɗon on yo sooro mo cuuɗi 63 woni ko ɓe anniyii.
Chanin Building wonndundu cuuɗi 56 duh na wonnoo e ñiɓeede.
Anniyaaji ɗin ɓe njaardake e muuɗum ley lewru jeɗɗaɓurdu 1928.
E nokku on, ɓe ngaɗii aadi golle goɗɗo faa ɓe ñiɓa Reynolds Building, ɓe njaaltinii ɗum ley lewru jeetataɓurdu hitaande 1928.
Yarda waɗaama ley 28 lewru sappaɓurdu, deh liɓugol ndu ngol yottinaa ley 9 sappaɓurdu.
Ley hantagol hitaande 1928 puɗɗe hitaande 1929, waylitingol anniya ñiɓdi suudu na wondaa.
Faa ley ton, anniya ñiɓdi ɗin waɗiraakanaa e kensaaɗe Walter Chrysler faa o ⱳaɗa suudu ndun nokku makko gollirɗo Chrysler Corporation. E ndee innde, ñeeñe keewɗe ngaɗiraama gineeji makko hono no ɓannoode Plymouth ni (ndaaru).
Ñiɓdi suudu ndun fuɗɗii ley 21 go’aɓurdu hitaande 1929.
No toowiiki ñiɓngo fotata ley jeɗɗiire fuh nih, golloowo faay gooto maayay ley ñiɓngo sooro ngon.
“Sooro 40 Wall Street e Chrysler Building puɗɗii no ɓuronndira e “”sooro ɓurɗo toowde ley aduna”” .“
Ñannde 23 sappaɓurdu 1929, jeɗɗiire caggal ko ndu ɓuri Woolworth Building toowde, e nde ñalaande wootere heddinoo ko Wall Street saamay je 1929, sooro on yo ɗo hawriindeeji ngaɗetee.
Fay New York Herald Tribune udddannooɗo ñiɓdi sooro on, maatanaay ko sooro on so wanaa ñalaaɗe seeɗa caggal ko ngo yottinaa.
“Ley laabi sooro on, alluwal njamndiyal na winndaa “”dow yettoore mballa Chrysler e yaarygol yimɓe yeeso”” udditaama.”
Ayko ko Chrysler Building ñiɓiraa waɗii miliyooji 14 dollar, kaa endu hisunoo empooji saabee sarɗi luwa mo hitaande 1859 kokkunooɗo laawol taa Cooper Union yoɓa empooji.
Weeltaare Van Alen saabee ko o heɓunoo waɗude ɓuytake saabee salagol Walter Chrysler yoɓugol mo ceede golle makko e ñiɓdi ndin.
Amma jukkungo sariya ngo Chrysler waɗaa ngo ɓeydanii Van Alen darja banngal golle mum, ɗum ɗon, caggal buyke feere feereeje, ɗum bonnii golle makko sanne.
Ley hitaande 1944, waalde nden yaltinii anniyaaji ñiɓdi, faa ñiɓa sooro goɗɗo mo cuuɗi 38 faro lettugal sooro mawɗo ɗon, ley 666 mo laawol tataɓol.
Hayre suudu go’aɓurdu tagataakeno gatin, ɗum waɗi deh ɓe ngaɗi hono mayre.
Koreeji ɗin coonnanii on William Zeckendorf ley hitaande 1953 e ko waɗata miliyooji 18 dollar.
E oon wakkati, yo cooggu ɓurngu mawnude banngal cooggu soorooji ley galluure New York.
Ley hitaande 1961, jamɗe sooro on ɗe mootataako, hono baattal, kufune kaananke, ɓannooɗe, fuu moƴƴintinaama.
Waalde nden soodii sooro on miliyooji 35 dollar.
Sooro innditirteeɗo labbo ngon, moƴƴintinaama ley hitaande 1995.
Wuuwugol ngol, jaɓɓake Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award mo galluure New York Landmarks Conservancy ley hitaande 1997.
Lewru tuubaaku jeegaɓuurdu hitaande 2008, fillaama ke kawritan waaldeere Abu Dabi na batannoo faa sooda tino (riba) riikuuji jawdi ko hewtata 75% e TMW, tino 15 % e Tishman Speyer Properties nder suudu mawndu, e feccere waldeere jaagu sonniraama pecce cuuɗi mbalduɗi ɓattiiɗi ɗi kaalisi muɓɓen ummotoo miliyooji 800 dolaar amiriki.
Ɗum walli faa ɓuyti gollitirgol yiiteeji ko waɗata 21% ley mahadiiji, 64% ley gollitirgol ndiyam e 81% banngal heyɗintinde yaltingol tuundiiji (sagadooji).
""Tinndinngol banngal gollirde njinngu anndal woodunngal hikima""
"""Njinngu anndal woodunagal wo miijo focciingo (nawtorteengal, ‘wiɗeteengal), mbaawungal hiiñeede, dow sii winndannde haɓɓodiinde e njaaki aduna (ko laati jannde banngal tagu aadi maa filla ko waawi wonude) tayke hiinéaango, winndannde maa ko yaadata e tagu adunaaru (ko laati banngal annde tagaadi maa ko hollata goodan), daliili gooɗinngol (jannde nuyle annde maa haala annde) e njaaki nguurdam (ko yaadata e diina(epistemology maa miijooji ko yadata e anndal), e no nguurndam yaarata (Tinndinngol maa fillaaji kon woni darja)."""
Ko laati banngal annde tagaadi lomti miijooji ɗi ngalaa daliiliiji jaltoorɗi ngonuɗi ley ko’e yimɓe dey na njiɗi huuɓa aduna.
Jilla ko waɗata je karni 19, ngonɗine cuuɗi jannde jaami’aaji mbiɗotooɗi annde kese saaboke heɓa njinngu anndal woodunngal hikima e ca’e annde goɗɗe keɓi laɓɓini laabi njaaki muuɓen (no golle muɓɓen kertori).
Ey dewtere makko Against the Logicians, saahiiɗo pyrrhoniste Sextus Empiricus na sifoo iri- iri no caahiiɓe leydi Geres pecciri njiingu anndal woodungal hikima, annde ke anndal ngal ko peccaa pecca tati ɗum, Platon, Aristotle, Xenocrates e Stoics fu njarroke fi on.
Hono annde goɗɗe kiɗɗe ɗe Socrates wurjini, na en mbaawi limtude Cynism, Cyreenaicism, Stoicism, Scepticism akademik.
Ley dunke en annde ley leydi Geres, na en mbaawi limtude Saint Augustin, Thomas d'Aquin, Boèce, Anselme et Roger Bacon.
Dunke en annde hikima kese, na en mbaawi limtude Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume et Kant.
Ley Anndal koode, neɗɗo babylon na tawranoo miijooji kewɗi banngal annde aduna ngooduɗe hikima nder anndal hiiñowal koode, kanko du o dimmbi hakkillooji yimɓe Anciant Greek.
Ko booyoyi fu, njinngu annde hikima yimɓe isirayel (yahuudiyankooɓe) keɓii mbatigonɗe semmbe hono naatondirde annde leyɗe tuubaakooɓe, ley annde ɗen, na en mbaawi limtude golle neɗɗo wi’eteeɗo Moses Mendelssohn, kanko darni Haskalah (annoora yahuudiyankooɓe), anndal goodal yahuudiyankooɓe, anndal judaa moƴƴintinaangal.
Anndal alsilaamaaku woodungal hikima wo gollal nangaangal ley golleeji sunna alsilaamaaku wooɗi yo ndemngal aaraɓɓe gollirte.
Anndal alsilaamaaku woodungal hikima aranal ɓeydi annde yemɓe Greek faa njiitiniɓoy laaɓi golleeji kesi nafooji.
Golleeji Aristote mbaylitii miijooji dunke en annde banngal annde ngooduɗe hikima hono Al-Kindi (karni 9), Avicenne (980 – lewru jeegaɓurdu 1037) e Averroès (karni 12).
Ibn Khaldoun (Ɓii Kaldum) laatokeno dunke anndal banngal annde taariki.
Annde finatawa yimɓe inde na hokka annde e hakkillooji nafooji ɗi annde goɗɗe mbawi paccitirde no seediri, finaatawaaji goɗɗi njaɓa nawtoro, goɗɗi du caloo.
Annde yimɓe inde ngooduɗe hikima na reentiri banngal ko gollidinnta e vedas e miijooji ɗi wonndi.
"Janngirɗi jokkuɗi miijo Upanishads, pinaatawaaji mbi’teeɗi ""pocciiɓe"" maa ""hindoues"", woni peccaaɗi pecce jeegom mbi’eteeɗe ‘’ darśanas maa jeɓe annde hikima: Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā e Vedānta."
Kanje ɗen na ɗe njaɓa ko annde maa miijoojiceedata nder diina yimɓe inde tawe na ɓe kawti nuyle diina kan.
"Janngirɗi goɗɗi na goodi faa hannden aykorteeɗi hono diina indu ""hindu"", tawe ɗi naganaa pocciiɗi (saabe na ɗi njaɓa sii mbinndiiri hono Agamas e Tantras shiva), kanji ɗin na ɗi ngonndi janngirɗi kewɗi hono janngirdu shavism, ndagu Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, shavism tantrique non-duel (muyryde Trika, Kaula, hono nihi yaade)"
"Janndeeji diina budaa waɗi dey woɓɓe na njaare ke yonki walaa. Rafi miilaade ke ɓii aadama na jokii ""tagum"" maa""miijom"" wo huunde ko waɗi dey jandeeji diina Budaa na korsi sanne. "
"Annde hikima jaïn woni ngo’ote ka foccaaki dey na waawi wonndude e nyle (diina budaa)”
Ley milooji jaïn kala ko woodi fu yo filtoto nawarta (wanngoto), duumoore nde tagaaka.
Ley ɗii ndeyguuji, miijo reweeɓe diina budis waɗiri semmbe ley finataawaji annde kewɗe nawtortooɗe haalaaji hono (haala Tibetin, haala sin e haala pali).
Suudu janngirdu anndal duuniya wi’eteendu Theravada ɓuri semmbe ley leydi Aazi horɗoore lettugaare hono Sri Lanka, Birmani e Taylande.
Caggal mawde budaa, ukke yimɓe kewɗe puɗɗii na dartina janndeeji annde muɓɓen keɓa keɓɓita annde aduna ngooduɗe hikima mbi’eteeɗe Abidarma.
Cuuɗi jannde mawɗi na keewi, cuuɗi togoosi e jannde finatawa budis ley leyde ennde (Inde) jilla jamaanuuji e ko ɓadi.
Ɗee annde finatawaaji adunankooje ngaɗi fillaaji kewɗi e ko haɓɓodi anndal tagu, politikki e tinndinnooje yimɓe hono Tao, Yin, yang, Ren e Li.
Newo-konfisiyanism ɓuri yoolude laabi jannde wakkati laamu Song (960-1297), wooɗi miijooji maɓɓe laytoke noyle annde hikima adunaaru banngal etuuji tilsuɗi nder suudu jannde yimɓe dunkee en annde.
Ley laamuuji yimɓe Sin ndewtooji ɗi, hono laamu Ming (1368-1644), laamu coréenne Joseon (1392-1897), newo-confisiyanism ɓannguɗo mo hoore muuɗum wo Wang Yangming (1472-1529), laatoke suudu jannde miilooji ɓurundu semmbe wooɗi laamu leydi na ɓanta golleeji mayru.
Ley wakkatiiji hannden, dunke en annde leydi Sin na gollira annde aduna leyɗe tuubaakooɓe.
Bannagal daliili, confisiyanism keso, mo ɗowooɓe muuɗum woni yimɓe Xiong Shili, laatoke ko woodi semmbe.
"laawol gonngol banngal anndal aduna yimɓe leydi japon hanndeeɓe laatokene ""janndeeji finaatawa"" (Kokugaku).
Ley kitaale karni 17, anndal aduna yimɓe etiyoppi dartini anndal dow fillaaji ñiiɓungal ndagu ngal koolaaɗo Zera Yacob.
Sifaaji goɗɗi ƴuwɗi annde yimɓe amirki ɓaleeɓe woni saakagol tinndinooje ko haɓɓodi e mare e leɗɗe.
Pillaaji annde neɗɗo wi’eteeɗo Teotl na waawi adireede hono mbi’ooɓe goodal lamɗo.
Amma, ko mbinndanɗe yimɓe Amirki daraniiɓe janndeeji ley duuɓi 1990 na kolla ke seeɗa e rewɓe woni ko horsini jannde anndal banngal paamu no aduna yaharat, wooɗi ngal anndal woni sayre anndal yimɓe ɗo rewɓe ɓuri famɗude, rewɓe ɓen na tawa hakkunde 17% e 30% ley jannginooɓe annde majjum. Ɗum ko mɓiɗotooɓe annde mbi’i.
"Ndaare faa hannden "" sifaaji e taguuji waldeere jannginooɓe e gollooɓe banngal ndeenaagu yonkiiji"".
Ɗee kiiñe na cappo laabi jogorɗi nguurndam lobbam, e yiitude laabi neediiji lobbi.
Jannde noyle annde kanum laɓɓinta annde lobbe, e dunkaaku golle ɓanguɗo , ngoonga, mooɓugol huunde, seedagol huundu.
Ngal ɓanngi law ley annde artiiɗe Sokarat, wooɗi ngal jokki Pyrrho, darnuɗo janngirdu tuuɓaakuuɓe aranndu. Jannde mayru ngooɗinta kala huunde fu fay so ngoonga.
Empirism kam kaa jiile huunde tan heƴii ko ngonnɗina anndal huunde nden daro darnde daliili muuɗum.
Rasonalism na haɓɓondiri e anndal, filataako dunkaaku ley huunde nden ( hono daliili mo jiɓaaki e janndeeji hiisa).
Jannde anndal tagu na woodi ndewtooji ɗi hono sayre anndal njaaki piilki aduna, sayre anndal leyde adunaaru, sayre anndal goodal tageefo, sayre anndal tageefo.
Mbaadi wo sifaaji ngaɗooji huunde ko laati tawe soni ndi walaa ɗon fu huunde nden waawa laataade non, yo mbaadi anndinoori huunde tawe so ndi walaa ɗon fu huunde ɗen majjete ley kala annde fu.
Sabu miijo laaɓungo wo huunde tilsunde e kala annde fu, sayre annde dow nguurdam yimɓe e taƴe annde dow yimɓe, laawol anndal dartiingal laatoke annde kuuɓuɗe mbaawuɗe gollireede nder aduna fu.
jami’are biinduki defte je New York: ha Oxford.
Amma koheewi e taalibaaɓe janngooɓe fu yo sakiti dey naati jannde fillaaji ko waɗi nder aduna (laataade jurnalis), annde diina, annde aduna, politikki, golleeji kewɗi e natooji kewɗi.
Ley anndal aduna keewungal hiiño, na woodi annde janngooje haala, ko haɓɓondiri haalaaji, gollirooɓe haalaaji e duuniya.
Ɓen yimɓe du neɗɗo daraniiɗo golle maɓɓe woni Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), zaawiya leydi vienne e yimɓe ngooɗimɓe kala ko lunndaaki, e wi’eteeɗo Willard Van Orman Quine kam du daranoke golle maɓɓe ɗen.
Kanko on, o felii yimɓe njokuɓe laawol konvensiyonalism sabu ngol saaboto bantane bonɗe waawuɗe huunde fu inndiree innde heɓaande fu.
Ɗum waɗi dey o holli ke karfeeje e konngi na ngoodi ukke caatanne kewɗe.
Amma wakkati timmooɗe cratyle, O holliino ke yoga e aadiiji mbinndaaɗi hakkunde yimɓe ndu hawritiiɗo ɗon, wooɗi miijo wi’u ngo ke harfu na woodi maanda feereejo wanaa ko selli.
Kanko on o senndi kala huunde fu e nokku muuɗum e sii muuɗum.
"Amma, hono no Aristote miilirno ke nanndooreeji taykaaɗi hakkunde majji ɗi wo sabaaabu yimɓe hawtuɓe nokkuuje na joddi, kanko Aristote on imo sifa neɗɗo laatiiɗo na jinngana laawol ‘’’laawol kujje ngoongaaje ’’.
Kaa filla maa nde yi’annde woni ko firtata (maaninta) kala konngol fu.
Jilla duuɓi ko ɓooyay sanne, dunke en annde hikima no aduna worni pillotooɓe ngoonga na wooduno.
Scolastik tawaaɓe wakkati duuɓi ɓadiiɗi hono Ockham e Jean Duns Scot, nanngi ke anndal gollirowal laawol dartiingol wo scientia sermocinalis (anndal pillaaji).
Kujje ñakuɗe e jiiɓiiɗe fu wiɗaama faa gasi, ɗum waɗi dey saɗɗaaji banngal nawtoraade karfeeje ɓuytoke, karfeeje ɗen hono karfee et (e), ou (maa) , pas (aay), si (soni, so), e chaque (kala).
Miilaade konngol woni hookude ngol maandaa hertoriiɗo wakkati e ko woni na waɗa ley jamaanu on.
Hono ngal natal woni ko jannjinta hannden hakkunde gollirde e dunkaaku huunde e hakkunde haala e ko fillorde haala
Yemre konngol reentinngol karfeeje go’ote woni harfeere hawtunde goɗɗe ɗen suudu, wooɗi karfeeje ɗen wo innɗe, werba e karfeeje siforɗe.
Jannde anndal maanda karfeeje (semantik) kam kaa hiiñataana no harfeere ñiɓori dey holla no jeɓe mayre jeeda et no konngi ɗin fu jeydira.
Na waawi nawtoreede ko huunde nden gollata dey hokkire maanda muuɗum banngal ko gollata e ko jeydaa fu : na ɗe mbaawi nawtoreede banngal hokkude maanda konngol.
"Ko harfeere gollata ley konngol wo ñiɓdi haala adooha yemre huunde (ndelle, puccu ngu) hono naatirgel dey yaltina maanda huunde nden (hono joonin ka no konngol ngol ñiɓori misaalu "" Puccu ngu wo mboɗeewu"").
Yalle waawude filla wo huunde tiiɗu nde na?
Aranal fu yo tagu hani ƴeeweede, sabu tagu na waawi anndinnde neɗoɗo ko heewi e sarɗiiji muuɗum.
Jomen annde mbi’e ke ley gaani hoore, na woodi kujje ɗe ngala golle soni wana wallude neɗɗo faamude e hooƴude haala.
"Daraniiɓe janndeeji fillaaji hono Sapir e Whorf mbi’e ke ɗemngal na tawa e ko sabinbini dey yimɓe ɓe kawta ""haalaaji pillaaji "" mbaawa batidinnde ma miijooji muɓɓen na daɓɓiɗa sabu paamirta (miilo winndaango ley dewtere George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four)."
Ko lutti miilo Sapir-Whorf, miilooji annde woɓɓe mbi’ooji ke miilo (toy, ko ɓeydi, njaajeefi, ko woodi ley hoore tagaaɗo) ko ɓuri fo haala.
Konngol jaltorgol wi’e ke siftaade taagumanseeji maa nate sifotooɗe na tiiɗisanne so tawi yo dow talki golle on waɗete sabu huunde nden waawa laataade no worni e ngoonga muuɗumsoni waanaa hakkilo neɗɗo yiitini ɗum ko huunde nden muyra.
Miilo wonngo enndi siftaande ke haala e miilo fu yo jeydaaɓe, wooɗi neɗɗo waawa sifaade ngel tawee ngel to tawaaka.
Wakkati gom, noyle miilooji annde kollooje maandaa miilo laatiingo yo anndal (fay maandaa sappaaɗo) na yamiri ke haala ɗemngal na waawi wembude miilo neɗɗo.
Annde goɗɗe kolli ke kaalaaji kumpitata no yimɓe paamiri huunde e sabaabu muuɗum fu.
"Ammaa, haalooɓe español maa haalooɓe Japone miijo muɓɓen na yaara ke “"fehere nden helani hoorem"”."
Haalooɓe español e haalooɓe Japone miccataakono ɗii kibaaruuji ɗi anndanaaka haalooɓe engeleere du ɗoon miijo muɓɓen rewi.
Nder hiiñol, haalooɓe German e haalooɓe Spanish njamiraama cifoo kujje tawe sii mbinndanɗe ɗen na ceedi ley ɗemle ɗiɗi.
Sifaade "pon", e haala aleman na ɓe kolla ke haarfeere nden wonaana suudu rewru so español en fu nde wonaana suudu ngoraaku, aleman en mbi’i "ko wooɗi", "ko ŋarɗi", "ko bonata law", "ko waawaa wuurjineede", "ko wooɗi" e "ko sewi", e haalooɓe español du mbi’e "ko mawni", "ko hulɓinii", "ko juuti", "ko woodi semmbe", "ko halii" e "ko woodi darja".
Sifa yigiraagu maa rafi yigiraague alien fu won kujje feereeje ko hakkili, dey waruɓe kawrital ngaal kumpitaakana ɗe kujje cakitiiɗe ɗe.
Sarwiisi jooɗiiɗi glooata, ekstaraterst wo ɓe keɓaay innde.
Darnaama ke hokkude kujje inɗe na walla en faa cifoɗen ɗen e miccitaade ɗe.
Ley nde sayre, ƴamɗe ɗen dekaakinaa dow mbaadi sifaade huunde wootere e kaarfeeje kewɗe, maanaaji ko ɗum fiirtata, e mbaadi no ɗum ñiɓori (ƴamle noy kujje ɗeen ñɓori ley haala wo kujje jogiiɗe pecce laaɓuɗe ley haala wo kujje jogiiɗe pecce laaɓuɗe ɓuroy koy famɗude e no maana ɗum fu ƴuurirta ley pecce ɗeen).
Miijooji jokkondirɗi laaɓuɗi, ko ɓuri hewde wawtu gom na kawrita e annde sikki sakkaaje neɗɗo leydi britanik mbi’eteeɗo John Locke, na miijo ke miijooji laaɓuɗi wo miijooji e hoore ɗi alhaaliiji caabi.
(Miijo Wittgenstein wonduɗo nate e mbinndiiri fiirtoori ko natte ɗeen ngondi du na haani ndaareede).
Jami’are Cambridge, ha Massachusetts: be babal waɗugo defte je Harvard.
Miijo laaɓungo annditirteengo, anndiraango yimɓe fu nde innde soowaande na wi’ee d'externalisme sémantique, na laɓni ke miijo laaɓungo na foti e kujje ley aduna kaɓɓoɗiiɗe e sifaaji.
Wadde konngol finataawa e miijo ngo na fiirta ke konngol wo ko waawi hiiñeede maa wayliteede.
Ley o maanda, paamu (e ko fiirtata) konngol wo ko mbinnduɗo waawi jaɓi fiirti (hiisa, empirik, maa goɗɗum) e goonga gonɗo e konngol ngool.
Miijo haɓɓoɗiiɗo e ko moƴƴi e maanda kala miijo ngo maanda (maa paamu) konngol wo ko minñata ley gollitirgol muuɗum.
Gottlob Frege wo neɗɗo kooliiɗo miijo tiindinooje ƴuurooje e gonnaɗo.
Ngo miijo walaa to dariii, wo miijo gollitirterngo nokkuuje fu wooɗi na ngo laati hakiika.
Tiindinooje wo kujje adunaaru ɗe kaarfeeje maanininirtee.
"Na o hooƴunoo ke inɗe laaɓuɗe cifaaɗe dow ɗe ndagu ""sifaaji piirtaaɗi ndaɓɓinaaɗi"". (ndaarude miijo sifaaji)."
Ɗii konngi na kolla ko haɓɓoɗiiɗo e ko moƴƴi ɗo na holla ke huunde na woodi ko laɓɓinta sifagol ngool.
Dow gollal Frege, haala fu na woodi seedaakuuji kaɓɓodiiɗi e moƴƴi wooɗi e annditirteeɗo ɗum.
Ammaa ceedaaguuji miijooji Frege e Russell haɗaay ɓe fu ɓe annditirtaakena hono sifotooɓe inɗe laaɓuɗe.
"En ndaarira innde Aristote banngal sifaaji"" kanko woni janngoowo Platon fu ɓurɗo manngu "", ""ngaɗuɗo jannde ko focci maa ko darti "" e "" kanko woni moodibbo Alexandre"".
Imo waawi tawe na o wonno dey tawee o anndaakano ley jamaanuuji maa tawee o maayi gilla na o famɗi.
Ammaa ɗum wo miijo ngo ɓeydataa hakkillo.
Ƴamle mbaawaa taa punta dow ɗi kaɓɓu ko’eeji njohooji na ngarta
David Kellogg Lewis hokkii jaabu celluɗo ƴamle arane na holla ke paamiral wo huunde fonndaande dey neɗɗo wattani hoorem e sifaji neɗɗo.
Noam Chomsky kam wi’e ke jannde batu na haani waɗiree I-language, maa batu ngonɗo nder yimɓe.
Fuɗɗoode filnde sellunde sey saarɗiiji banngal nguurndam tawee heɓa hokka maandaaji celluɗi e haalaaji.
Jikkeeji ballitooji miijoo fu wo ko wallitata jannginoowo anndal aduna banngal batu.
Jannde waawude haala wo janngude ñimdi kaarfeeje ɗe yimɓe nawtortoo faa keɓa ko heccintinta ɓernde e ko woodi daliili to binnduɗo oon, nde wo jaaltaade, tooñaade, yiɗude maa jannginde.
Na nde woodi saardiiji ley jannde e no sariya adirtee, na ɗum walla paamu kaarfeeje ko yaadata e ko heguiti ley sayre haalaaji.
"Miijo batu na haɓɓodii wawtu gom e ko hegiti ley maana grec en ""logos"", na manina haala maa ɗemngal."
Heidegger hawrondinan anndal aduna golliroowal sifagol e hiiñugol tawti anndal piirtoowal humpitoowal ngal Wilhelm Dilthey.
Hono, dimo, haafeere nde e hoorem, na hebbini maanaaji sanne. Hono daliiji.
""Heidegger wi’e ke mbinndiiri wo kuungel gootel ley haala, sabu janngooɓe ɓeen du na ñiɓana ko’e muɓɓen maa na ɓeyda ""haala"" so na njannga."
"Nder goonga e daliili, Gadamer sifake ke dagu "" wo ayka dagu paamu e potal ngoodugal nafaa waɗi hakkunde yimɓe ɗiɗo"".
"Paul Ricœur, kamka , suɓaakina wuurtinnde haala kan e ɗemngal yimɓe grec e teekinnde nokku maanda suuɗiiɗo nder karfeeje nannduɗe (maa ""alaama"") e filla woowaaka.
Ɗum na wallitaɓe banngal waawude adunaaru leydi yaasin e wollude yimɓe woɓɓe ɓe barke maɓɓe.
Yoga e sii pillaaji taariiki, asulu muɓɓen na nannge e Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes e Roman Jakobson.
mbinndiiji dewte romaa hittaande karni 19 golli sanne banngal neemingol yimɓe, yoofitaare.
Saldu daraniinɗo cellal e maɓɓe buyki e nokku
Ley golleeji cakiɗiiɗi, waldeere Richard Dawkins. Nder jamaanu tuurganiiɓe Darwin, Richard Dawkins e woɓɓe tuuganiiɓe miccinoowo finataawaji na koojiri haalaaji dagu viirisiiji miijo.
" Yoga mbi’i ke konngol ngol wo huunde huuɓunde aduna wooɗi na nonndire ""kaaƴe"".
" Saɗɗa on na waawi sifteede soni en ƴeewi suɓaangol ""Socrates wo goorko"."
Ɗee kujje ɗiɗi na soɗondiri maa na kawri.
"Ko wanaa nihidu aɗen mbaawi nanngude hono ""gorko"" hono kam wartanta , ""Socrates""."
Ley yimɓe ɓuruɓe anndeende banngal anndal firtugol maandaaji na tawee Tarski, Carnap, Richard Montague e Donald Davidson.
Ɓe miilay no ke golleeji yimɓe e jannde maandaaji na mbaawuno nawtoreede faa kewta na ngollira gollitirɗi jannde laabi kujje pocciiɗe.
Ko heewi e annde makko fu kewɓe nawtoroke, ley nawtoriiɓe ɓen en limta Kent Bach, Robert Brandom, Paul Horwich e Stephen Neale.
Ley Word and Object, Quine lamdoke janngooɓe dewte keɓe miilo alahaali so tawi ɓe kawri e ukkere yimɓe laatiiɓe talkaaɓe dey na ɓe kaani ɓe kokka maanda konngi ɗi ɓe pilli ɗi, wooɗi ɓe nafaa yimɓe mubɓen.
Ko waawi waɗeede tan woni ndaarirde saɗɗa on hono tagu ley filla haalaa dey ndaara noy ka yaharata dey siftoroɗa konngi keddiiɗi.
E miilo Quine, tawti Wittgenstein e Austin, maandaa huunde wana ko jilli e harfeere wo’otere ma konngol, ammaa huunde n tawi so wi’aama ni woni ko firtata fu tawan e haala pilloraaka kan tan woni ko muyra e maanda huunde nden.
" Nokkuuje goɗɗe ɗe huunde nden laɓɓinaaka amma tawe yimɓe korsimɓe annde na njiɗi sanne woni ‘’nokku ɗo waawaaka wi’eede ke pilla maani wo fewre maa ngoonga.
Anndal hiisa woni caɓal jannde aykaaji fi, noyle e ko hiisaa minñta.
Hannden yoga e dunkee en annde Hiisa, na njiɗi ɓanngina laawol wiɗagol e kowaawi yaltude ley laawol jannde hiisa, ammaa woɓɓe ka kaanaaɗa e ko hiisa gollata dey timminira kujje ñakuɗe ko faamaataako ley hiisa .
Anndal yimɓe grecque banngal hiisa ko heewi fu haɓɓodaakina e jannde anndal diidi.
" Ndelle, 3, hono, na darii darnde gaale goɗɗe, ndelle wo ko waawaa "hiiñeede" adadu."
ɗi miijooji arane gerek en dow adaduuji mbuujinaama nde hiisa mo walaa to darii yiitanoo rasine kare addadu ɗiɗi nde heɓanoo.
e taariki, yimɓe tuuganiiɓe Pytagore woɓbe kullino e ngol kumpitol ɗum saabi mbari Hippasus faa kaɗaɗum sankitinnde miijom ngo hawtaa e diina annabi Iisa.
"wo huunde luggunde tiiɗunde faamude, so won no ndaardu ɗen, ngoongaaji laaɓuɗi hiisaaji na nanndi keɓii muuyeede faa waawaa ka rutteede, ammaa so won no ndaarirɗen gadin, "" ƴuwude"" laaɓal ngaal na heddii na hayɗinii."
Janngirɗi tati, kaɓdoohol e sariya, jikkeeji e ko yaadata e mbaɗuuji maa adugol gineeji, won gonnooɗi e oon wakkati, feccere ko ɗi ngaɗanaa faa ɗi nootoo jikkeeji dow hiisa no ngooruno noon, wooɗi hiiñugol walaa no semmbe wooɗi faa han goonɗingol e ko miilanoo wo ko dartinaa ɗum du jikke na ɗoon.
Ley duuɓi hemre ɗiin, kuukoy hiisa na noddiree axiomes, ngol laawol hiisa wo daartinaangol gilla wawtu Euclide, gilla hitaande 300 ndeen fu Annabi hiisa waraay, kanngol woni toggoode hiisa oon wawtu.
Ley hiisa e fiijik fu, miijooji kesi e ɗi miilaaka fu puunti wooɗi ɗum hollii ke kujje keewɗe mbayllitoto e ko warata.
"Mi miilataako ke tiiɗoormaaji ɗi Anndal adunaaru hawrata hannden e hiisa hanndeejo owo tiiɗoormaaji kulɓiniiɗi; wooɗi mi miilo ke jikkeeji dow Anndal adunaaru ley hiisa ko min kolletee wawtu fu wo fewre, ɗum le "ñimminaali Anndal adunaaru wo huunde ko hiisaaji walla ko waɗa ɗum".
Jannginooɓe hiisa kewɓe laatake ndaaranooɓe no hiisa laatorto ; na ɓe adi ko’e maɓɓe hono yiitooɓe kulle finaatawa kese.
Saarɗiiji goɗɗi(hono, so en adii kujje ɗiɗi, na woodi kujje goɗɗe kawritooje faa nagaɗa kujje ɗiɗi ɗe) faa ɗum adirree hono ngooga, ammaa sikisakkaaji ley miilo waawaa adeede dow saardiiji hono ɗi.
Njokkuɓe laawol Platon e tuuganiiɓe ɗum ɗiɗi fu na woodi kujje ƙaɓɓodiiɗe hakkunde maɓɓe laaɓuɗe, wooɗi ɗe ngaanaa kujje dow dowuuje, sabu miijooji Platon kam ɓen artinoo wooɗi ɗi miijooji makko ɗiin mbuurjinanooma e joomiraaɓe annde hono tuuganiiɓe Phytagore yimɓe leydi Grek, e miijo maɓɓe adunaaru ndu wo, adaduuji, tan hiiñiitee adadu.
Ngo miijo no holla ko nanditata e kujje kewɗe ɗe Husserl wi’e dow hiisa, wooɗi na jaɓi miijo Kant ke hiisa wo ko suɓaa).
Tuunganiiɓe Platon fu na njilla miijooji kesi sabu na mbi’a ke na waawi holleede ke kujje ceedude ley hiisa so yo laawol anndal ngol walaa nuygal maa ɗoyle gollitiraaɗe (hono, laawol hiisa ngol wattataa baka hakkunde, e laawol anndal ngol walaa nuygal).
Jamaare yimɓe daraniiɓe ngoonga (tuuganiiɓe Platon), daranaade ko haɗaango miijo Penelope Maddy durwanta, ley miijo maɓɓe aduna fu yo huunde reentude.
" Ɓe kawrondinii miijo ɗiɗi ɗi kawtaa maana "" yiiltagol kujje bonɗe ɗe kawtaa"" wooɗi ɓe ñɓii ko noddiri miijo ɗi calɗi faa ɓe keɓa ɓe kucca huunde ndeen."
Fay Russell wi’e ke ngol e laawol anndal ngol walaa nuygal njeyaaka ley laawol anndal foƴii ngol.
Frege na haaja noo haddi ko yaadata e sariyaaji V ɗi heɓa o hokka maande adaduuji laaɓuɗo, ammaa haddi saarɗiiji adaduuji na waawi ƴuurude e golleeji Hume.
Amma ɗum na walla dunke en annde hiisa e jokkude golleeji muɓɓen dey yoppida ko heddii e dunkee annde aduna e annde laɓɓinooje tabitinɗe.
"Hilbert na wonndunoo anniya laɓɓinde noy hiisa yuɓɓori ley laawol muuɗum e fuɗɗirde ko aykaa’’ hiisa adaduuji’’ (hiisa adaduuji ɗi ngala mona ruƴƴita ɗum) na nannguno hakkilo sanne."
Ndelle, heɓa hollita ke laabi annde hiisi ɗi na ngoodi semmbe, dey soni wanaa daliiliiji ngadee ko hollata ke laawol fukkinaangol ngol wo huunde woondunde semmbe.
Dunkee en annde goɗɗe hono Rudolf Carnap, Alfred Tarski e Haskell Curry, hadiriino annde hiisa hono jannde kujje ɗe ngala no sinngii.
Soni anndal ngal lugginaama fu, paamu
Ko dukee en annde goɗɗe felirta dunkee annde hiisa woni jannde hiisa na woɗɗi e janngunde kujje mbaawuɗe meemireede ɓoggi hono no filla dow to.
Brouwer, woni hooreejo jom en annde miillooɓe ke kujje gollirteeɗeley annde hiisa wo nanngaakana e mbaadiiji kujje tagaaɗe.
Anndal kujje ɗe ngalaa asulu keɓay jaɓaneede edunkee en annde Fay ko laati ke nokkuuje goɗɗi fillaaji annde ɗen wo ngoonga.
Ley ngol laawol du, annde hiisa wo golle ñeeñal ɓii aadama tan, amma wana kujje pijirɗe hono kujje taagumanseeji ɗi ngal fayda.
Ammaa, numbaji ɗin fuu no hollan to babiji labi majje, kanjum wani labi numba.
Ammaa, maandaa majjum haɓɓodaakinaa tan dow salndu hiisa, wanaa iri le no kulle ngoorri maa no laabi hiisa ngoorri( e ɗum wari fiirtude jannde anndal ko woodi yonki fuh)
No kulle ponnditorii na jogoraa hono ko yi’etee ammaa yo ɗum ko yi’ataako, meemataako.
No kulle ponnditorii na jogoraa hono ko yi’etee hoho so huunde yi’eteende maandinaama.
Hono no hakkillo luggungo, jogoriingo keh huunde fuh ley hakkillo tan waawi wonude annditirteengo nominalisme, miilo keh kulle hiisa nji’ataako, ngalaa nokku muɓɓen e ley fonnditingol.
Yimɓe na miija ke hiisa wanaa ngoonga ley nokkuuje fuh waaɗi ngalaa fuh ɗo ngoonɗi, so wanaa ley hakkillo neɗɗo.
Ammaa, hakkillo ɓii aadama, walaa fuh laawol dow tabital majjum, maa e miijooji gonɗi kaɓɓodooɗi e hiisaaji.
ngaɗuki ɓuruki maataneede, dawla e ɓurki jaayde e ngon miilo yo ngo Where Mathematics Comes From, de George Lakoff et Rafael E. Núñez.
" Franklin, James (2014), ""An Aristotelian Realist Philosophy of Mathematics"", Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke ; Franklin, James (2021), ""Mathematics as a science of non-abstract reality : Aristotelian realist philosophies of mathematics"," Foundations of Science 25."
- Anndal limoore ngal Euclide, ngal John Penn Mayberry ɓeydi ley deftere muuɗum The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets ngal duh no naattani e miijooji Aristote kiiɗɗi.
Edmund Husserl, ley feccere go’aɓerde e defte filndeeji makko dartiiɗi innidirteeɗi ""Prolégomènes de la logique pure"", yeddii sanne miilo ngon, deh woɗɗiingo.
Ɗum waraynaa wiide keh, gam anndal ko yi’etee meemetee na tilsa ɗum haalude haala kuukoy pammaroy ko tuubaaku wi’ata électrons, faa holla ko sabii ko ampuluuji na nga’i na nga’i nii, ndelle ɗum na holla keh eɗum woodi.
- imo holla tabital kulle hiisa hono tinndungo ɓurngo laaɓude hono e annde makko ɗum ɗon haɗi hiisa ceedaagu muɓɓen e annde goɗɗe.
- ngoo miilo yaajii wakkati mo konngol anndaangol sanne ley jamaanu 20e siècle, wi’ungo keh, walaa fuh ko waawi holude faay seeɗa tabital hiisa.
Miilo hiisa na waawi saabaade pene ley jiile tuumeeji, na waawi duh hollude ngoongaaji ley miijooji e ley jiile kantorɗe.
- o waɗii jeddol maangol e ley kaan haala ley New Directions.
soni hiisaaji na laatii ko tabiti dow annde e jiile hono annde goɗɗe nii, ɗum na holla ke ko ƴuwata e majjum ɗum fuh na waawi laataade fewre hono no majje nih, ɗum fuh ɗum wanaa ko hoolnii.
hono miilo hiisaaji luggo enndoowo faa woɗɗoo ñake goɗɗo ɗe miijoojin Quine e Gödel e ekkitagol ngel fuh hono no woorri ƴeewen Realism in Mathematics nde Penelope Maddy.
o fuɗɗirii kanko e hoore makko daliiliiji Hilbert faa o maandina yolnde tawee o gollitoraaki fuh pnnditirgal, o ɓeydi faa hannden jokkinndiral feerewal hakkunde toɓɓe ɗen faa o waɗa golle golletenooɗo gilla maa arrannde ley gese diidetenooɗe.
- Ley ɗon, o walaa saɗɗa kaɓɓodiiɗo e annde ɗe njeddaaka ley aduna maa ko haɓɓodii e annde kulle feereeje ley hiisaaji.
Ammaa, jiile kaɓɓodiiɗe e annde ko yi’etee, meemetee, yo fonndugol e ko ‘’woodi’’, wi’ooɓe ke hulle hiisa na kaani keɓee ñiɓee faa holla keh hiissa na goonɗi, na kolla filndeeji hiisa ngaɗataakenaa dow yamiroore yimɓe waɗooɓe ɗum maa dow haajuuji yimɓe yomnooɓe ɗum.
Ammaa wi’ooɓe ke hulle hiisa na kaani keɓee ñiɓee faa holla keh hiissa na goonɗi, na mbi’a keh hiisaaji na ngondi e rafi laaɓal sanne : so wanaa nde hiisaaji ɓeydorii yeeso, darnde hiisaaji wittiinde ndeyimɓe koolaaki nde, nde moƴƴinaama hono no haaniri nih, na haaniri maa no yimɓe hiisaaji hanndeeɓe njiɗii tawee.
No hiisaaji ngoorri noon na laɓɓinaa ley calɗi muuɗum finaatwaaji.
wi’ooɓe ke hulle hiisa na kaani keɓee ñiɓee faa holla keh hiissa na goonɗi na njogorii hono laabi ‘’waɗugol hiisaaji’’ na woodi ko fiirtata, kaa hawtuɓe e miijooji réalisme, na nanngiri ɗum hono rafi ɓiɓɓe aadama hakkillooji maa semmbeeji faa ceennnda ɗum, maa yo saabee hakkillooji annde yimɓe, maa saabee hakkillooji yimɓe hiisaaji heewɓe haɗata faamugol no kulle hiisaaji ley aduna.
ko ɓuri sakitaade, Paul Ernest hollii faa laaɓii laawol hakkillo luggungo haɓɓodiingo e no hiisaaji ngorri ley aduna.
- hono kulle annde haalaaji ngollirtaake ko ɓuri heewde e no kulle hiisaaji ngoorri, ɗum waraynaa wiide keh jannde haala hiisaaji hawtaa e jannde haalaaji geddiiɗi ɗii nih.
Ammaa laabi ɗi Frege e Taski ngaɗi faa njannga ko haɓɓodii e haala hiisaaji, Richard Montagne mo Tarski jannginta yaajiniiɗi faa hannden yimɓe woɓɓe janngooɓe haalaaji banngal ko kelme piirtita faa ɓe kollita ceedaagu hakkunde haalaaji hiisaaji e haalaaji boowaaɗi, ceedaagu ngun heewaa fay seeɗa hono no miilirtee nih.
‘’konngol bi’ungol keh calɗi tuumeeji jomɓen annde faa tawti e liimooreeji fuh na kaanunoo jaɓeede keh no ngooɗi waaɗi kollinaama hono no ngoorri non.
Field hollinii miijooji muuɗum ley ko innditirtee fictionnalisme.
yi’annde nden na yowii dow miijo ko yi’aa maa waɗaa ko haɓɓodii e miijooji laabi hakkillooji ngaandi na waawi hokkeede ley laabi hollitingol na hiisaaji ngoorri hono ko heddii fuh.
laawol gonngol duh yo ɗowtirde kulle ɗe nji’ataako, e ngol laatii lobbol e laabi hiisaaji ko haɓɓodii e sabaabuuji maa e ko nandinaa.
nandinen joonin, ɓe ngadda daliiliiji ɗiɗi penninooji ɗum.
Paul Erdos na anndanoo e tuumeeji muuɗum e nder ‘’deftere’’ wondunde e daliiliiji hiisaaji ɓurɗi dawla e goonɗude.
- kaa dow laawol hono maggol, jomɓen miiloogi luggi ley hiisaaji pilake faa ɓeydal goonɗol daliili on faa ɓura ngole ngol teengude.
Miilo ruuhu yo salndu miiloolooji lugguɗi janngooji kulle buurɗe e no kullu ngoorri, hakkillo e ɓanndu.
- ko wi’etee dualisme e moniosme yo cuuɗi janngirɗe miijooji ɗiɗi dow ɓanndu-ruuhu, fay so jeddi goɗɗi ngarii ɗi kawray e faay gootel e majji.
"Hart, W.D. (1996) ""shiutuki"", to Samuel Guttenplan (org) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell, Oxford, 265-7."
Pinel, J. Psychobiologie, (1990) Prentice Hall, Inc. LeDoux, J. (2002) The Synaptic Self : How Our Brains Become Who We Are, New York:Viking Penguin.
"Psychological Predicates"", in W. H. Capitan e D. D. Merrill, eds.,"
" Prédicats psychologiques " ", nder W. H. Capitan et D. D. Merrill, éd.
Hono muuyɗe ɓii aadama faa ñaama Pizza, na waawi waɗude faa ɓiinaadama on soññira ɓanndu soñño fereewo, feedee e nokku feereejo faa heɓa ko yiɗi.
"Robinson, H. (1983) : ""Le dualisme aristotélicien"", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1, 123-44."
ko ɓuri heewde fuh iɓe mbaawi yeddude keh miijo yo ngaandi tan, maa ngaandi yo miijo, ɓe tawan keh yo kuungel gootel tan kaɓɓodiingel e ontologie tan woni ley ton rafi hakkilantiyel.
Ndelle joonin, iɗen mbaawi ƴamitaade ko honndu wuloore maatata, maa ko kammbu nanndi, maa ko jimol belungol neɗɗo nandi.
Won kulle maatanteeɗe, kewtuɗe ley ko waɗata ley ngaandi. Na ɗum tiiɗi nandinde e goɗɗum hono ko yi’etee.
ko wi’etee dualisme ɗum, na jey tinndinde noy hakkillo waawii tuɗɗirde e ko yi’etee.
Anndal, kam kay na taykoo ley hokkugol yi’annde.
Miilo go’aɓo ngon, eɗen mbaawi miijaade ɓanndu meeɗen, miijaade tabital ɓanndu meeɗen tawee laabi hakkillo faay gooti kayritaa e ndun ɓanndu.
woɓɓe hono Dennett, mbi’ii keh ummitagol miilooji luggi yo huunde fewreere nde waawaa laataade.
- Miijo wi’oowo keh no ngaandi ɓii aadama woorri hono, hono miijooji e jiɗaale fuh en na ngollida e terɗe ɓii aadama.
- ‘’ yi’annde Descartes na suɓii e yi’annde wi’unde nde Seth miijii keh yo hakkillooji ‘’laaɓuɗi ceeduɗi’’ ley hakkillo muuɗum, na laatii gooɗuɗi.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Bradford) hono Joseph Agassi na wi’a keh ji’anɗe annde kese keɓaaɗe gilla maa puɗɗe ndiga karni 20 kaɗii miijooji makko heɓude dawla.
Ndee yi’annde yo Gottfried Leibniz ɗowtirannoo ɗum.
ɗee jeye ɓeydotooɗe na laatii e ko haɓɓodii e jannde kulle buurɗe waaɗi mbaawaa jogoreede hono kulle jiireteeɗe hono no ɗe ɓeydortoo, ɗe tinndinaaka.
Epiphenomenalism, yo miilo ngo Thomas Henry Huxley yaltini go’o fuh.
Ngon miilo, Frank Jackson ɗowtirii ɗum.
panpsychisme yo miilo wi’oowo keh huunde fuh na woodi alhaali hakkillo, maa duh no ɓuri hoyirde faamugol, kulle fuh na ngoodi hakkillo anndal, maa yi’annde muuɗum wootere.
Maandaa hono jeyal hoore disparate ngal hokkaama Allan Wallace, o winndii keh dow annde makko neɗɗo waawaa ko weleta, hono so neɗɗo naatii e golle tiiɗuɗe sanne tawee ɓeernde muuɗum na weli. Ko lunndii ɗum guh neɗɗo na waawi wondude ɓeernde mettunde deh tawii terɗe muuɗum na muuya golle.
ko waɗata ley hakkillo na waawi saabaade waylagol terɗe, faa hannden ko waɗata e terɗe duh na mbaawi waylitinde hakkillooji.
miilo banngal diina annditirteengo dualisme na gollitoree ley diina bouddhisme Madhyamaka.
salaade woodugol kulle laatiiɗe kuuɓal annde duuniyaaru meeɗen, yi’annde Madhyamaka kay yeddii ko wi’etee dualisme mo Descartes e faa hannden monisme kulle- hono physicalisme- yeru alhaali ɗi annde meeɗen hanndeeje
Ndelle, physicalisme maa miilo keh huunde waawunde waɗreede goɗɗum yo huunde goonɗunde, nde diina bouddhisme salii.
soni go’aɓe ɓen kaɗii wonude e nokku, witeesi, alhaali ki yi’etee, darnde e faa hannden kulle keewɗe, ɗum ɗon wanaa alhaaliiji no hakkillooji ngoorri.
La nature fondamentalement disparate de la réalité est au cœur de certaines formes de philosophies orientales depuis plus de deux millénaires.
No alhaali ko wi’etee disparate woorri e ko goonɗi ley alhaaliiji miijooji luggu ɗi lettugal gilla maa ko waɗata duuɓi ujunaaji.
- fay so ko wi’etee idéalisme laaɓuɗo hono mo George Berkeley, anndaaka sanne ley miijo luggungo ley leyɗe tuubaakooɓe, hono majjum ɓuru ɗum teeŋude annditirtee ɗum panpsychisme, bi’oojum keh anndal gollitoraangal e laabi hakkillo na laatoo sabaabu anndal gollitoraangal e laabi terɗe; ɗum ɗon, jomɓen miilooji luggi hono Alfred North Whitehead e David Ray Griffin en ɗowtirii ɗum.
Laawol tataɓol ngol, yo jaɓude woodugol huunde nde yi’ataako taykataako.
darnde no laabi hakkillo neɗɗo, ndekaaka e hiiñugol faa no ngoorri, waaɗi mbaawaa duh gollitoreede faa huuɓinee e ko warata.
Ɗakkol ɓeydagol laawol jannginirgol mawɓe, ko wi’etee behaviorisme philosophique ( nde gom na ɗum wi’ee behaviorisme logique) kanun duh ɓeydake.
ɓeen, ɓe miilooji luggi, mbi’ii keh soni kulle hakkillo yo kulle ji’otooɗe, tawii wanaa needi, nden leh kulle hakkillo na nandi e kulle ngaandi.
e nder tuumee maanda kulle, ko kulle ngaandi jokkonndirta e hakkillo neɗɗo, ɗum waray wiide keh gollidal na woodi hakkunde majjum.
yi’annde Wittgenstein banngal maandaa hono gollitoraade saabii hello ko wi’etee fonctionnalisme hono tuumee maandaa, mo Wilfrid Sellars e Gilbert Harman janngi.
gilla nden, yimɓe na ƴamitoo faa paama salla ko wi’etee physicalisme mo ɓuytataa na woodi.
‘’Davidson na gollitoroo tuumee ko annditirtee supervénience : hakkillooji na ndaarana terɗe, kaa mbaawaa ɓuytude ɗum.’’
ngaandi na ɓeydoo wakkati, ɗum waɗi ko ngaandi na waɗa sifa so ɓooyii.
nanndingol hoore mum maa ‘’miin’’ laatii leewngol buuji on.
- leewngol ngol na hollina jokkonndiral sabu buuji on ñifataa wakkati mo huɓɓata, kaa leewngol ngol waalaa sifa faay wakkati gooto.
faa hannden, yo fenande hoore muuɗum, miijude keh yo no neɗɗo woorrunoo ko naatannoo subaka oo ley suudu janngirdu nii nih woorii fahin.
ɗum ɗoo na haɓɓodii e no kulle ngaandi ngoorri, ko hokkata hakkillo.
Churchlands en na kaala nde gomma haala tuumeeji e annde janɗe kulle buurɗe fewreeje garuɗi ley ko wattii.
Jomɓen miilooji luggi mbi’ii keh yo gan wonugol jiiɓaare banngal ko tayketee .
na haani jaɓee keh anndal ɓii aadama siforee sifaaji ceeduɗi- hono ley haala kelme ngaandi ley kelme nguurndam.
ngaandi waawaa gollitoraade kelme hakkilo – filnde no ngaandi woorri na laatii boofal.
e ɗum siforii e hakkilo lobbo gollitoraango hono naawalla, so naawii.
Gonal kulle ngaandin e ko’e muɓɓen mbaawaa, hollitinde no waɗi ko eɗe ngondi e annde tedduɗe kawrooje.
ɗum ƴuwataana e miilo haɓɓodiingo e no tinndungo waawi hoytinireede.
Jom miijo luggungo karni 20 mo leydi Allemagne mo XXe siècle, annditirteeɗo Martin Heidegger yeddii tuumeeji kaɓɓodiiɗi e janndeeji kulle burɗo en deh o hollii laawol walaa faa annde ɗen laatoo goɗɗum.
tiiɗorma tinndungo sifaaji kulle kaɓɓodiiɗe e majjum e no hakkillooji ngoorri e no miilo woorri ko ɓuri heewde banngal laabi annde keewuɗi, ndeende tataberde, eɗum wi’ee ngayka tinndugo.
Iriiji ɗiɗi ceeduɗi kawriti, waaɗi faay gootol waawaa laataade too ngol.
Nagel kay, wi’aynaa keh anndal waaway tafon tinndinde annde goɗɗe gon ɗee sabu ngal yottaaki ɗo ngal haani yottaade faa nga waawta ɗum ɗon.
Sifa laabi hakkillooji hono ɗii nih, na tawdaa huunde e daliiliiji no kelme piirtirta ndelle eɗen mbaawi hokkude ɗum maadaa lobbo
Hakiillooji am maa miijooji banngal hakkillooji no mbaawi laataade ngoonga maa fewre, ndeen leh, noy laabi hakkillooji ( ji’anɗe e miijjooji) mbaawi laatoraade laabi boowaaɗi ?
Te nihaa haala kan ka goonga, nden huunde nden nde goonga; koo boo, ka fewre.
Tinda laawol hakkiilo ɗon hawtiidi e laawol ɗanndu, bayaanuuji ɗi ilmu kiimiiya mawɗum dowcii aadama ɗon huwa kuungal mawgal masin nder ɓernde tagu.
Haa nder Ilmu takdi gaad, woodi geɓe ɗuɗɗe hawtuɗe e alaka hakkude hakkiilo e darde jayri e laaɓi maaji: Ilmu gaadi di jayri ɗon lincita alaka gkka hakkude laaɓi jayri e ko ɗun nanata.
Sakitaare boo, ilmu tagdi ɗon jaanga aslu e faaruki yeeso ɓii aadama nden bo teni haa non ɗun funɗaado numuki, nden ɗon waɗa bayaanu takdi roneteedi e ndi ronatake dow hakkilo arandeejindi fundado
Misaalu koyɗun hanjun wonte hanjum wonte ninkaaki
Ƴamol ngo’ol waataama nder kuungal mawngal nder kuuɗeeji hakkilo (AI).
Nupooji kuuɗe hakkilo (AI, e fellere woore boo ɗun ndi gaandi e ko hawti e nanduɗun e ɓii aadama.
Lile lildeteeɗe jaɓi miskilaaji feereeji, hawtaade e ko ɓuri andeeki ɗun suudu caynanko’en ɗun ilmu Searle hokki.
Ilmu hakkiilo ɗon lincita nder hakkiilo e ko nandi e maajum ko boo e huudeeji bii aadama ɗi nder e ɗi yaasi.
Raa’i hokkaa ɗun dow ilmu ɓernde yi;i huundeji dilloje dow laawol gootol woodi alaka e bandun
Hawtidi e lincituki dow hakkiilo e ɗabii’a musaaman wiitinki hakkiilo dow no bayanuuji hokkeete, e yaadete e boo no waylitete(e geɓe bano anduki e ɗenngal e memori e numuki e yaaki) nder bange ɓii aadama (ɓii aadamaajo ko dambawa) e injinji (misaalu bano ndi gaadi).
Non maa boo, kuungal Hengel ferɗodiri e kala kuuɗe yimɓe Amerkanko’en ɓe nane.
Nder ilmu Laaɓi tokketeeɗi, ɗi EDmund Hussert fuɗɗi, dow ko ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo dow ɓernde ɓii aadama e boo no laabi tokketeeɗi nastata ner gaadi min.
Hanjun wonte dow yimɓe ɓurɓe yiki hoore maɓɓe.
Goɓɓe e ɗon hoo’a numuki kala ki’i dow ko dillanta yees: yimɓe waɗanta hoore maɓɓe ko ɓe yɗi e ko ɓe yiɗa.
“Goɓɓe daariiɓe dow non ɗun ɗon yi’a “”E min goodi ndimu min boo?”””
Ɗun wala dow atal bonngal andutuki ndimu e ciya ndargal anniya.
Ɓurɗo faa’ida nder yimɓe ɓe hoore maɓɓe nder taariiha anndal hakkiilo hanko wonte David Hume.
Nder kala ɓe’e ɓe anndal tabbitini ko tagi duuniyaaru hanjun wonte ko a) wala wanginki nder raa’i ɗun hoorejum te raa’i ɗun hooree te dun hawti e bange jayri b) e wangine nder ko wala anniyaaki nder raa’i hoorejun c) e wangine nder ko wala anniyaaki nder raa’i hoorejun ammana nder ko yaadata e ko suɓete nder kuuɗe ɗe wala ustaari nder wuuduuji maaji.
Ɓe tabbitini bano ni’i: teni anniyaaji min wala ko darnii dow ko ɗume, nden min heɓay kala ko min heɓata fuuh non siddan.
Famtuki hoore dow ko yaadata e nder bikkon dikllidinki wurtnaaɗun famtuki ruha ɗun walaka
Mantranga, hanko wonte ardiiɗo dudal nga’al yi’i, hawtidiri e laamiiɗo e sarɗoowo mo e ardiiɗo taadiiɓee e modibbo laamorde.
Nder ko Arthashatra wurtini nder ko bayanuuji ilmu kiimiya siyaasa ɗun laamiiɗo marɗo dabare laamu, laaɓi laamu caanuuji yaasi e konu, bange laaɓi ɗin yi’’i lincituki fododirki mottal jawdi ledi hawte.
Mawɗi famtuki jogaaɗi e wankati ɗun hanjun wonte, ferɗodirdirtuki e sari’aaki e ra’i mohidiki e raa’i Agaraɗinki e ra’i Toɗinki, ko ɗume woodi kala laaɓi siyaasa maɓɓe nder njangirde maɓɓe.
Sari’aaki ɗon yi’a ɗun waɗa laamu jogaaki baya go’o dow yarnuki bone e dooka darnaka.
“Yaaki keerol wankati neeɓuɗun, boo, “”ɓe garagajiya’en”” ɓe Ashari’en daarii islaama won nasru.”
Ammana, e numuki tubanko’en, haani ɗun waɗa huude woore bano pilosopa’en islaama waɗi bano: al-Kindi (Alkindus) e al-Farabi (Abunaser) e İbn Sina (Avicenna) e Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) e boo Ibn Rushd (Averroes).
E misaalu, Famtuki ko Lartuki Kawariji’en nder fuɗɗan taariha islaama dow kilafa e ummaatoore, ko bo ɓe shii’a dow lartuki ardaago fuuh ɗon daare dow famtuki siyaasa.
Laaɓi Aristotul wangii nde duuɓi ilde islaama waɗi ka faaruki yeeso dow pilosopa’en juldanku ɓaawo nde ɗun laati duuniyaaru juldanku.
“Luttano pilosopa’en andaaɓe dow siyaasakunder wakakatii ɗun hawtii e Nizam al-Mulk moodibbo paarisa boo ardiiɗo binduɗo deftere indeteede e Siyasatnama nder arabiyya koo boo “”Deftere laamu”” e Tubankore.”
Heeni ɓurɗo sembuɗuki nder pilososa’en Tubanko’en hanko wonte St. Thomas Aquinas laatiiɗo walliti fu’’ituki kuugal Aristotul, laatiɗun saakaama haa nder leddi Tuubanko’en yaaki leddi julɓe Sipen hawtade e kuuɗe Averroes.
Luttue hawtidii e Nicole Oresme nder deptere maako nde Siyasankore, saaliiɗo ndimu waylituki laamu e ciya adalaaku.
Kuuɗe ɗe’e bee Haalaaji, din walliti masin haro semmbiɗinki kala siyaasa haande e leydi Hirna.
E haali ɗume maa, Machiavelli hokki laartuki maako sembinɗun dow ko haani e siyaasaku, waato dow huunde bonde e nde wooɗa e te ɗun naptortooɗun dow wadduki keerol—waato tepuki e tabbitinki laamu sembiɗɗum
Raa’i ɗun wurtinaa maa diga ƴami ɗiɗi: go’o, e kala ndimu ko haaje ɗume yimɓe inditi; e ɗiɗi, kala laaɓi ɗiye haani tooke e leddi haro laamu.
“Ko ɗun numata “”laamu”” hanjun wonte kala motta yimɓe laatiiɓe arddiiɓe inaaje leyd, bo tiggooɓe dookaaji ɗi yimɓ tokkata ngam hawtuki ko’e maɓɓe.
Nden boo ɗun rakkay anduki ɗon ɗun e famtuki meere kutirteeɗun e luumo leydi e leydi.
Ɓurɗo ko uye bolle e wasaaki nder coocire Faransa hanko wonte François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, wakiiliijo waytinirki ko’e yimɓe.
“Ko saldoriyam haa mayde an te mi rakkay mi wallutuma nder kala kuungal nga’al hanjum wonte ko ɓerde tagu rakkata wagginki."""
Locke darake haro waylutuki raayi Sir Robert Filmer tituɗo raayi siyaasaku dow ko ɓuri laaɓi kiimiya e bange siyaaasaku gootum.
Naa bano raayi Aquinas dow hisnuki ruuha diga zunubaaji, Locke yerdake dow ɓerde tagu wari wala ɗume maa nder maare.
Ko ngam maren tagu wannoto dow keerolji ndimu dga haro laamiiɗo ko ardiiɗo, e ko andaano nnane teni haa ardiiɗo wala adalaku siyaasa dow talaka’en maako kaway mo waɗaya ka laamaaki dow ko mo yiɗi naa dow ko yimɓe maako yiɗi baa.
Adalaku ɗun hawtidiri e kuuɗe laatiiɗe boɗɗe—waato kuuɗe hawtudirɗe e ndimuuji.
Mo naptori, Ndimu haro wakki haala foodoodirki rewɓe e worɓe e ummaatoore.
Ndimu yimɓe nane saaliiɓe hawtidiri e huuduki nder leddi, hokkuɗun yimɓe daama ndimu ko moye sembiɗina siyaasa mun nder muhawara e suɓal e nder yimɓe.
Ndimu yimɓe naane darnaama ndrer yimɓe ummatoore hawtude , e ko yimɓe hawtata e fellere woore ngam sarɗuki e caanuuji yimɓe.
E maymako non, ɗun yimɓe soɓioɓe suɓata wakili’en, laatotoɓe darnay ko haani fuuhe wakiltoo yimɓe boo ɓe hisnay yimɓe diga kala caanuuji siyaasa ɗi haanayi.
E Leviathan, Hobbes tiggii raayiiji maako dow darnal leddi e laamu dariiɗum e tigguki manufaaji boɗɗi ɗi kiimiyya ɓii aadamaajo.
E nder leddi din, kala tagu fuuh latoto woodi ndimu e daama kala ko yiɗi fuuh e duuniyaaru.
Yinddaade e 1762, laatake ɓurde ko ndeye sembe nder ko yaali kuugal pilosopaaku siyaasaakue leyɗe Hirna.
“Ɓen numooɓe baabiraaɓe woɓɓe hamɓe wonte hamɓe wonte maccuɓe ɓurɓe ko ɓeye.”””
Waylitaare hampaniije luumo waddi waylitaare siyaasaaku ɗun wala ba maajum.
E caka karni 19, raa’i tita, nden boo laamanaaki ummatoore heɓi yiddi yimɓe masin, musamman diga yimɓe mawɓe ɓe nder ngelle mawɓe.
Naa bano moodibbo Marx ba on gerdiiɗo e taariiha yidde kaareeji, Hanko kan Hegel yerdake tokkaaki laaɓi nder ɗi nder ruha.
Haro duuniyaaru ɓe Anglo-Amerka’en, ciya yidde mawnitaare e saalitaare puɗdi hebki yerda e karnijum 20.
Ɗon wonte wakkati Jean-Paul Sartre eLouis Althusser, e boo nasru Mao Zedong mo caynaako’en e Fidel Castro mo kubanko’en, nden boo e motta lewru maayu1968, ardaaniɗaaɗum ngam famtuki waylitaare laamudiga haro New Left.
Laamu jagginki e hollukiferɗodirki laral ɗon nder ko wangi wakkatiire nden.
Ɗon wonte ndimu rewɓe wangi, e yaadu ummaatoore de LGTB e keerol laamu jaginkie e ferɗodirol siyaasaaku ɗum faɗɗuɓe ɓe yimɓe Afirkanko’en Amerka e boo e kuugal ngal wala semteede diga ɓe ɗuɗa e duuniyaaru fa’uɓe yeeso, hanjum boo waddi ndimu rewɓe e ɓaawo laamu jagginki e boo aaduuji ɗuɗɗi laati won muhimmu.
Rawls huutiniri foodoodirol gongol, e aslu darde, te wakiili’en jam’iyyaaje laatoto e suɓa laaɓi waggo adalaku e nder ummatoore diga to haani.
E jamanuuru jooni boo, e wanguki aadaaji futtuki e haro ɓe Anglo-Amerkanko’en nder laatuki maɓɓe, e leddi Yurof, laaɓi ɗuɗɗi ɗi palsapaaku titaaɗi nyaamanaama neɗɗaku nder haakkude duuɓi 1950 e duuɓi 1980.
“E ko ferɗo diri laaɓi, pilosofa’en ɗuɓɓe diga naahiyaaji feere—haa jon jaabake raa’i—wukki semmbiɗinki dow laamu ummaatoore nden bo “”wiitinki haro Hegel””.”
Muhaawara gokkamaa titaama e nder wakkati ɗun e ferɗodirol dargal dow raa’i siyaasakuɗun Michael Walzer e Sandel e Charles Taylor titi.
Laamu komuniteeriyan ɗon jangana dargal keerol e boo laaɓi motta jawdi e ɗi ummatoore gadduɗum yajjinki motta jawdi.
Kuudeeji ɗidi dow siyaasaku wangi e yaaki keerol karnijum 20 hanji wonte laamu repabilikan’en e laamaaki lrakkuki
Haro Laamu repabilikan dargal maccuɓe wo’’inaama wala la’akari e kala maccinki kin.
Haa laaɓi yaadeteeɗi ɗin e laamu repabilikan ɗon hoo’a cuɓi huude mawnde.
Nder yerdaa raa’i yi;iki ɓii aadama ɗon dabbawa marga hakkiilo (ngelee kiɗɗe ɗe Girkanko’en yi’i) ɗon hokaa ko haani e nder kuuɗe dabaaji
Burke don nder heɓuɓe jaamaaje masin nder waylitaare Amerka
Modibbo Chomsky ɗon ardoo kuuɗeji niyo laberiyan e siyaasaku Amerka e leddi jooni dow habre Isra’iila e palastiniya e habaruuji caakooji.
William E. Connolly: walliti haro tituki laɓi kesi ɗi jamanuuru nder raa’i palsapaaku siyaasa, nden bo mo faari raa’iiji goɗɗi yeeso ɗi jamaaje nder demokraɗiyya hande.
Thomas Hill Green: pilosopaajo keso bo daaradiido dow ndimu e habankiɗum.
Kuungal maako ɗon wonte nder sembiɗinki janngirde Frankfurt.
E mo ɗon nodda dow daranaaki hoore hanjum boo wonte laamanaki darono hoore mun haro ummatoore te ɓe latoto ɓe waɗini hoore maɓɓe hoonde.
David Hume:Hume aybake raa’i Jhn Locke e luttaado maako dow wal ko haani dow ɗon.
Ɓurɗo andeeki nder lesɗe Amerkaanko’en hanjun wonte andinki ndimu.
O wi’i woodi haaje mottare lesɗe ngam tabbitinki jonnde jam
O alai laawol Hobbes e fellere de’e dow wiiki ummaatore nde gikku maare ɗon haro laamiiɓe wala ndimu haanuɗum nden mo wii laamu ɗun sembiɗa doole laato ɗon helano yimɓe e jawdi maɓɓe.
Gooto nder titoɓe raa’i ɓe lesdi hirna.
Hokki bolle dow lesde jooɗiidi dow famtuki e lartuki jamanuuru.
Nder raa’i siyaasaku, o yerdake e hemduki laamu nden boo o sarɗii dow tabbitinki ɗume maa e yahaa no haani ngam dilluduki e ummatore faɗɗuɓe e ɗuɓɓe nder laamu.
“Fuɗɗuki famtuki ngam ""wakiltaaki yeeso""ɗon wi’ete hakkilanki ummatoore rakkay laato naa ta wiiki ɗun dillay no saaloto sanbet baa heeni bano no ɗo yiɗa.
Titii darnol famtukinder huunde wi’eteede (goonga e fewrwe) waɗi iimanaaku dow no ɗun hakkilanta umaatoore e kuuɗe maɓɓe.
Mencius: Gooto nder ɓerɓe muhimmango pilosopa’en nder janngirde ɓe ruuɗu, hamko wonte aran ɓe raa’i honkuɓe raa’i laamanaaki doole.
"Montesquieu: Fistidirihelanaago yimɓe nder ""henduki laamu"" nder ferdɗidirki lesddi.
Waɗooɓ bayaanu maako waɗi muhaawaraaji dow ko palsapaaku siyaasa maako hoo’ata.
Plato:Windii bolle juɗɗe nder repailika ɗun mo wallini palsapaaku siyaasa maako: Yimɓe hemde yaaki geɓ tati.
Ayn Rand:Tituɗo manufaaki ɗun objektibijim boo ardiiɗo laawol gol boo jahonoowo libeteeriyan’en e caka karni ɗum cappaɗe ɗiɗi e Amerka.
Hukuuma hende diga motta jawdi bano no ɗum hendira ngam daliilaaji ɗo ɗum hendira inaaje.
"Adam Smith: Wakkatiije goɗɗe e wiii’a teni ɗun tiggay motta jawdi ɗi jamanuuru; waɗi bayanuuji dow haali haɓanki hoore (""juuɗe ɗe darataake"") nder ɓe luumooku e ɓe jaamoji."
Socrates: On mo ɗum daarata nder tigguɗo palsapaako siyyaasa Hirna, ta nder bolle maako ɗi sembiɗinki Laaɓi Altaniya kesi;b tinda Socrates meeɗa yinduki koo ɗume dow ko min anndi hande dow maako e jannginki maako heeni ta haro pukaraajo maako mawɗo waato Plato.
Max Stirner: palsopaajo mawɗo nder ɓ jande Anakijim e boo mawdo wakiiliijo ɓe Anakijim ɓen waato mo Anakijim gooto feerenjo.
Luttaano geɓe palsapaaku ummaatoore hawtidiri e palsapaaku siyaasa e palsapaaku diina, marɗi muhimmango masin nder ummatoore e hukuuma e kuuɗe maɓɓe.
Palsapaaku ko wakkati Socrate, ko ɗun andiri e fuɗɗan palsapaaku Girkanko’en, ɗun palsapaago Girkanko’en bako Socrates.
Kuuɗe maɓɓe e binndi maɓɓe fat ɓadake majja.
Palsapaaku ko wakkati Socrate fuɗɗi e wakkati karnijum 6 bako warki annabiijo Iisa e ko ɓe indata e melesiya tati: Thales e Anaximander, e boo Anaximenes.
Xenophanes andaama dow kuuɗe maako ɗe aybuki labbi.
Jangirde Eleyeeti (waato Parmenides e Zeno mo Elea, e Melissus) tokkitoyi ɓaawo e karnijum 5.
Anaxagoras eEmpedocles hokki bayaanuuji mawɗi dow no duuniyaaru tita.
"Pilosopaajo Jamani J.A Eberhard andiraado e ""Palsapaago vorsokratische''' e karnijum ɗun 18.
Inde nden wari nder ko indita bako Socrate te ɗuɗɗi nder don fuuh ɓuri wiitinki hakkilo dow aadaaji e no ɗun marirto.
E haro Jamers Warren, ko ferɗodiri palsapaago bako Socrate e palsapa’en warɓe ɓaawo ɗon ɗun hanjum wonte Socrates inditi ammana nder inaaje e ko winnda maraaɗun.
Modibbo André Laks ferɗidiri aadaaji ɗiɗi ɗi ferɗodiki bolle bako Socrates e ɗe Socrates yaaki wakkati saali ɗum e wakkati jooni.
Ɗuuɗal kuuɗe ɗen fuuh inditaam e Peri Physeos,ko boo Tagd, inde nde winduɗo ferre inditi.
Ɓedduki bone maajum haro waggo bayaanuuji hanjum wonte naptorki ɗengal cangal.
Theophrastus, donuɗo Aristotle winndi deptere bayanuuji dow ra’ayiiji ɓe ilmu physics bo hanjum wonte kuugal dariigal wakkati bako Socrates enane.
Moodiɓɓe hannde e naptoro deptere nden ngam yaaluki inaaje ta atal ko ɓe indata e wakki nambaaji Diels–Kranz.
"Ɓaawo ɗun hokki nambaaji ɗin daaray ko caydakan ka ""A"" ko ""B"" te haa ɗun haala pilosopaajo ka googa.
Wakkati bako Socrate re’i ɓaawo karni ɗiɗum, wakkati ɗun yajjinta laamu Akemiya’en har yaaki Hirna, nden bo Girkanko’en don yajjina luumo maɓɓe ta nder ndiyam har yaaki Sham e Suuriya.
Girkanko’en fuɗɗiti semmbe e duuɓi 499 bako Annab i Iisa ammana ɗun heɓi galaba dow maɓɓe e 494 bak Annabi Iisa.
Daliilaji ɗuɗdi waɗi ɗun heɓi Fuɗɗan Palsapaaku bako wakkati Socrates e Girkanko’en.
Daliila gokka hanka wonte hoynuki yaaki nder kuuɗe waddoɗun mbatta dow kuuɗe Girkanko’en.
Laaɓii siyaasago demokraɗiyya e ɗi ndimu hoore maaji maa walliti haro tituki palsapaago.
Lartuki Palsapa’en jaabake ƴami ɗuɗɗi ɗi kuuɗe ɓe Homer e Hesoid waɗi.
Hamɓe ɗun wi’ata ronuɓe Kuuɗe bako wakkati Socrates ngam ɓe helano duuniyaaru e taskaran ko haani nder aadaaji e taaleeji e takle e no wurti.
Pilosopaajo arandeejo mo wakkati bako Socrates waɗii yaandu yaaki leddi gondi waato ilmu e jande Socrates dilli haa lesɗe ɗuɗɗe nden bo e nder wuro
Palsapa’en bako wakkati Socrates narridi dow anndal gongal gootal wadoowal bayaanu dow ɗiɗaɓun e go’ojum bay go’o ammana bayanu ɗun naa ɗun dow labbi.
Ɗuɓɓe tepi kare kuuɗe bi’eteeɗe (arche) kare, nden bo e atala aslu e majjinki.
E tiinaare maɓɓe haro tabbitinki famtuki laruuji ɗon ɓe titi huunde wonde bano Ridim e simenteri e analoji e dedukicinajim e metamatikajin takle e luttaano.
Rakkay laataaki fuɗɗan e aslu e ko mara ngam woodi kareeji ɗi ɗun tokkata.
Ɗon ɗun laatoto ngam daliiila ciya kare kuutinirɗi ko ngam maren yi’uku duuniyaaru e hawti, te wala daliila, ɗun laatoto waɗataako tagu goɗɗo yaasi laare geɓe pamare les amditutuki hakkilanki
Kuutinirgol ngam marem ɓe yidi ɓe hawta ko ɓe hebti.
Palsapa’en bako wakkati naa ɓe keeferɓen baa heeni ɓe ustuki ɗuuɗl labbi ɗin e nasduki ɗi nder tagle e ko waɗoto bano telminaago ko bo wurtinki labbi nder huudeeji duuniyaaru.
Fuɗɗan kuugal ɓe bako socrates musamman Milesians e Xenophanes, e Heraclitus hawti e salaaki aadaaji kosmogoni e bo waggo tinaare dow waggo bayaanu dow huude anditaade.
Ɓe Eliyati hamɓe ɓe juuray lamba goo (ɓe waɗi iimaanu dow huunde woore tam woodi luttuɗe fuuh ɗun waylitaaje maaji).
Hamko wonte palsopaajo arandeejo mo Hirna ngam m,arem hanko wonte fuɗɗan naptoraaki dalliila e hawataade.
Thales maa ɗon nder Ponikanko’en ɓe nane.
Thales, ko ngam marem, hanko yajjini hoynde e kuuɗe maako ɗe daliila te mo yotti hawtade inaare woore.\
Thales juurake Sardis, e bo Girkanko’en ɗuɓɓe e to bayanuuji sigaaɗi ɗi ilmu hoynde deppaɗi ngam naptoraki e yaasi.
Mo yii’i aslu duuniyaaru hanjum wonte diga goɗɗun naa diga mo tagle baa.
e mo ɗon nder mawɓe meliyatis e bo marɗo jawndi mo googa.
To haro hokkuki habaru dow bayanu Thales, mo wangini laabi arandeeji ɗi wala bayaanu e wala keerol boo ɗuuɗa nder ɗon bbo woodi lawlu maajum, fowɗum e fewɗum, ɗun ndiyam e jorɗum e do ɗun laatoto ferɗodiri.
nden bo mo ɗon nder hokkoɓe habaru aslu yimɓe.
Boo mo winndi deptere dow tagle e bindi.
Hanko on mo gimoowo yahoowo inaaje ɗuɗɗe boo kuuɗe maako mawɗe ko yaali diina.
E mo wii’a teni haa puccu ko mawndu rakkay winduki to winday dow oreru hanjun wonte tagudede.
Xenophanes hanko maa mo hooki bayanuuji dow laɓi haanuɗi ttokkeeki bano naange e ndiyam ndiyama e bo hiite St. Elmo’s.
Nde bo Xenophanes hamɓe wonte dariiɓe dow ko ɓii aadamaajo rakkata e ko mo rakkata dow ko mo numata e palsapaago.
Heraclitus sarɗi dow pat huudeeji puuh ɗe tagle ɗon nder ɓeydaargo.
Hiite latoto ndiyam ndem ndiayam maa laatoto hiite.
E ɗon, Heraclitus darni yii’i min rakkata ƴaitaaki nder maayo gooto nde ɗidi, darngal ngal mo darni dow haala ko ɗume ɗon dilla.
Kaadin boo famtuki Heraclitus woodi lawlu koo ɗume nder dartorngal ko ɗun noddi e raa’i hawtuki lawliraare.
Raa’i Heraclitus dow hawtuki lawliraare sarɗi dow hawtuki lawliraarenden mo wii’i hawtuki duuniyaarue geɓe maaru ɗon heɓe diga haro diga lawliraare.
Famtuki gootum diga Heraclitus ɗun baaji, diga kalmawol Girkanko’en neeɓuɓe, woodongol maanaaji ferɗodirɗi; Heraclitus daa naptori maanaaji ferɗodirɗi ɗi kalamawol ngol nden bo e kuutinrgol koo gole nder deptere maako.
Duuɓi cappaɗe goɗɗe saaliiɗe doole mo ala ngele Croton yaaki Metapontum,
Ɓe yajjini famtamaako haa yotti wii’iki ko ɗume e woodi nambaaji, duuniyaaru waɗaama diga namabaaji nden ko ɗume boo woodi alaka ka halitta ka jometiri ko anoloji.
Ɗatal maraaki ngal koyngal, teɓe darni hoore maɓɓe dow kare belɗum ɗuɗɗum e ƴanndu.
Luttanopalsapa’en bako Socrates salanake paytagoros ngam iimanaku maako dow umminki yimɓe ɓaawo ɓe maayi.
Laaɓi paythagoras hamɓe semmbiɗi kirista’en Niyopilatonijim e atal jannginki maɓɓe nder ko ɓe heɓi diga Plato.
Haro Aristotle e Diogenes Laetius e Xenophanes ɗun moodibbo Parmenides boo woodi muhaawara dow ko Xenophanes dun rakkay nasduki mo nder ɓe Eliyatik.
Hanko wonte puɗɗan andutuki duunniyyaru ɗun hoynde
Parmenides winndi gimol cangol waggo bayyanau dow indeeji huudeeji ko bo dow ko ɗiga ɓaawo waddi sembiɗinki palsapaago Girkanko’en.
Gimol ngol gol woodi geɓe tati waato (fuɗɗan), ɗatal googa e ɗatal raa’i.
Ɗatal googa hangal wonte wakkatiire nden boo har hannde e ngal hoo’e bee muhimmago masin.
Ngam non, fat ko min numata laato googa hatta hoore min ɗun wakiltaaki fewre.
Moodibbo Kouros haro naptoraaki numi maako e te andutukin ko woodi laartuki ferɗodirɗum wwii ɗun googa ko fewre.
Zeno e Melissus yajjini famtuki Parmenide dow Kosmoloji.
Mo tiinake dow waggo bayaanu dow ko wɗi min wanni dow ko wala.
Anaxagoras danyaama nder ngelle lonia, ammana hanko wonte pilosopaajo arandeejo jaado Athens.
Anaxagoras boo ɗon nder mawɓe sermmbiɗinɓe Socrates.
Bayaanuuji ferɗodiri dow ko mo numata.
Koo ɗume ɗun hawtaande huundeeji ɗuɗɗi bano henndu e ndiyam e luttano.
Nous hanko maa ɗon laare nder mawɓe cosmos, ammana ɗon nder marɗi yonki.
Anaxagoras yajjini numo Milesia dow epistimoloji mo tiini mo titi bayaanuuji laattooɗi woodi faa’ida haro marɗi yonki fuuh.
Haro Diagenes Laertius, winndi depte ɗidi nder ngimi: indaaɗe ePeri Physeos (dow tagle) e boo Katharmoi (senaaki).
"Kadin boo mo yajjini kuuɗe Anaxagorasnder ""ɗaɗi "" nayi (waato huunde naane), ngam tituki huude fuuh e felle min."
Kuude ɗe’e ɗon lawliro nden bo e ɗe huwa wuttudu e wuttudu ngam kare hawtuki e ɗadi ɗi huunde woodaaɗun fat.
Woodi ɓurɗun andeeki nder atomik kosmoloji ko ngam marem numu maɓɓe hawtidiri palsapaako inaaje luttuɗe bano aadaaji e linngal e diina e siyaasaku haa maa e ilmu keccon.
Democritus eLeucippus ɓe hulaay wolwuki dow ko yaali hakkilo ammana ɓe anndi ko yahata.
Atoms e yaha nder hanjum tiggi ko yaalidirta ndem tagi huude ɗiɗaɓum ɗun duuniyaaru min du’u dow huude andaad.e
Democritus sakitiri e wiiki tinda koo ɗume ɗun atom ɗuuɗal nder hakkiilo min kaway ɗun yerdaa.
Ɓe aybake numo gargajiya way ɗun diga lambo hee gikkuuji te ɓe waddi palsapa mawɗum e luttaano geɓe ilmu bano diraama e ilmu kiimiyaa ummatoore e lingal e taariiha.
Njanngirde sopis njangini retoriks e no boo ɓe helanto miskilaji diga inaaje ferɗodirɗe.
Gorgias winndi deptere inditaande dow huundeji te mo aybii eliyaati’en dow ko woodi e ko wala.
Antiphon wukki ɗaɗi huudeejie nder ngele mawɗe.
Mo tiinake dow mo hokka bayaanuuji ko ferɗodiri e ko hawtuki cosmos.
Diogenes mo Apollonia wartii diga Milesian monism ammana e palsapa mawka.
De Pythagoras e Empedocles hawtidiri famtuki m,aɓɓe e laartuki maɓɓe ngam ko ɓe ttiini dow ɓe njanngina ko bo ɓe nodda ngam tepuki googa dow huudeeji tagle —Pythagorasta ɗatal lingal e joometirie Empedocles e ko mo anndi sembe ɓernde maako.
Ɓe aybake wakili’en inaaje labbi ɗi Homer e Hesoid titi teɓe waati diina Girkanko’en nder miskila te ɓe puɗɗi saahuki hakkude ɓ palsafa e tiyoloji.
Numo tiyoloji’en fɗɗiri e Milesiya’en.
Xenophanes waati carɗuuji tati ɗi labbo: doole laato moye maa woodi, boo na tagu baa bo wala nadduki e neɗɗo e jahiri maaji, boo non ɗun waɗi taasiiri haroɓe palsafa Hirnanko’en.
Anaxagoras wii’i ilmu andutuki huundee haanjum hokkata koo Dume yonki.
Ɗun Hippocrates (mo ɗun noddata baaba lekki) hanko ferɗidiri amman naa fuuh ba laaɓi ɗin ɗiɗi.
Waylituki tagle ɗun ramminiɗiniiɗum nder kuugal Heraclitus ɗe axiom panta rhe (koo ɗume ɗon nder yanayi re’uki).
Numu bako wakkati Socrate tepi dow anduki geɓe ɗuɗɗe ɗe tagle ta atal hokkuki daliila e andutuki e hokkuki bayaanuuji raakkooji nasta nder kiimiyyare, hanjun wangini ko ɗun noddata Palsapago yimɓe Hirnanko’en.
Anaximander hokki laaɓi keewuɗi ɗi daliila, e bayaanuuji waylituki rakkoji hokka bi’ooji wala ko wurtoto diga wala.
Xenophanes kadin boo yajjini diina antoropomopi’en ta atal waytinki ko’e ta tal ngal hikma no laataaki ferɗidiri e ko diina Girkanko’en andi.
Luttano kuuɗe ɓe bako wakkati Socrates tiinake dow jaabaaki ƴami arche, te ɓe hokki amsa ferɗodirka, ammana gootum hoo’aama nder kala ilmu kiimiiya.
Numo ɓe Palsapa’en ɗi Socrates hokki hanji semmbiɗini pilosopa’en ɓe ɓaawo.
Ɓe njangirde tagle wo’’ini ɓe socrates ɓen ta atal heɓuki bayaanuuji cosmos, ammana mo yiitini hakkiilo dow epistimooloji e sese-sese e maymako duuniyaaru ndu u ndu min andi.
"Cicero waɗi bayanu palsapaaji ɓe wakkati bako Socrates nder deptere maako nde ɗun noddata Tusculanae Disputationesbano no mo ferɗidiriyanayi tagle ɗi wakkati bako socrates diga ""sages"" saaliiɗum laatiiɓe ɓ ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo dow kuuɗe no.”
Aristotle waɗi bayaanu palsapa bako socrates e deptere maako nde Metaphysics hayre wonte fuɗɗaano bayaanu palsapaago maako e tepre kuuɗe.
Francis Baconpilosopaajo mo karni 16 andaaɗo e yajjinki laabi kiimiya hanko wonte pilosopa arandeejo puɗɗudo naptoraaki palsapa kesum ɗum ɓ bako Socrates e nder kuuɗe maako.
"Friedrich Nietzsche hayɗinii no yuuti dow palsapa bako Socrates no mo noddiri ɗum ""tyrants of the spirit""bano no mo aybii tokkoɓe Socrates e donooɓe ɓe.”
bano no mo wii nder jawaabuuji maako bindaaɗi nder depte ɗuɗɗe ɗe maako, ngam palsapa bako Socrates heɓi galaba masin e Girkanko’en, ammana wakkati boɗɗun ɗun yi’ata ɗun wakkati yolki haro Nietzsche.
Koo ngam marem wakkati ɗun - andaama e puɗɗan maajum e sarbeere darngal e sarbeere konu - e sakitaare maajum boo ɗun kalluɗum e habre e konu eufuki ƴiiƴam, ammana ɗun andaama nder ko wi’eete wkkati boɗɗun ɗun caynanko’en ngam lartuki ɗuɗɗi wanginaama e meere.
Taoism (kadin ko andira e Daoism),palsapaagu sembiɗinɗum huunde tati mawɗe: wo’’inki, e hesɗinki, e boo neddinki e kuude yaaloji ɗum, de boo numo Taoist wiitini hakkilo dow tagle, e alaka hakkude neɗɗaaku e cosmos; waato jamu e yawtaakie ko ɓe noddi e wu wei (kuuɗe e ciya maaje).
Agaraniyanijim ko njanngirde Agaraniyanijim noddii dow hawtidirki e ummatoore nder kuuɗeji.
Moodiɓɓe nder njanngirde de’e ɓe baawi haala e muhaawara e dabareeji.
“Njanngirde de ""Minor-talks"" laatiide naa haayre tam wonte njanngirde tam ba, ammana palsapaagu mahi kala numu ko ɗume heɓaa ɗum diga haro yimɓe e dow barwe.
Ko andira e Confucianism sembiɗii masin nder wakkati Dawla Han’en ɓnen ɓe mawɗo maɓɓe wonte Dong Zhongshu binduɗo huuɗji hawtaaɗi di Confucianism e ɗi njanngirde Zhongshu e raa’i huude jowi.
Kaway ni ɓ salake ko njangirde Confucius noddantan dow ko wi’eete ko nandiri e labbi e ko ɗun jogi mawɗun ammana ɓii aadama e maayoojum.
Buddhism wangi e lesdi caynanko’en e wakkati karni 1 ɓawo Annabi Iisa ammana hee ɓaawo Waylankoore e Hombinaare waato Dawla Sui e Tang heɓi semmbe masin.
Hanjum boo ardinii lincitoore yaaki nder huundeeji go’ooje e geɓ maaji e maa aslu huudeeji fat maaji.
Jowee ɗiɗi Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.
Palsapagu naane ɗun Girkanko’en wangi e karni 6 bako Annabiijo Iisa ko laati keerol nyiɓɓende duuɓi Girkanko’en.
Hawtidiri e darasiije ɗuɗɗe, hawti e asturomoni, e epistimoloji e lingal e palsapaagu siyaasa e ilmuaadaajie metapisik e ontoloji e lojik e bayaloji e retorik e astetiks.
Wanguɗi boo heltaaki semmbiɗini ko Girkanko’en naane e Palsapaangu Hellenistic yaaki pilosopa’en Rumi’en e boo uɗɗaano palsapaaku Islaama, e modiɓɓe wakkati do’’aaki tuubanko’en e duuɓii waytinki ko’e.
Ammana ɓe njanngini hoore maɓɓe e daliila.
"Thales hoo’i palsapaagu njanngirde Milesian nden bo Anaximander tokkitoyi ɓaawo maako on biiɗo ustuki ko ɓeydaari wukkataake ndiyam ko wukkene huunde ko ddeye ammana ɗun goɗdun no ""ko wala keerol"" ko ""lintatake"" (e Girkankoore, the apeiron)."
E ko ferɗodiri njanngirde Milesian ɓen bi’uɓe huude dariide ɗun arche Heraclitus njanngini panta rhei (""ko ɗume e ɓula""), huude mawnde de waylitaare ittaama.”
Ngam mo aybake ɓe wangini maana ɗun nder daabo ɗun ko ɗun jannginta; huudeeji ndem maa boo, latoto woodi ko wala seɗɗa e boo ɓ MIlesian nder ko waɗataako ngam waggo; e sakitaare dimbuki won haaje goɗdum dillojum ko wala ɗume maa ɓawo ɗon (bano.
E jinganki ɗu’um pukaraajo Parmenides waato Zeno mo Elea tiinake dow tabbitinki famtuki dimba ɗun laawol bano dimbaakan wala ka woodi.
Leucippus kadin boo holli ɗidiijum ilmu ontolojie Kosmogoni ta haa inaaje ɗiɗi: waato atom e vacuum.
“Fuuh ngam marem ilmu palsapa titaama tinko jamaanuuru Socrates, Cicero mantii mo dow “”hanko wonte fuɗɗan wadduki palsapaagu tin diga laahira nasdi ɗum nder ngasi, haa wukki ɗun nder iyalji nden lincitiɗum nder maral e gikkuuji e boɗɗum e kalluɗum.”””
Haala googa bolleeji ɗuɗɗi hawtaade e Socrates (bano no Plato e Xenophon wii) sakitii wala yottaaki keerol dariingol, koo bo darnii nder muhaawara nder laaɓi Socrates.
Socrates njanngini wiiki wala giɗɗo ko wooɗa, ngam non ko moye kuungal kallungal laatoto ko mo andaa ko haykinaare; ngam non huunde bonnde fuuh ɗun ilmu.
Dattiijo mawɗo Peicles hanko maa yaadi e andal nga’al boo mo soobaajo Anaxagoras, heeni fa waywayɓe maako nder ummanake mo ɓe naptori daama kan ahro wiiki wala no tagu lincitira huunde de der laahira ko nder leddi ngam nom bolle ɗen jaɓaaka.
Socrates, hanko wonte puɗɗan mo ɗun kiitani nder kiitaaka bo mo haɓɓa haa maynde e mdungu 399 BCeE (laaru wullaa Socrates).
Plato yajjini kuuɗe Socrates dow hanko wonte puɗɗan hebgo bolle maako te mo heɓi Platonism (te ɗum onti waato Neoplatonism).
Zeno mo Citium hanko maa ngam non mo hoo’i aadaaji Cynicism to ngam hoo’uki kuuɗe njanngirde Stoicism.
Hawtidiri e Xenophon, Plato hanko wonte puɗɗan laaɓi hebko bayanuuji dow mardi Socrates e iimaanaaku maako boo naa ɗum koyɗum hendidira ɓe baa.
Ko ngam maren doka diga marɗo anndal laatoto deedeetiɗini e dooka kiita, marɗo andal on wallitata ammana bo ɓe wala andal waɗanaymo kiitaaji ngam non doole mun tokkoɗi.
Bolle Plato woodi alaama metaphysics mawɗum nder ɗon hanjum wonte raa’i geɓe.
Ɗun nandi e ɓii aadama haataade e nder hurgooru wala atal wurtaaki heeni kaway laato e laara maadi ammana anda ko nder duuniyaaru waɗata.
Te boo ɓe dillooɓe fu’’iti nastuki nder hurgooru ndun yimɓe nder (ɓen ɓe wala ko ɓe anndi tena ɗoyndi ba) rakkata wakki bayaanu ko woni ‘yaasi duuniyaaru’.
Bertrand Russell, Nder Taariiha Hirnanko’en (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
“O aybii inaaje ɗe Plato yecci nder deptere maako nde Republic and Laws nden mo yaalidiri dow raa’i e geɓe ta ""kalmawol ngol wala ɗume maa ."""
Antisthenes mangianake kuuɗe ascetism ɗi Socrates nden moo aybii Socrates dow alfahari e yinde hoore.
Euclides mo Megara tiggi ɗun gooto nder pukaraaɓe Socrates.
Njanngirde Pyrrhonism wukki heɓuki ataraxia (yanayi kendam) ɗon wonte atal heɓuki glaba.
Kuuɗe maako ɗon nder aadaaji “”heɓuki belɗum e salaaki.”
Kuuɗe maɓɓ ɗe palsapaago ɗon nder dingal calculus.
Wakkati hulki ki ɓe njangirde Plato diga Arcesilaus yaaki Philo to Larissa, laati kesum nder njande koo ngam maren binnddooɓe ɓe naane ɓeyndi yeeso haro henduki bano njande caka.
Ko ngam marem, nasru Pyrrhonists hanjum wonte hebki ataraxia, ɓaawo njanngirnde Arcesiliaus boo ɓe jogaaki ataraxia dow manufa mawka.
E Dawla Byzantine Girka’en famto ɗon deppe njange naa boo neeɓi ba ɓaawo nyaamuki galba Islaama, ko ngam marem Kaliifaajo jamanuuru Abbasiyya hokki daama hawtuki ɗereeji Girkanko’en ɓe yoɓi ɓe Fasirgo dow ɓe fassiro ɗereeji ɗin.
Palsapaaku jamanuuru ɓe caka gonɗun wakkati ɓe duuɓii caka yaaki do’’aaki Roman’en ɓe Hirna e karni 5 yaaki nasru maɓɓe e karni 15.
Banda mo dun ittata waato ibn Sina e inb Rushd moodiɓɓe sarbeere nden jogaaki hoore maɓɓe pilosopa;en fuuh maa: pilosopa’en ɓen hamɓe wonte arne’en naane bano Plato e Aristotle.
Gootum nder muhaawara mawka jogaaka hanka wonte dow iimaanaaku e daliilaaji.
Ɗun yerdake wii;i Augustine (354-430)gonɗo laatiiɗo nder ɓe naane nden sakitii e ummitininki njande e karnijum ɗun sappo e goojum, e puɗɗado wakkati caka’en.
E ɓaawo don huude wonde e naptore nder njanginki ardiiɓe e yimɓe coocije.
Duudal kuugal Ristotle fuuh anddama e Hirna wakkatiire nden.
Augustine e daare nder mawɓe Coociire ko maa baabiraawo.
Nder ko ɓuri duuɓii ujuneere ɗun caɗɗun hebki kuungal tiyoloji or palsapaagu ɗun inditay kuuɗee maako e binndi maako ko laamanii moo.
O laatake wakiilijo e dungu 510 e laamorde Ostorogoths.
O windii bayaanuuji dow kuuɗe ɗe’e, nden bo dow Isogoge Porphyry (bayaanuuji dow kareeji).
Yaaki wakkatiire nde’e raa’i ferenjum wangii bano nyamol dow ko labbi hokki woɓɓe hisnee woɓɓe aybee.
Ko jaɓɓotooɗon fotiday e taariiha ɓnndu al masihu.
Wakkatiire nde’e boo tabbitinii ummitinki njannde.
Ɓaawo ɗon les St. Abbo mo Fleury (abbot 988-1004), ardiiɗo ummitinki njangirnde abbey, Fleury montake duubi boɗɗi ɗiɗawje.
Puɗɗawo karnijum 13 tabbitini hawtaare ummitinki palsapaagu Girkanko’en.
Laamiiɓe ɓe semmbe nder Norman hawti yimɓe marɓe anndal diga italiya e luttano lesɗe e kootuure ngam holluki teddinki.
Jaamii’aaje tiggaɗi e ngasi mawɗi ɗi lesdi Tuubanko’en e jamanuuru ndun e umrooje hokke teeɗe e coociiji puɗɗi wallutuki siyaasa e hakkilanki hakkiiloe nder wuuduuji maral ilmu.
Mawɗo nder wakili’en palsapaagu Dominican e wakkatiire nde’e hamɓe wonte Albertus Magnus e musamman maa Thomas Aquinas, on mo kuuɗe maako ɗe Girkanko’en e walliti kirista’en dow palsapaagu Katolik.
"Aquinas holli no ɗun hawtidirta ɗuuɗal ilmu palsapaagu Aristotle bo wala “””miskila””Modibbo Ibn Rushd.
Miskila junuba:pilosopa’en kiɗɓe ɓe wangina alama e yanayi aybee ko junuba ammana miskila no ɗun doole ɗun tigga laamu semmbingu gu ko moye yiɗi bako junuba wanga e aran.
Heeni diga karni ɗun sappoe nayi fa’i yeeso ɗun ɓeydi naptoraaki daliilaaaji lingal e palsapaagu jayri ɗun boo waddi uɗɗan wanguki kiimiiya arandeha.
E sarbeere arandeere, bindooɓe bano Peter Abelardyindii bayaanu dow kuugal dabare kiɗgal (kuuɗe Aristotle dow fasiraaki e Isogoge Porphyry).
(Kalmawol ‘nder lesdi’ pidditiaama diga haro Franz Brentano on waɗɗo anniya kuuɗe Medieval)
“Diiduki ""Palsapa’en Renaisance"" naptoraama diga haro modiɓɓe marɓe taariha boddum haa yaaki e Tuubanko’en hakkude 1355 e 1650 (wakkati ɗum wiitinaama yeeso yaaki haa caka e waylaare lesɗe Tuubanko’en e bo inaaje bano Sipen e Amerka e Indiya e Japan e Cayna les semmbe Tuubanko’en).”
Tamminaaki wii’ki kuuɗe Aristotle hamje wonte Puɗɗaado famtuki ilmu pilsopaagu yerdaaka wakkati Waylitaare laamu gadduɗun fassirgo kesum e bayaanuuji e sarhuuji kuuɗe e nder ɗenngal Latin e bo luttano ɗeɗɗe.
Patakewol nandungol e muhaahara kesa hangol lincitiyaaki e daraaki kala palsapaaku ɗume maa dow dargal maajum e bayanu maajum.
Plato andaaɗo dow ɗate maako ɗe kuuɗe ɗidi e wakkati ɓe duuɓii cakaaji, mo andaama ta atal fassirgo ɓe Latin e karnijum ɗum sappo e jowi e leddi Italiya te ɗun semmbiɗi ni fassirgo kuuɗe maako at maaje diga haro Marsilio Facino e Florence e 1484.
Na fat Jinginooɓe ɓii aadamaajo ɓe Waylitaare laamu tokki misaaluuji maako nder ko ɗume ba, ammana Petrarch walliti haro yajjinki gimi wakkati maako (gimi arne’en ko ɗon e laare won miskila e haɗari mawɗum) huude wakkaniire e palsapaagu bano non.
Luttano yimɓe diga pilosopa’en ko yati nastii nder laayiwol maɓɓe.
Dargal ga’al darnaama les ɓeydaarie ɓeRenaissance bano pilolsopa’en ferɗodirɓe ɓe wii geɓuki Thomas naa ɗun dow laawol baa nden boo mo wii aadaaji hanji wonte gikku mawɗum.
Bano no min daari ɓe waɗi iimanaaku dow ilmu pilposaagu laato les rhetoric.
E 1416-1417 Leonardo Bruni andaaɗo dow haɓanki neɗɗaaku ɓii adaama e jamanuuru maako bo ardiiɗo Florence hanko puɗɗiti fassirgo kuuɗe aadaaji Aristotle yaaki kala yajjinki ki Latin.
Darngal gal ɗun dillani wonte palsapaagu laato woodi ndimu mun te wala kalmaaji ɗinaa nder ɗon baa.
Desideius Erasmus, mawɗo nder haɓonooɓe neɗɗku mo Dutch haa taskanii Kuugal Aristotle nder ɗengal girkanko’en nden bo laati e ɗun ɗon jangina palsapaagu e jaami’aaje bano no hollite andi Girkankoore.
Diga laatake wanginaama heeni boo italiya ɗengal mun woodi kala ko iyaɗa nder aadaaji ɗengal ngam non rakkay hoo’uki bayanuuji palsapaagu e bayanuuji maajum ɗuɗɗi, nden hee tƴaare puɗɗa haa wangi e duuɓi1540 fa’i yeeso.
Min andi muhaawara dow ndimu e laatoto waɗay ka ummaaki (e misaalu mbatta mawka hakkude Eramus e Martin Luther), dow pilposa’en Sipen e ɓeyda wkkuki huude woore dow raa’i gootum wanguɗum e jayri wadduɗum aadaaji e binndi ɗuɗɗi e karnijum ɗun sappo e jowee go’o (ɗun alaa ɗun ko a’a).
Doole min yejjitata ben pilosopa’en jamanuuru ndun ngam e sarbeere nden be inditaama haro wallutuki kuude kiristako’en e karnijum dun sappo e jowee goo’o be wo’’ii katolik e protestate boo pilosopa’en renaissance habdube nder konu du duubi cappande tati (1618-1648).
E ranmidiki bao wakkati ko dume e taariiha ilu pilosopaaku, pilosopa’en Renaissance wala ko be yi’etee be waddi kesum haa yaaki keerol karni dum haa be yaari keerol ko ronube be hoo’i.
Palsapaaku kesum du palsopaaku faarudun yeeso e jamanuuru ndu’u e huude kesum.
Yaaki karni 17 e 18 jannde mawnde nde palsapaaku hawtidiri e epistemoloji e metapijikto dun henditi yaaki gebe didi,
"Ben""Empiricist,"" e ko ferdodiri be hanjum wonte dow ilmu puddira e hakkiilo manndu,”
Luttano mawbe nder be pilosopaaku siyaasa hawtidiri e Thomas Hobbes e Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Kant wangini bo sankiti kuude pallsapaaku e Jaamqanie pudda kari dun cappade sappo e jowee nayi, te mo puddiri e famto be Jaamani.
Karl Marx deetini dow palsapaaku Hegel djun taariiha e aadaaji semmbidin dum e Burtaniya te famta Hegel wo’’ina nder wangaare kareeji, tebe tiggi lesdi faaruki yeeso ilu kiiiyyare umaatoore,
Arthur Schopenhauer hoo’i famta e daraangal wiiki dow duuniyaaru naa dun koomi ba tena sankitukki hootooji e ko yida ndem mo noddi dow tokkaki atheism e pessimism.
Descartes wii’ii duudal raa’i Moodibbe metapijikal dun wala maa’ana ko du fewre.
Mo tiinake haro aluki nder kala ko mo rakkata fat iimanuuji maako, nga waginki komaa dun dume ko mo andi ngam tabbitiki.
Diga kala maadi di’i mo mahi ilmuu maako nde mo puɗɗiti.
De boo ɓe njangirge historicism e andiina alfaanu anduki huunde, ammana ferɗodiri e ɓe njangirde empiricism ta ɗatal wii’ki kare kuugal anditatke tena ɗun anditi taariiha e aadaaji ɗi yanayi waɗaaɗum nder anndal baa.
“Ngam non ɓe njangirde empiricism hamɓe wonte aran boo andaaɓe e klala haali hebtuki kareeji ""e ɓe wolwana hoore maɓɓe"",te ɓe gaasa ko ɓ laartata boo ɗon yedda ɓe.
E wuttudu wooru boo: ɓe njanngirde Empiricicism nder famtki maɓɓe e luttano antuki woɓɓe, ɗun hawtaaɗun hokki daama wirtinki bayaanuuji ɗuɗɗi ɗ faa’ida hakkude lartuki ferɗodirkae ilmu kiimiyya hannde.
Ɓe njangirde Epistemoloji e aydiyalijim seki dow anduki ko woni nder ɓernde tagu.
Waɗi bayaanu laaɓi tokketeeɗi e raa’i wurtinaaɗum diga kuungal waɗeteengal nden yaaki wɗkongal e jahiri.
Brian Leiter (2006) Shaafire internet maako“Analytic” e “Continental” Philosophy.
Palsapaaku ɗum hannde hannjum wonte ɗun taariihapalsafaaku Hirnanko’en hannde fuɗɗaaɗum e puɗɗan karni 20 e ɓeydaari anduki sana’a yebre nden e boo umminki palsapaaku analytic e ɗun continental.
Lesdi Jamani hayri wonte aran wiitinki palsapaaku sana’a.
Ɓeydaari boo, naa bano ɗuuiɗl geɓ kiimiyya ba ngam woodi hamfaniije depte, e mujalla e telebijin mawɗe wallitooje haro andinki ilmu kiimiyya nden bo yaara habaru kala ko heɓa fuuh ɗun eɓ kiimiiya science kan yaaki haro ummatoore ɗun yimɓe, palsapa’en mawɓe huwani haa yaha to jamaaje yaasi laatiidɗum seɗɗan.
Kala yebre fuuh ɗon taska motta dungu-dungu.
Diga nder kuuɗ ɗen, duɗal gale maa ngal nder kala sana’a kaye maa hangal hakkilanta kuuɗe maɓɓe.
“Ɗu’um faaruki yeeso tabitini yaadi e kuuɗe jooni ɗe Gottlob Frege e Bertrand Russell nde ɓe tiggi laaɓi palsapaaku kesi dow ko yaali dabare ɗenngal jamanuuru(ngam non ɗun heɓii ""analytic philosophy"")."
“Pilosopa’en woɓɓe boo bano Richard Rorty e Simon Glendinning wii’i ɗu’um ""analytic–continental"" hendii ko yebre fuuh woodii.”
Ɓaawo ɗon boo Palsapa’en analytic e continental ferɗodiri haaro nafuuda e boo semmbe ɗun palsapa’en tokkiɓe ɓaawo woodi nder aadaaji.
Ko ngam marem, tinda ɓe analytic e continental woodi kala ferɗodirol palsapaaku, ɓaawo Kant palsapaaku continental sarbeere wonde ɗon hoo’e bee yaaji masin ɓawo palsapa’en warɓe ɓaawo Kantko yaadu ndu napuuda nder palsapaaku ɓe continental amma na palsapaaku analytic.
Ngam non, palsapaaku ɓe continental nandii e ɓe njangirde historicism, te boo palsapaaku ɓe analytic daarata palsapaaku bana miskila ndimu ɗun um rakkta fistuki diga aslu taariiha maɓɓe.
Mawɗum nder Njangirɗe orthodox hebadi ɓaawo ɗon e wakkatiije goɗɗe hakkude jamanuuru Common ERa e Gupta Empire.
ƊI’i aadaaji palsapaaku hawtu ngu e diinaɓaawo ɗon motta les ko indita Hinduism.
Moodiɓɓe Hirnanko’en laari Hindism nder hendituki aadaaji yimɓe indiya ferɗoodirɗi wooduɗi ɗaɗi ɗuɗɗi ammana wala tigguɗoɗi.
Palsapa’en Indiya titi laaɓi dabare epistimolojiwaato *pramana)e logic boo linciti darasiije bano ontoloji (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta),e laaɓi hebko ilmu (epistemology, Pramanas),e bannge faa’idaaku (axiology)e darasiije luttuɗe.
Ko heɓa ɓaawo ɗon hawtidiri e tigguki Tantra e semmbe islaam haro ɓ iran.
Nyāya nder aadaaji yerdake huudeeji tati dow jogeteeɗi haro hebgo ilmu – Pratyakṣa (perceptio), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy) e Śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
Palsapaaku ɗun wii duuniyaaru ɗon usto yaaki paramāṇu (atoms), ɗun rakkata ustaki ko halkuki (anitya), hebdataako, boo woodi kala laayiwol ngol musamman indetee ngol e “famarun” (anu).
Ɓaawo ɗon Vaiśeṣikas (Śrīdhara e Udayana e Śivāditya) ɓeydi huude woore waato abhava (non-existence).
Ngam ko ɓe wiitini hakkiilo haro njanguki bindi e waggo bayanu, Mīmāṃsā waɗi titi raa’i goɗɗum dow palsapaaku ɗenngal laatiiɗum semmbiɗini njangirɗ luttuɗe.
Kala ko ferɗodiri palsapaaku Jain hawtade ɓrnde-ɓanndu wato dualism, salaaki tituki joomiraawo karma e duuniyaaru ndu na titaa baa ndeu wal habree raa’i hokkuki googaji nden bo e gikkuuji nder ko yaali tabbitinki googa.
Ɗun noddaama laawol tabbitinki palsapaaku ngam tiinaki dow tabbitinki goonga haro alaka huudeeji ɗuɗɗi ngam boo e yidde maajum haro dilluduki e kala fantuki palsapa’en ɗuɓɓe.
Palsapaajo Cārvāka bano Brihaspati ɓe laatake e ɓe nyaɗɗina nder kuuɗe maɓɓe ɗe palsapaaku jamanuuru maɓɓe.
Hanjum wonte boo ɓurɗun koo ɗume nder kala aadaaji palsapaaku e Tibet e boo Hombinafunaare lesɗe Asiya Sri Lanka e Burma.
Ɓaawo ɗon aadaaji palsapaaku Budhist titi laabi caɗɗi ɗi ilmu hakkilo ko ɓ noddirta 'Abhidharma'.
“Kala aadaaji ɗi’i bo walliti haro koɗun noddirta e ""epistemological turn"" e palsapaaku Indiya.”
Mawɓe nder heɗinɓe njangirde Buddhist hawtidiri e Anagarika Dharmapala (1864–1933) e bo waylutuɓe ɓe Amerkat Henry Steel Olcott, e hesɗinooɓe Caynanko’en Taixu (1890–1947) e Yin Shun (1906–2005),Njangirde Zen nde D.T. Suzuki, e bo Tibetan Gendün Chöphel (1903–1951).
Anthropology hanjum wonte ilmu njannguki neɗɗaku, wiitin ɗum hakkiilo dow haali e gikkuuji ɓii aadama e tagdi ɓii aadamae aadaaji e ummaatoore,e jooni e naane fuuh hawtidiri e kala tagdi ɓii aadama.
Biological or physical anthropology e njanngina no tagdi faarata yeeso.
Duɗe ɗuɗɗe ferɗotirɗe ɗe ɓe ilmu anturopoloji tini titaa.
Sarbeere nde ɗum haɗi jagginkie Faransa 1848, hee ɗun ali ɗuɗe ɗen.
Haro maɓɓe binndi Charles Darwindow aslu tagdi hanjum wonte fuɗɗaado ko ɗume ko ɓe seki.
Woodi haaje ɗun yawa nasduki ɗun nder kiimiiya ummaatoore.
“Kuuɗe maako laati jooni “”ilmu njannguki geɓe ɓii aadamaajo ko ɗun daarata e ko ɗume nder maajum fuuh, boo e alaka luttano tagle””.”
Mo annditi fellere bolle e ngaadi tagu, ko ɗun noddata hannde e Broca’s area ɓaawo maako.
Depte ɗidi sakitiiɗe winndaama fat maaje.
Mo Semmbiɗi dow wiigo bayanuuji hawteteeɗi doole laato won dabare nder maaje teɗe foodaama.
Waitz ɗum nder mawɓe semmmbiɓɓe wiigo nder etonoloji Burtaaniya.
Wakiili’en diga ummaatooje Faransa ɗon sarbeere nden amma na Brocaa.
E aran boo ɗon boo Edward e laara hoore mun hanko ɗum etonolojis amma ɓaawo ɗon anthropologist.
Gootum nder kowurtinte hanjum wonte duɗal Berlin ngal Anthropology e Ethnology e boo Prihistory (1869)ngal Rudolph Virchow titi andaangaldow aybaaki maɓɓe dow no aslu wontiri.
Mawɓe nder ɓe raa’i ɗon nder Duɗal ngal.
Naptoraaki anthropology, naptoraaki ilmu anthropology e dabare maaguki miskilaaji goɗɗi, yottake; e misaalu, wooduki uwuki tagu jooni rakkay wanda ɓe ilmu taariiha wanda keerol ko wakkanoto.
Non ɗun nder ko anda e lesdɗe Amerka, diga bolle Boas dow famtuki dow mbatta laral ɗun karni 19, ta atal ko Margaret Mead sarɗi dow deetinki gorgu e dewu e haɗgo holluki beɗu, yaaki aybuki kuuɗe ɗe ɓaawo laamu njagginooɓee ustuki e ɓeyduki aadaaji ɗuɗɗi.
E nder lesdi Burtaniyya e luttaano lesɗe ɗe semmbe motta jawndi, aadaaji Burtaniya dow adaaji ummataare ɗon semmbiɗa.
Njanguki Ilmu aadaaji ɗun njanguki laaɓi tiggaɗi te yimɓe hakkilanta no kuuje duuniyaaru haro maɓɓe yaata, nden boo Njanguki ilmu aadaaji ummaatoore ɗun njanguki alaka hakkude tagu gooto e duɗal yimɓe.
Wala ko ferɗoodiri mawɗun ko pamarun hakkude maajum, ngam non e ɗun yaada masin.
Kuugal ga’al wakkatiije goɗɗe e dillidee nder ilmu njanguki inaaje.
Bayaanu tguɗon nder laaɓi ilmu njanguki aadaaji e ummaaje.
Njanguki baabiraawu e ɗuɗe ummatooje hanjum wonte ko ilmu njanguki alaka hakkude ummatooje e aadaaji ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo, bano no baabiraawu laatoto ɗun kuuɗe moye ma nder ɓii aadama.
Ethnography ɗon daara ilmu hande e janngo e ko yaali ummatore won faa’ida.
Ethnomusicologyrakkay laare nder inaaje ferɗotirɗe, bano njanginki e siyaasakue ilmu aadaaji ummatooje.
Economic Anthropology boo hanjum laati ko ɓuri muhimmango dow waylitare.
“Puɗɗan inaaje ɗe’e ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo dow “”bako-motta jawdi”” ummaatooje ɓn laatiiɓ darasiwol aslu “”kabiila”” e geɓe.”
No waɗiɓen huwooɓ e faaruki yeeso yiɗi deppoki taariiha e ko hoo’a nder ɗon?
Hakkude baabiraawu a woodi a woodi iyalji kala ɗiɗi ferɗootirɗe.
Anthropology nasdaaɗun hawtidiri e kuuɗe rewɓe diga haro ɓe naa aadaaji Hirnanko’en ba, laatiiɓe andal maɓɓe e wiiko hannde e janngo maɓɓe ferɗoodiray haro rane’en ɓe njangirde feminist Yuroopiya e Amerka e inaaje goɗɗe.
“Ilmu aadaaji yaaluɗun siyaasaku tiggama bo wiitini hakkilo dow siyaasaaku e ummatooje pamari, faaruki yeeso kesum puɗɗi wakkatiire duuɓii 1960 nden bo haa jooni ɗon saawi: ɓe ilmu anturopoloji puɗɗi ɓydaaki haro njanguki ɗuɗɗum ""caɗɗun"" haro ummaatoore e nder lesdi, biirokiraasi e luummoji fuuh nastii nder taariiha e pistuki etnogirapi ɗun laaɓi pamari.”
“Ɗiɗaɓum, ɓe ilmu antiropoloji hakkilo puɗɗi faaruki yeeso pellere njande nden te ɓe ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo dow lesɗe e njangirɗe (nden boo e alaka hakkude duɗe nder e yaasi siyaasaaku).
Wakkatiije goɗɗe ɗun ɗon waɗa geɓe maajum nder anturopoloji ummatooje e aadaaji, nde wakkatiije goɗɗe boo nder kare aadaaji.
Kadin bo ɗun jannguki taariiha kabiilaaji ferɗooɗirɗi laatiɗi ɗi ɗon ko walaɗon hannde
“Laabi ummatooje ferɗoodirɗi e duuniyaaru Hirnanko’en e maa ""Duuniyaaru Tatawru"" (ɗrewol ngol laatiigol ko ɓuri wiitinki hakkiilo ɓe ilmu anturopoloji) waddi hakkiilo ""marɓe andal e luttano aadaaji'"" e ɓadi cuuɗi maɓɓe.”
Ɗun yebre nder geɓe yaadoore e luttano geɓe ilmu, hawtaade e anturopoloji e etnoloji e ilmu lokotoro e ilmu saykoloji e ilmu lokotoro dabbaji e maa juuloji.
Ɗun njande ɓii aadamaajo Naane bano no heɓa nder daliilaaji fossil hominid bano ƴiƴal ɓaawo e ngal newre njunngo.
E dungu 1989, duɗal Tuubanko’en e moodiɓɓe Amerkanko’en e yebre anturopoloji tiggi duɗal Tubanko’en ngal njangginki anturopoloji ummatoore waato European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) huwooɓe e Yuropiya.
Hanjum wonte yerdaago aadaaji sarɗetake diga haro goɗɗo feerenjo or fantaa feere ammana lincite masin nder kalmaaji maaji.
Franz Boas mo aybii nastuki Amerka nder konu duuniyaaru arandejum nden ɓaawo konu ɗum mo winndi deptere aybiire nastuki ɓe ilmu akiyoloji Amerka nder espianage Mexico dow way ɓ malami’en kiimiyaa.
E wakkatiire woore maa kuuɗe David H. Price dow anturopoloji Amerka sarbeere konu fewɗum hokki habaruuji no ɓ ilmu anturopoloji ɗuɗɓe heɓi ko wirtinaa diga kuungal maɓɓe ngam ɓe yurminii ɓe komunis.
Laaɓii wurtinki ɗuɗɗi aybooji konu ɗun nder kala kuuɗe maɓɓe saalake e motta dungu e duɗal anturopoloji Amerka waato American Anthropological Association (AAA).
Duɗal anturopoloji ummatoore waato The Association of Social Anthropologists ngal UK e Commonwealth (ASA) noddi njaande ɗuɗɗe dow won haɗari.
Gootum nder gikkuuji mawɗi hanji wonte anturopoloji tiino heɓa bayaanuuji mawɗi dow laaɓi haanu tokke nder ko ɓuri muhimmu.
Ka’a alaka waylotoka hakkude ko min laarata e leddi bano no yeddi ko min rakkata andutuki te haetidiri bayanuuji ferɗodirɗi pamari latoto ɓuri faa’ida nder kala anturopoloji, ko ɗun aadaaji ko maraaɗi ko ɗi ɗnngal ko akiyoloji.
ta nder ko mari yokki ko ɗun jaahiri, fooduki tagu, e donu maako e bayaanuuji nyandu maako ɗun hawtayɗun winnde e ɗerewol.
Kadin boo hendutuki aadaaji haro geɓe bano no Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian wallitii akiyoloji e luttano ɓe ilmui anturopoloji haro andutuki ɓii aadama’en saaliiɓe.
Al’aadaaji hollata doka jaɓaaka e nder ummataore; ɗun laatoto laaɓii tokketeeɗi e gikkuji tagu, e karemun ɗun wukkoto e ɗengal mun e yanayi ɗun mo woni, laatiiɗun wonte laaɓii tokkeeteeɗi nder ummaatoore.
Ɗi’i boo hawtidi e ko wurtinte bano diidi e gimi e wamuki e iimanaaku e diina e dabarere jamanuuru bano kare kuudeteeɗ e depuki nyamndu e kare sutura e maande mun.
Mawnuki dabare aadaaji e ɗon naptore sarbere wonde haro ferɗoodirki waytinki ko’e jamanuuru diga ummatoore naa ɗunnde baa.
Aadaaji jamaare ɗun ko yimɓe tita e boo ko wurtinta dow ko yaali kare naptoraaki e mo naptortooɗun e karnijum 20.
E yajjinki ilmu kimiya ummatoore, ta wuttudu raa’i aadaaji kareeji jogaaɗi e dow aadaaji ummatoore nder kare yanayiiji ɗun ɓii aadama bano no tagu titata carɗuuji ngam maraaki no haani e bandiraaɓe maako.
E fellere nde’e aadaaji ɗuɗdi e holla no yimɓe jooɗirto jam e sese wala tonyotooɗo bandun hakkude maɓɓe.
“E 1986, Pilosopaajo Edward S. Casey windi “”kala ko kalmawol aadaaji fuuh nomata ɗun mo noddi’ Middle English, nden bo kalmawol ngol wiiti yaaki haa Latin coler, ‘to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and cultus, 'A cult, especially a religious one.'"
Ngam non ferɗootirki hakkude ""aadaaji"" e ""jamanuuru"" ɗun ɗon haro ko binduɗo on yindii ko maa waɗayi bayanu dow non ɗun.”
Rakkaa ka’a wangi diga aslu e hesɗinki haali tagu nder duuɓii ko saalii 50,000 boo e ɗun ɗon nume nandii e tagu.
Rein Raud, mahuɗo kuungal mun dow ngal Umberto Eco, e Pierre Bourdieu e Jeffrey C. Alexander, waddi laaɓi waylutuki aadaaji darnaadi di latoto sarɗake dow alama hukuma aadaaji e ummatooje ƴameteeɗi.
Wo’’inki adaae numa dow mahitaaki ko aada famti nder ummatore.
Bononda nder ummaatore e faaruki yeeso kare jamanuuru rakkay wirtineeki nder ummatoore ta ɗatal mbatta yimɓ nder faaruki yeeso laaɓi adaaji kesi nden bo e alkiɗi di titat goɗɗi.
yanauyiiji Inaaje rakkay nastuki nder carɗuuji.
Konu ko gaasa dow mottal jawdi moytay faaruki yeeso kare kuytinirɗum ummatooje waylotooɗe.
“E misaalu inaare nyanki nyanndu ndu Hirnanko’en e holla ko yiɗi waddeete haro ɓe Caynanko;en bano no Cayna ɗun yajjini mottal njawdi maɓɓe e keerol karni ɗun 20."""
Mo wii ciya hakkiilo ɗu’um heɓaama naa daga ciya andal ba heeni diga ciya semmbe ɓernde numoki e ndimu mun.
“Ɓeydaari boo, Herder hokki laaɓii ɗi Bildung: """Harro Herder, Bildung hanko wonte laawol bayanuuji hokkoji ko ɗun anditata e huunde woore nde yimɓe."""
Haro njangirde de’e kala kabila ko kaye fuuh woodi no daarirta duuniyaru e ko woni nder maaru noyaadata e motta maɓɓe.
Mo holli dow hawtidirki kiimiya ɗun fat yimɓe ummatooje rakkay wanginki ko duuniiyaaru yi’a dow huude pamarde woore.
"""ɗatal tokkaaki maral, ko ɗun yimɓe ko jamanuuru ko motta yimɓe."""
" E wuttuduuru wooro boo, haala """aada""" wanginaa ɗum nder Tubanko;en e karni 18 e boo puɗɗan karni 19 hoo’i ciya deedeetinaki nder ummtaaje Tubanko’en.
Te haro laawol numuki go’ol tagu rakkay henda lesɗe goɗɗe dow ɓurig goɗɗe ilmu jamanuuru bano no yimɓe woɓɓe ɓuri woɓɓe jgaaki adaaji.
Luttano aybooɓe ɓe karni 19, tokkitoyi Rousseau, yerdake dow kala ferɗoodirol hakkude aadaaji mawɗi e pamari, ammana yi’i dabareje aadaaji mawɗi to heppa regga e wala faaruki yeeso ustanoojum yimɓe gikku maɓɓ.
E 1870 mo ilmu anturopoloji Edward Taylor (1832-1917) naptori ka’a famtaa ka aadaaji mawɗi e pamarite mo wirtini raa’i aslu diina.
“Haro modibbo sociyoloji Georg Simmel (1858–1918), aada hanka wonte ""hoo’oyki ko tagu jogi ta ɗatal gootal gal yimɓe saali ɓ huutiniri nder ko taariiha tabbitini."""
Aada ka naa huunde ba hanka wonte huunde nde wi’ataake nder ko yimɓe woodi dow aada maɓɓe hawtidiri e gikkuji e iimaanaaku e neɗɗaaku e ɗengal e duɗal maɓɓe e njangirɗe, nden aada ka kare boo hanka wonte kare ɗun ummatooje ali daareteeɗum nder maɓɓe.
“aAada sociyoloji e nane ""e tite""e duuniyaaru ndu ɗun wolwata Tubankeere nder kareko heɓetee nder ""waylituki aada"" e duuɓii 1960 wadduɗum laaɓi structuralist e postmodern nder kiimiya ummatooje."
“Aada”tini laati tin ko neeɓi huude marde faa’idaku nder geɓe ɗuɗɗe de sociyoloji hawtaade e felle kiimiya bano kenda ummatooje e laaɓi fistuki ummaatoore.”
E ɓe laarta laawol re’uki e yelnuki bano no alaka kendan hollata, ardotoo ɓe ko dum wiitini hakkiilo dow alaka ajiire e boo motta tituki.
Tini ɗun laati woodi alaka semmbikka e Stuart Hall, laatiiɗo roni Hoggart e Ardirgol.
Kala ɗi’i huweteeɗi hawtidiri e no yimɓe waɗirta huude woore (bano laaruki telebijin e nyaamu nyamndu) e aada goota.
“Laaruki telebijin te yi’ata famta yimɓe ferɗodirɓe nder motta taariiha numatake haa see nde ɓe andi nduno nder atal telebijin gal e hoore maagal, latoto suɓaama nder aada; heeni faa, pukaraaɓe pamarɓe te laara telebijin ɓaawo warti diga njangirde e soobaaɓe maɓɓe nga ““nastuki mder”” weala seko handay tinda wala daliila e jayri holloha mo nastay nder ɗon.
“Aada”” ngam njamguki aadaaji lincitoowo na hawtay kaway e ndonu toɓu ba aada mawka (aadaaji ardontooɓe yimɓe) e boo aadaaji andaaɗi masin, heeni ko ndeye woodi ma’ana e kuungal jayri.”
Modiɓɓe e lesɗe kawtal Tuubanko;en e ɗe kawtal Amerka wurtini faaruki yeeso ferɗoodirɗum dow njanngukin ilmu aadaji e keerol duuɓii 1970.
Ferɗoodirka hakkude amerka e Burtaniyya majji.
Wiitinki hkkiilo mawɗun dow laawol orthodox Marx ɓuri hakkilanki maa’anaaji.
Luttano laaɓi ɗin boo dow njanguki aada, bano no njannde feminist e faaruki yeeso Amerka ta fellere nden, ɓe daayii hoore maɓɓe diga famtakan.
Ɓe saykoloji aada puɗɗi tiinake wanginki alaka hakkude dinbaaki e aada, te ɓe jaabi nyamii ko ɓernde tagu ɗun won ndimu hoore mun.
E wuttudu wooru boo, lincitooɓe woɓɓe tiinake haro ferɗooɗirki hakkude dargal yimɓe dow daliilaaji aadaa.
E misaalu, yimɓe umminaaɓe nder aada goota e faa’a dow ɓe mawninaama nder kala numo e daliila gootum.
Motta Hague dow resuki kare aadaaji e Duɗal Bononda Taadiiɓe e maa Motta UNESCO dow resuki aadaaji Ferɗooɗirɗi fuuh ngam resuki aadana e ndonu toɓu waɗa.
Les doka lesdi e lesdi, UN e UNESCO tiinake haro tigguki e semmbiɗinki doka ngam manufa ka’a.
Taskaran kuuɗe ɗen hanje wonte andutuki geddooɓe, hanjum waɗi alaama jo’’inki aada hanka wonte mawka ko ɗun huwanta.
Buki ɗun motta ka ummaatore waɗata ta atal wiitinki hkkiilo dow ko jamaaje wiitinta hakkiilo dow gikkuuji maɓɓe ɗi hande e jango.
Ɓaawo diina e taale, aslu mawɗum hanjum wonte demal.
Buki kan e waɗe ngam daliilaji goɗɗi ɗi nder ummaatoore, musamman maa dow ko yaali seho ko yettoki labbi , ko labbi dewi ko saytan: e ɗon noddiraɗi e buki huunde.
E haro Girka’en e Rum’en Neeɓuɓe, Buki bano ɗun Saturnalia won alaka ɓadiika e duɗal ummaatoore e laaɓi siyaasaaku e maa diina.
“E Middle English, ""festival dai"" ɗun siwtaare diina.”
“Ko indete ""feast""kadin boo ɗon naptore inaare woore to numata maana goota nyamndu mawɗun ko yajjinaaɗum.”
Buki ɓurɗun muhimmango e diina bana kirsimeeti, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha ɗon wɗee diga ndungu hee ndungu.
Misaalu ɓadiiɗum titeeki hanjum wonte ɗun fir’awna Ramsis III titi e Misra demo wɗta seho dow nasru maako dow Libya.
Woodi kala bukuuji ɗuɗɗi e duuniyaaru boo ɗuuɗal lesɗe fuuh e waɗa buki huude marde faa’idaago wakkaniide ko ɗun al’aada e ndonu toɓu maɓɓe.
Bukuuji yimɓe Misra ɓe neeɓi rakkay lattaki ko ɗun siyaasa ko ɗun diina.
Buki Sed, e misaalui ɗon seha duuɓi fir’awna cappaɗe tati e dow laamu Misra nden bo ɓaawo duuɓi tati (ko nayi nder goɗɗum) ɓaawo ɗon.
E kalanda kirista’en Lituji, woodi laaɓi ɗiɗi ɗi buki, andaaɗum e Feasts of Nativity jaamiraawo maɓɓe waato kirsimeti e nden bo Feasts of Resurrection waato esta, ammana boo woodi bikiiji pamari ɗi kirista’en waɗta nder diina maɓɓe kan.
Bukiiji ɓe diina Buddhist, bano Esala Perahera waɗeteeɗun e Sri Lanka e Thailand.
Bikiiji Fimji hawtidiri e lincituki fimji ferɗotirɗi, boo e iɗi waɗee non tam.
Woodi kadin boo bukiiji nyamndu, bano andaɗum Oktoberfest e Germany ngam yarki bal.
Ɓe Misra Neeɓuɓe ɓaarake dow ndiyam ɗam ɗun heɓata e ceeɗun ngam demal maɓɓe e hebko nyamndu maɓɓe.
Bukiiji Dree ɗi yimɓe Apatanis jooɗiiɓe tayre Subansiri nder Arunachal Pradesh ɗon waɗeendungu fuuh diga 4 yaaki 7 lewru juuliirungam do’aaki napuuda ngese.
Siwtaare boo ɗun yanderende ɗum deppata ngam buki nder dooka laatiidun musaaman nder luumooku e siwtaare njangirde te ɗun darnete ko uste.
Yanayi ɗun huudeeji ko deye waɗete e ustee e siwtaare e ko yaali dookaaji pamari, e kala kuuɗe waɗeteeɗe diga tagu moye maa.
E ɗuuɗal ummaatooje jamanuuru, heni, siwtaare e hoo’e nder kala huudeeji montaaki maral bano siwtaare keerol asaweere ko banon.
E felle goɗɗe boo siwtaare ɗon hoo’e dow ko andita.
Kala naptorki ferɗoodiri e inaaje.
E misaalu bukiiji yanddeji mbaadi (Monkey Days) don waɗee e yandeere 14 Disambaaru, International Talk bano Pirate Day ɗon waɗeee yanddere 19 satumbaaru, nden boo Blasphemy day ɗon waɗee yandeere 30 lewru satumbaaru.
"Tokkotooɓe Jahovah e ɓe waɗa bikiji dungu fuuh"" indete ɗun e ""The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death"", ammana bo ɓe waɗata kla biki ko ɗume bano kirsimeti ko esta ko New year.”
Julɓe tokkotooɓe Ahmadi ɓaawo bikiji islama e ɗon waɗaa biki yandeere Messiah e yanddere Bo’inowo e yanddere kilafa, ammana e wuttudu wooru wala ko ɗun waɗata bakao nandi e non.
Siwtaaje Celtic, e Norse, e Neopaga ɗon tokko umroore kala ndungu.
Lincitooɓe kare taariiha marɗun yonki hawtidiri sana’a tagu ka osteology, e paleopathology, e archaeology,nden wakkatiije goɗɗe boo don laara aada haali mayuɗo e ko luttanimo.
Evolutionary psycholog dun njande ɓanndu numoki e ɓernde diga ko yaali famta aslu ka jamanuuru.
Gikku inaare tagu ɗun njande hoo’uki haali waato (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny)diga aslu fellere maral.
Paleoanthropology ɗun njande tabitinki tagu e aslin mun ɗuuɗal fuuh e naptora ko luttani tagu no luttanu tagle fuuh hollata sendoodirgol tagle e ko wayloto e mbatta haali nder kabila tagu e boo inare demo maroto no asli ɓii aadaama heɓa.
Inde nden de hesre, waato ko indita e ‘physical anthropology’ nder ko ɓuri duuɓi teemerr, e boo woɓɓe huudooɓe e naptoro kalmawol ngol.
Edita’en woɓɓe, laaru les ɗo’o, ɓe yajjini fellere nden haa ɓuri kiimiyaa science labɗun.
Ɗu’um laati laawol ngol Moodiɓɓe jogoto e nuna haa duuɓi 2,000 yeeso ɗo’o.
Mo winndi dow physiognomy, famta wurtinaaka diga bindi e Hippocratic Corpus.
E karni 19 modiɓɓe anturopoloji Faransa les ardugal Paul Broca (1824-1880), wiitini hakkiilo dow craniometry te donu German boo les ardugal Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), semmbiɗini semmbe innaaje e nyawuuji dow ɓanndu tagu.
Mo watti wiitinki hakkiilo maako diga racial typology yaaki njande no tagu heɓa, te mo faari yeeso diga geɓegu yaaki laabi aslu.
Kala laral ɗun seddodirki tagu dow ko woɗi jayri e haali ummatore e to sedde yi’eteeɗe dow ferɗodirol ummaatoore.
kimiya science ɗun jamanuuru e laara kala laral e maadi ummatore no ɗun anditirta ummatooje e te ɓe woni.
Haa jon woɓɓe wii, nder ɓii adaama’en kala laral wala taasiiri ɗume maa ngam yimɓe fat maɓɓe ɓe ƴitti diga inaare woore waato Homo sapiens.
E South Afrika, rijista ɗuuɗal yimɓe e 1950 hoo’i ɓale’en e Rane’en e lawni laral, nden indiya maa tokkitowi ɓe ɓaawo don.
Doka lingal U.S holli no ammana paɓɓiti taskaran ɓeyda huunde woore waato hendita Afirkanko’en caka’en e Fuuna’en e wayla’en nder U.S ɗun dungu 2020, ngam non ɗun lattoto henditi kabila e lawiire yimɓe.
“Tigguki kiita laral wakkatiije goɗɗe hawtidiri e hendutuki motta gokka te ɓe daarata ɓe ɓuri woɓɓe bano no doka karni 19 ɗun Lesɗe Amerka holii ɗun wurtina kala ko moye wooduɗo alaama Afirkankeeku diga nder lingal “”ran’en””.”
“Haro moodibbo ilmu donu tagdi David Reich, “”kala laral lattoto mahugo ummatoore no ferɗoodiri e no ɓ roni tagle yaadi no mahugo laral wonte hannde””
Luttano seddidoore hawtidiri e hawtade taariiha e al’ada e ɗenngal.
Motta jawni, e hawataade e puɗɗdo no kala laral wonti, waddi bone nder ɓe wala muhimmu nder motta ferɗodirol laral.
holluki ferɗoodiral laral fooɗi jurumɗum, e jagginki e war hoore.
Ngam e ummatooje goɗɗe ferɗoodiral laral don yaada e nder ɓadiiɗum e kala ko noddeete social stratification, haro modiɓɓe social science boo njanguki ciya dedeetaaki ummatoore, e ferɗodiral laral lattoto woodio alfaanu masin.
e misaalu, e 2008 , John Hartigan, Jr.wiii dow ferɗoodiral laral wiitnɗuhakkiio masin dow aada, ammana yejjitaayi huude nde yokki ko ilmu donu tagle.
e ɗatal ga’al fantuki ferɗodiral laral bano no min anditi hannde wari nder wakkati laaɓi taariiha haɓuki ɗun hawtuɗun Tuubanko’en inaare woore e motta yimɓe diga inaaje ferɗodirɗe, e maa famta hendutuki e aslu heɓaaɗum e kiimiiya science.
Taskanje waɗaaɗe dow taali ɗi iimaanaaku dunu holloji ferɗoodiral jayri hakkude motta donuɗum ilmu e gikkuuji.
Henditoore Carl Linnaeus ɗum 1735, laatiiɗo tigguɗo zoological taxonomy mo hendi tale ɓii aadama yaaki Homo sapie e ko hawti e ferɗoodiral nahiiyaaji ɗi europaeus e asiatuis e americanus nden bo ɓaawo ɗon boo mo yaaliri ɗun e humour e sanguine e melancholic e choleric e phlegmatic saliiriiɗun.
"Blumenbach nden boo waɗi bayyanu dow waylitaare manngu diga motta goota yaaki gokka motta kan nden mo waɗi bayanu dow “kal ferɗodirol tagu waɗi non dow ko haani saali har yaari haro luttuɓe maɓɓe.””
Nden yeeso bo mo wii mottaji goɗɗi ɗereji kuugal latoto ɗon waɗa ko haani tini nder ɗuuɗal yimɓe, ammana wala njande yaaroore te ferɗoodirte e kala laral hawti motta yimɓe.
Njande hesre dow adaji e inaare lingal kiyasi donaaɗun nder ilmu kimiyaare science dariiɗum dow hendotiral laral ardiiɗum ɓe ilmu anturopoloji haro wo’inki keerol ɗate kohendidiriɗum.
Njande dow ko ferɗodiri ɓii aadama holli dow ɗuuɗal ɓii aadaama wala nder ko hendita nder ilmu jogirapi, e boo donu ferɗooɗirɗum ɗun ɗuuɗa bano dun luttano tagle.
Andreasen holli diidii tati di gaɗɗi alaka e donu goɗɗiidi elingal yimɓe nde Luigi Cavalli-Sforza windii nder puɗɗaado kuugal phylogenetic ɓii aadamajo dow ko yaali ferɗootiral laral (p. 661).
Marks, Templeton, e Cavalli-Sforza fat ɓe darake dow donu tabbitinta kala laral tagu.
E misaalu, dow ko yaali kala laral ɓe Tuubanko’en e Afirka’en, Brace winndi yaaki hannde kala laral ɗon watto diga Yuroopiyam yaaki hombaare yaaki keerol Fuunaare mediterranean nden yaaki maaliya yaaki Afirka.
“Mo wii’i gooto rakkay naptoraaki kalmawol lawni laral teni haa gooto yiɗi hendidira hakkude “”ferɗoodiral laral”” e “”andal kala laral””.”
E keerol, Livingstone e Dobzhansky mo yerdake`dow woodi duno ferɗoodirgu e hakkude yimɓe: kadin boo ɓe yerdake dow naptoraaki kala lawni laral ngam henduki yimɓe e no famtuki laral hoo’a ɗun kuuɗe ummatooje nder kareeji.
“Bano no modiɓɓe anturopoloji Leonard Lieberman e Fatimah Linda Jackson anditi , ""Laabi bange ferɗodirɗi yeddi kala hollare lingal fuuh bano no ɗun hawtidiri nder kare ronaaɗe kala goo.”
“Modibbo anturopoloji caka karni 20 William C. Boyd hokki maana kala laral dow “”ɗuuɗal f erɗoodirgal e ɗuuɗal woɓɓe ta ko yaali huundeji roneteeɗi nderkareeji giɗaaɗi e ɗi yiɗaama”
Ɓeydaari, boo modibbo anturopolojiStephen Molnar hoki sawara dow tokkinki laayiiji ko yiɗaaka hokkay ɓeydaari ɗuuɗal lawni wattoojum famta hoore maajum wala napuuda.
Joanna Mountain e Neil Risch hulnii dow tweni kare roneteeɗe yanddere wonde hallte haro banndun nder kala ko hendidiriɗun nder mattaje, kala ko numete ɗum laato caɗɗun famuki tinda won alaka hakkude roneteekon e haaliiji ko gikkuji.
“Kala ko ɗume maa boo heɓuɗa latoto e yaada rakkata handuki ammana ɗon ɗun haɗa taama naptoraaki ɗi ko bo joggoɗa dow ɗi won alfanu.
Non ɗun hollta ko joga tati nder motta kan hendaaka etiita inaare yaajunde (European, African and East Asian).
“Modiɓɓe anturopoloji bano C. Loring Brace,e pilosopaajo Jonathan Kaplan e Rasmus Winther, e modibbo jenetik Joseph Graves, ɓe darni wiigo ko ngam maren woodi tabbas woodi tepal kare yonki e ko ɗun hendidirta motta ko ɗun numat e “”continental races””, non ɗun googa haro kala kita ko kaye fuuh.”
Weiss e Fullerton yecii dow te tagu waɗi samful Icelanders e Mayans e Maoris, e nder taskaran tati ferɗotirɗe nden kala ɗuugal gale rakkay ɗun aɗa bayaanu maagal bano no yanɗiti e nder hawataadeMaori, Icelandic e Mayan ɗun haali roneteeɗun.
Beydaari boo, bayanuuji doeteedi ko latoto tagu wi’ay kedidirode nder gebe (waato ko henditi ko bo laabii juddi (waato lumpers).
“baawo iskilaaji der bernde e di jayri dow “”kala laral””tokkitowi baawo konu duuniyaaru didabum modibbe aslu e kimiiya uaatooje tabbitini anndi ko woni iimaaaku yimbe dow kala laral e tabbitiki holluki hendoodiral e njanginki e war hoore.”
Craig Venter e Francis Collins be wuuduwol njaginki jamu hawti andini puddonde lincituki tagle doneteede e dungu 2000.
Ammaa naa du kimiyaa ba.
“Moodibbo anturopoloji StephaPalmie holli wi’uki ""kala laral naadum huude heeni dun alaka ummatoore"", ko bo kalmawol Katya Gibel Mevorach, hajum wote ko ɗun noddata ""a metonym"", ko ɓii aadaama titi dow atal mun haro ferdiodirki naa dun hawtudun naa boo du caakuɗu ammana do naptore ngam hendutuki.”””
Den boo, adutuki kala laral dun wala nder ko laaonte ama woodi doka goota haduka bano o dun wotiri e hawtade lesde Amerka.
Di’i ate mawninki nder ko dume bano lawni spectrum nden boohuunde woore joodai bano ko hediti nder bandun.
Heɓaama e New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 1984.
“E haro be Yuropiya daliila “”kala laral”” don nder yanayi miskilaaji bbe.
“Haala aslu kala laral tagu do baari dow wiiki bii aadamaajo rakkay hedee der ilu bayaloji ferdoodirdum “kala laral”fanta ka be kiimiiya sali diga be kiimiya ummaatoje.
E hawtaade lesɗe Amerka duuɗal yimɓe fuuh andutuɓe hoore maɓɓe ɓe yimɓe Afirka’en Amerka’en woodi maamiraaɓe Tuubanko’en de boo ɗuɓɓe noddoɓe hoore maɓɓe Tubannko’en Amerka doole ɓe woodi mamiraaɓe Afirka.
Laabi nastuki dudal gal kala laral e wjuttudu ndu u yajji e karni 19.
“Ameridiyam’en waɗi ka bayaanu diga nder ɗuɓɓe woodi “”ƴiiƴam indiyanko’en"" (called blood quantum)."
Dooka ka’a e numa wiiki ben jildirbe laral amma woodi nandirgol Afirkanko’en fat mabbe be bale’en ta.
“Ko ɗun noddi ""Hispanic"" e bano itnonim wanguɗum e kari 20 ta atal hijira lebura’e diga lesɗe bolwooje e ɗenngal Sipen diga Latin Amerka haa yaaki lesde Hawtaadade lesde Amerka.”
Carɗuuji tati njagirde ilmu lesdi e ɗaa’a e duuɓii hanjum laati heɓi muhimmango haro ferdodirki haalaji witinaaɗi
E 2007,Ann Morning hiiridi e modiɓɓe bayoloji Amerka ko ɓuri 40 nden moodiɓɓe Anturopoloji teɓe heɓi bayannuuji ɗi narridata dow yanayi kala laral boo wla bolle gooto hoo’uɗum ko nandi e ɗun gooto.
“Fuuh ngam maren mo rakkay yi’ugo halallaji boɗɗi dow geɓe ɗen bay go’o, ɗun salaaki yedda daliilaaji “”wurtoyi diga semmbiɗinki siyaasaku ummatoore amma na kimiyya ba fuuh””.”
E wiitinki jawaabu Gill parfeesaajo Bayoloji Anturopoloji Loring Brace wii’i daliila mo wal andal nder pannu ɗum waɗata tiinare hebtuki inaaje taariiha jawtiiɗe rakkay waɗa bayanuukala gikkuji bayoloji bano no ɗun yaadat nder duuniyaaje ammana nonɗun waal nufi e numa maana kala laral.
Binndi Anturopoloji jayri wii’i ilmu kala laral ɗon tin diga duuɓi1970, wakkatiije ɗe puɗɗi wiiki ferɗodiral laral walaka fuuh maa.
E lewru Fabriiru 2001 editaajo mujallwol bacci nyawɗi e nyawɓe mawɓe umri dow te ɗun winnda kabilaaku ko kal alaral te wala dalliilaaji kiimiya tagle.
Morning (2008) laari depte njangirde mawnde de bayoloji sarbere 1952-2002 nden bo puɗɗan mo heɓii kal lawol de mo heɓii 35% ɗon wolwa dow kala laral e wakktiire 1983-92 diga aran boo 92%.
e keerol, kareeji dow kala laral fa’i diga roneteeɗi yaasi e ɗi nder taariiha aslu.
“Mo anditi, “”ko ɓuri wooɗuki, tagu rakkay ramminina wiigo bayoloji e anturopoloji wangi e hendidira e iimanaku maɓɓe dow huudeeji.
Lincitooɓe kuugal jamu 33 diga inaaje ferɗootirɗe hirdaama nder njande gonde e 2008.
Ɗuuɗal Modiɓɓe Sociyoloji wiitini hakkiilo dow Afikanko’en Amerka, noddeteeɓe Negroes e wakkatiire nden boo ɓe wii ɓe ɓuri rane’en.
E 1910, Ulysses G. Weatherly (1865-1940) wurtini patakewol noddugol dow mawnininki rane’en e semmbiɗinki kala laral maɓɓe ngam helaaki ferɗoodiral laral.
Nder kuugal maako, O tabitinii dow geɓe maral ha wuro, zaman honeeki, e laawol luumo andiraagol jaari hujja ɓeddi famtinki dow geɓe senddeki ngam nonde laral.
Bako hitaande 1978, William Julius Wilson (1935–) wi’i yaakeeji no senddeki ngam nonde laral do usta masin, nden a joonde maajum, geɓe no yimɓe sendiraa on ɓuri bana no anduɓe fannuwol joonde yimɓe faami no dow senddeki ngam nonde laral.
"Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, moodiɗo haa fannuwol joonde yimɓe mo Jaami’a Duke, wi’i "" mi nuddini dow senddeki ngam nonde laral dum, ko buri koodume fuu, haala sembe mobgal, dum haala mobgal himbe ɓurduɓe (rane en) habdata reenta sembe be mari yaake famarbe bo habata deftinki ko be wontiri je hollata sendeeki ngam nonde laral.”
Ha pellel hurguki bo, hollugo feeroritiral ngam nonde laral ɗon hoositire dow nyaw nden ɓe do hurga ɗum ɓe lekki lokotoro.
Woodi geddi hakkunde widitooɓe lekki ɓandu ɓii aadamajo dow maana ɓe bote hollugo feerdoodiiral ngam nonde laral ha wiɗitol maɓɓe.
Woɓɓe nder hebre woore sattini hujja mabbe dow teema be tafana koo moyefu lekki mum hedi naftirki taklon goddo.
Ɓe hokki hujja dow duddinki wolde dow wallininde sendiigu njamu taklon goddo ngam do mari sababu bana sembidinki sendugo himbe, yeeduki hollugo feeroritiral ngam nonde laral ko sonide faaluki dalilaaji njamu goddi di laranai gebe feeroritaral taklon goddo.
"IC"" do dari darnde ""Jammoore tinndinoore;"" kujeeji do andiraama gebe fonikz."
"Nder lesde dudde, bana faransa, ngomnati harmini resugo bayanuuji ko larani hollugo feeroritiral ngam nonde laral, non man wadan polis en hokka derewol dabburru je mari jammoore bana ""Nonde laral balewal"", e ko nandi e maajum."
Dubbe hoositiri wadugo himbe nder gebe sanadu laral mabbe dum misalu on je hollata hukuma tabiti hollugo feeroritiral ngam nonde laral.
"Duddingo mabbugo haafahin, ""yaajugo ndaabol dookaaji, kaa’idaaji, dabareeji, e al’adaaji hakkilanki jammooje kastaabe nyidda baale en nder be yaasi pursina. """"
Widitoobe dubbe holli bana yedi bote nonde laral nangaado ha yaake
Widitol feere holli dow nonde laral heftetee soosi to naftiri dabareeji goddi, bana dabareeji di Giles be Elliot nyibi.
"Widitol ngol himmini wi'ugo ""feerotiral woni nder duudal talklon nonde laral kilniidum, nden naftirtaake hedi sendutugo nonde himbe ba.""
Jangugo ala'ada ɗum lisal jangugo al'ada jey lorni hakkiilo dow janguki feerotiral woni nder al'adaaji himbe.
Ngam heelaaki ƴami ɗii, janguɓe e karnijum 19 hendaama yaaki njaggirɗe ɗiɗi.
“Woɓɓe nder noddooɓe dow “”tigguki ndimu”” bano Lewis Henry Morgan, ɓeydi dow yiiki nadootirki e nofo mottaaji ferɗoodirɗi e yaada e aadaaji kala go’o (boo daaru Njangirde nde ibolojim ummaatore).”
Morgam hankoma bano luttaano Modiɓɓe ebolojim ummaatoore karnijum 19, yerdaake dow woodi faaruki yeeso ko ɓuri ko gakki diga fuɗɗan yaaki waytinki ko’e.
“Fuuh ngam marem ɓe itnoloji’en krnijum 19 e daara “”hendootiral”” e “”tigguki ndimu”” e ferɗoodiri dow raa’iiji, ɗuuɗal etnogirapa’en yaawi haro hawtuki ko’e dow laaɓi fuuh e waɗo nden boo waɗay bayahnuuji dow ko hendotiri aadaaj e ko hawtidiri ɗi.
“Boas hanko wonte fuɗɗan wolwouki raa’iɗum e 1887: ””...waytinki ko’e naaɗum goɗɗum kewuɗum, ammana...e ɗum yaldootira, e...raa’iiji min e nufooji ɗi googa teni haa waytinki jamanuuru e yaade.”””
Alaaka aadaaji hawtidiri e epistimologi e noddaari laaɓi.
Alaaka aadaaj ɗon nder wiitinki haala itnosentirijim Honbina’en.
Fontuki ki’i ki aadaji fontiditeeɗe e anturopoloji e miskilaaji ɗiɗi: fuɗɗan no ɗum ƴaɓɓiitoto aadaaji tagu ɗi naa hoore mun ba, ɗin laatiiɗi e yedda numo min e no duuniyaaru yaata, nden ɗiɗawre boo no aadaaji ɗi andaama jogete.
Kala laawol ngo’ol hanngol wonte ngol itnogirapi: e ɓe ɗon nodda dow joddaaki e yimɓe woɓɓe yaaki wakkati jayɗum, ngam ɓe jannga ɗenɗe maɓɓe boo ɓe hoo’a aadaaji maɓɓe ko maa ɗum seɗɗa.
Laawol maako nyiɓɓini, kolgo hawtidirki e ƴaɓɓtaare tiinaare ngam hawtuki raa’iiji gooti.
Mo yerdake dow kala ada fuuh haani jannge feere maaka , nden mo darii dow hendootiral aadaa hawtidirka, bano no ɗum woni nder kimiyya takle waɗataako.
Fuɗɗan nder pukaraaɓe maako yerdiiɓe hawtidiri e Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir e Ruth Benedict, ɓen ɓe ko moye maɓɓe laatake wurtinii njaddeeji ɗuɗɗi dow adaaji nder Wuro waylankeere Amerka.
Binndi Alfred Kroeber nder deptere Anturopolji 1923) wayliti kala jannde anturopoloji Amerka.
Modiɓɓe sayikuloji ɗun sayko’analitik semmbiɗinɓe hawtidiri e Sigmund Freud e Carl Jung, ɓe bindooɓe tiinake dow fantuki laawol ngol yimɓe naptorto haro umminki tagu gooto nder ummatoore.
Ɓe anturopoloji motta jawdi bano ɓurɗo semmbe maɓɓe Karl polanyi e huudoowo ɗun Marshal Sahlins e Geoge Dalton ɓe yeddi no haani nder Motta jawdi kilasical dow hoo’uki bayaanuuji aadaaji ɗi ummatoore, nden ɓe hoo’i Laaɓi Marxian nder njannde anturopoloji.
Nder deppuki e wakkati, ɗuɗɗum nder antoropoloji nasda maa nder siyaasaku ta ɗatal Konu Ndimu ɗun Aljeriya e ko yeddi Konu Vietnam, Laaɓi Marxism laati ko ɓuri andaaki e laawol gol.
E duuɓii 1980deptere bano Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter semmbiɗini laaɓi anturopoloji e ciya foodootiral njaggiki, nden boo ɗuuɗal raa\iiji ɓurɗi andeeki Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault nasdii kuuɗe laamu e no dillidirte e hawta.
Kala bayanuuji ɗi’i doole laato wiitinaama dow mo aslu maajum, e no haani bano no fassara maajum wonte, dow ko pu’’ɗitete e ko ɗun noddata hamojiyoti.
Kuugal David Schnieder dow laamu Ameerka laatake woodi faa’ida masin.
Laawol fuɗɗaagol der inaare lincitoore nden dow ɓe anturopoloji ummatoore, Musamman maa Bronislaw Malinowski e lesdi Burtaaniya, pukaraajo Franz Boas e lesɗe hawtidaaɗe ɗe Amerkanko’en e ko lutti dow ɓaawo ɗon nder lincitoore ɓe Jangirde Sociyoloji Chicago.
Bindoore Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
Ngam tigguki hawtidirol laatotoogol ardanake ko ɓurata andeeki dow fijiiji aadaaji, ilmu anturopoloji laato e onti ngam laato nder kala mottaa kan, boo laato ɗon yiɗi faaruki yeeso nder ko haani mamaba’en mun.
Bako nufo huudeteeɓe fuɗɗe hoo’eeki, ɓe anturopoloji doole suɓa inaare e nden wiitina hakkiilo dow jannde.
Ɗu’um alii ɓe ilmu anturopoloji laattaaki ko ɓuri tiggeeki nder ummaatoore
Ɗuuɗal nufo huudeteeɓe fuuh ɗun dow gewta.
E lamuruuji goɗɗi boo, etnogirapa’en kadin boo wiiti dow nufo ko yi’a te nufo ɓe anturoploji umraa dow ƴami goɗɗi ɗi ɗum yiɗi jaabe.
Non ɗum wallitay haro hawtuki laaɓi njandete haa kare etnogirapi e hawtidire nder motte ɗuɗɗe ko e boo woodi haje haro henbinki dallila gokka bano lincituki dow laamu hukuuma ko sarɗi.
Moye wonte etnogirapa’on woodi faa’idaaku masin dow ko mo windata dow aadajingam marem lincitoowo fuuh ko mo fanti woodi nafuuda haro ko mo windata
Ko, ngam maren laaɓi ɗi’i waɗay nasru dow, ammana ɓe etnogirapi jamanuuru sarbeere wonnde ɗon sutta hawtuki ilmu maɓɓe e ko ɓe yiɗi nder bindi maɓɓe.
Etnogirapi hanjum wonte kala bindi goɗɗi dow yimɓe e inaaje e wakkatiije.
Ilmu Etnograpi ɗum asli hawtidiri e bayaanuji dow ko yaali inaaje e yanayiiji e ɗabii’aaji.
Pukaraaɓe BoasAlfred L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict e Mgaret Mead wirtini bayanuuji dow ko mo wii dow fantaa maako e aadaaji e alaka aadaaji nder ko faarata yeeso aadaaanturopoloji e Lesɗe hawtidiraaɗ Amerka.
Hannde ɓe ilmu anturopoloji ummaatoore huwii dow huudeeji ɗi’i fat maaji.
“Amerkanjo “”modiɓɓe anturopoloji aada”” wiitini hakkiilo dow ko yimɓe wolwata e raa’ayiiji maɓɓe e maa ɗuuniyaaru maɓɓ no wontiri musamman nder alaama bano diidi e taali.”
Ɓagugo debbo goto misalu on , jey ko ndey o we'e al'ada bi adamajo on duniyaru pat, amma ɓiutuggo tabitini na non
Hedi datal ngal, hunde mardum hakkilo heban nasaraku toh bote mobgal lesde duniyaru horama dou lesde maudi be pamardi
Misalu, duduki haliji babe fere wawan tokkaa "hunde" bana kare kebadi, bana dum njarete hedi mobgal duniyaru je filafilta
Misalu dow Nancy Scheper-Hughes' marido andal dow haliji babe fere-fere o huwi dow luɓe karamdum je duniyaru di sorat nokkuje fere haa ɓanndu ɓii aadamajo.
Viditol njangirde ko laarani lanyol ko ndei dum nasta al'adaji fere-fere bana ko laarani nyawdingu, haala rawɓe, ɓe al'adaji jamaje.
Ha kuje fuɗɗa kam ɓuri bikkoybibbe adamafu don danya be yanayiji do, denbo ko ndei kalmaji mabbe ardeji do wolwa do derdiraako.
Don feerotiral maasin hakkunde goreji ha ko laarani no baangle wadirte be al'adji, kanjum wadi fannu jaangirde al'adaji.
No bangele wadirte ha borna al'adaji, be banni fu, bangugo goto on, ha debbo goto banganaa gorko goto
Hakkilo do waatine ha no asli feerotiral no hoosuki daigol
To hakkilo horaama iga hitaande 1960s, be lartuugo ko Edmud Leach, Rodney Neemah, David Scheuder be luttuube filli do qaidaji no lenyol fudiraa
Eggoki hebiino nassaraku ha yahuki yeso nde ha raube nde didabaa waangi ha hitaande 1970s, se haalaa nyamuki ha baangal.
"Ha wakkatire nde, don waruuki" "Haalaa raube ha duniya nde tatabaa" debbaande do wi'e widitool wawata timmtaa ko laraani jinsuji ha lesdee ummuji ha kebaadum, nden bo dole samdinaa jinsu be bo feerotiiral risku fahinbo
Ha lesdee Jamaica, baangal dum njonde hooremum on je kondei dum do sendite be himbeeji, banaa famdaa sembe en dogirtaa dou ceede ko moftete ha dou risku ko daartai
Be dabaareji do, yaamde doulaanyol waaddi feerotiral baandrako dou ko laarani bandu be kukun taagugu bi adama, bana daigol be maunin waaddi baandu hokki babaal hosiku redu ha wakkere bo kukun taagugu bo latti be ngaya
Woodi boo haala waytintiki ɓeydaari e kare ɓanndu, bano no tagu tepata reena hoore mottal jawdi mun ta ɗatal hawtuki hoore e peccuki laalaje laatiiɗun harminaaɗum.
Gooto ndeer kala geddooɓe tin diga puɗɗan, kala bannge jannguki laƴol hanjum wonte hawtaama e inaare, e ko ɓarii e ɗennal gootal e kaa’idaaji sembiɗɗi.
Ɗuuɗal kala faaruki yeeso ɗu’um rakkay wiitine haa yaaki puɗɗam kuuɗe ɓ ilmu anturopoloji e yaasi jangirɗe e ko ɓeydii nder muhimmango hawtaari duuniyaaru.
Nooneji ɗiɗi ɗi janngirɗe hokkaaɗi hawti e fijiiji anturopoloji hanji wonte ɗi bay go’o e ɗi ummaatoore.
Anturopoloji janngirɗe rakkay hendita duɗe howooɓe, e ɗe luumooɓe diga ko nanngi e luumooɓe pamarɓe e mawɓe, e hukuuma e motta jamu e ɗe ilmu, e ɗe wullaa e ɗe ceedeeku.
Ɓe anturopoloji janngirɗe ɗon jannga alaka hakkude duɗe|motte ko boo hakkude Motte e luttano geɓe ummatooje.
E gootum boo, ɓe anturopoloji’en ɗon hendita kala motta gioota nder janngirde, nden ɗon lincita dow alaamaji e maana, ko boo ɗon hendita laawol gol ilmu e aadaaji taska e henditi.
Ɗu’um kala jamanuuru hawtiday e dabarere hesre faaroore yeeso, bano tagguki haala e ƴorɗe.
Anturopoloji jooni 43(Supplement):S5-17.Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006.
“Woolard, nder bayanuuji maako dow “”waylutuki ɗengal””, ko boo no huwirte e ko hendotiri nder ɗenɗe nder koɗun wolwata ko boo kala bolle goote, e tepuki ƴami ɗi ɓe anturopoloji ƴamata dow no huwirte—No waɗi ɓ waɗta non?—no hollirta mawɗum nder ɗnɗe.”
Luttaano ɓe ilmu ɗenngal ɗon lincita nder felle hawtuki ɗenngal, e haɗari ɗenngal, nden boo e Tuubankeere hayri wonte ɗenngal duuniyaaru.
Kuugal Joel Kuipers faari yeeso dow innde nden waato island ɗun Sumba Indonesia.
Mo nani e googa misaalu gootum ɗun caka raa’i ɗon nder gootum raa’ayi anturopoloji ɗenngal waato tati nder ko andita.
Ngam non, ɓaawo wakkatiiji goɗɗi ɗenɗ ɗn laatoto wolwataake.
Ngam tokkaaki laawol jo’’inki bonngal, kala siga ka’a doole wanginee masin den boo sige siga bokka hee heɓee o yiɗa.
Fidditinki ɗenngal ɗun kuugal wartirki ɗenngal no ngal naptorte.
Kala fiiji ɗin won anniya janginki pukaraa nder wuro pukaraaɓe yaasi dow aada ɗenɗe e maa aadaaji ɗin.
Semmbiɗinki koppi ɓen laatiiɓe tini anndi ɗenngal ngal dow ɓe naptoroongal, e ɓeyduki inaaje ɗe ngal naptorte fuuh ɗon nder geɓe no findirte.
Anturopoloji ummaatoore ɗun jaande laawol gikkuji ɓii aadaamajo e ummatooje maako e aadaa maako.
Anturopolojin Amerka e ɓe Burtaaniya hawti e Gillian Tett e Karen Ho ɓen janguɓe kuugal Wall Street ɓe wurtini bayaanuuji dow miskilaaji ceede ɗe 2007-2010 dow dabare bayanuuji ɗin jaaluɗi raa’i motta jawdi.
Ɗu’um faaruki yeeso wirtinaama diga haro kuugal Franz Boase mo nodda dow aada ɗon nder ra’ayiji ferɗoodirɗi dow duuniyaarue boo rakkay andite dow no haani e no ɗum hettirte.
“E 1906, Dammuɗo mo lesdi Congo indeɗo Ota Benga, anturopoljijo Amerka Madison Grant wukkimo nder keeji e inaare de ɗum laarata dabbaaji de Bronx, ɗun waɗi inde “”laawol yejjitaangol”” hakkude baaɗi naane e “”laral danewal””—Grant boo hanko wonte mo ilmu iwugenik hanko wonte boo binnduɗo deptereThe Passing of the Great Race (1916).
Anturopoloji laatake semmbiɗi diga taariiha boo yaaki keerol karnijum 19 yebre nden laati ewayltoo yaaki hisɗinki maare - e 1935 e misaalu, ɗun rakkay haro T. K Penniman windaa taariiha yebre nden de mo inditi e Duuɓi Temeɗɗe e Anturopoloji.
“Ummaatooje na ɗe Tuubanko’en ba e laare nder waylitaaɓe “”living fossilws”” dow ɓe rakkay ɓe jannge ngam andutuki Tuubanko;en saaliiɓe.
Ko ngam marem, bano no Stocking wii’i, Taylor ɓuri witini hakkiilo dow hollutuki e hokkuki bayaanu none woore nde aadaaji, dow ko ɓuri napuuda mawɗum, nden boo e mo nufo ra’ayi Victoria ɗun faaruki yeeso naa dow raa’ayiji tokkotooɗi laawol gootol ba ɗun ɓe ilmu anturopoloji ɓaawo ɓuri holluki.
Jannde maako nde hawtidiral, nder ɗuuɗal ko Golden Bough windi henditi dow ko nanndi e iimaanuuji diina e alamji duuniyaaru.
Ko lincita dow tepri maɓɓe ndin tiggi laawol kesol ngolbayaanuuji etnograpi.
Luttano puɗɗuɓe hawtidiri e W.H.R Rivers e A.C Haddon, ɓen ɓe jannde maɓɓe nandidiri e sayikuloji jamanuuru ɗum Wilhelm Wundt e Adolf Bastian e Sir
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown maa winndi kuungal motta ɓeydaari jannde e 1922.
“Non maa bano no caani Radcliffe-Brown, on henduɗo ajenda maako dow “”anturopoloji ummaatoore”” ta atal jannginki e jaami’aaje ɗe lesɗe ɓurtaniya e Common wealth.”
Mo waɗii iimaaku dow kalmaaji naptorteeɗi e etnogirapi e kareejimun laato fassiraama yaaki nder kalmaaji Anglo-Amerkankeere ngam bote janngoowo.
Yebre Anturopoloji Ummaatore e jami’aaje ferɗodirɗe waɗi anniya wiitinki hakkiilo dow aynihi kuugal yebre nden.
Yimɓe hamɓe wonte te ɓe hawtidiri nder ko ɓuri gooto boo e laare ummaatoore.
Jihaaji nayi — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, e Kentucky— e ɓe nodda hoore maɓɓe commonwealth e inaaje ɗuɗɗe dow ɗereeji.
“E inaaje goɗɗ ɗ duuniyaaru, ethnoloji faa’i yeeso e laawol ngol hoore mun nder lincitooje e janginki, te boo anturopoloji aadaaji ɓuri semmbuɗuki musamman e lesɗe Amerka, nden boo anturopoloji ummaatooje buri semmbuɗuki e Burtaaniya mawɗun”
“Laamu jagginki ki karnijum 15 jagginɗun Amerka e haro Tuubanke’en woodi faa’idaaku haro wadduki laaɓi kesi ɗi Occident (Duuniyaaru Hirnanko’en) bano raa’ayi “”Luttuɓe””.”
“Fa’uki yeeso etnoloji, e misaalu ɗun anturopoloji bannge Claude Lévi-Strauss, ardini geddoodiral ra’ayiiji dow no faarirte yeeso, koo boo geddoodiral fewre hakkude “”ummaatooje gooduɗe taariihaji”” e “”ummaatooje ɗe wala taariiha”” ɓaarake tam dow kala taariha ra’ayiiji hawtaaɗi haro no manngu mawni.”
Koo ngam maren, raa’ayi ɗ’um dow hawtidirki aadaaji laatake yeddaama haro pilosopa’en ferɗodirɓe ɓe karnijum 19 e 20 hawtidiri e Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.
Mottaa kabiila ko kabbiilaaku ɗum hendutuki yimɓelaatiiɓe anditi hoore maɓɓe der bandiraaɓe maɓɓe dow ko ɓe hawtidiri ɓe e ko henditiɓ e luttuɓe bano aadaaji gooti, e doni, ko ɗenngal go’o ko taariiha, ko ummaatoore, ko aadaaji, ko fellere jonnde ko diina ko hawtidiral inaare jonnde woore.
Laataaki Mambaajo kabiila gokka lattoto hawtidiral aadaaji donaaɗi e doni e aslu taale e taariiha e inaare jonnde woore e ɗenngal ko bo no ɗengal wolwirte ko maa alaamaaji bange bano diina ko laawol iimaaaku tokketeeɗum, kala kolte ko no wukkirte ko maa nandoodiral ɓanndu.
Ta atal wattuki ɗenngal, ko wattuki ala’aada, ko hoo’uki ka e wattuki diina tagu gooto ko yimɓe nder wakkati rakkay waylito digga kabiila gokka yaaki gokka.
Ko ta henduki ko hawtuki, heɓuki kabiila gokka ferɗoodirka hanjum wonte etnojenesis.
“E fuɗɗan jamaanuuru tuubankeere haa yaaki caka karnijum 19 kabiilaaku ɗon naptore keepeeraaku (to haro henditirki “”lesɗe”” laatiiɗun ɗum wala nder kirista’en oikumene)bano no Septuangiat naptorta ta ethne (“”lesɗe””) haro fassirki goyin ɗenngal Hebrew “”lesɗe naa ɗe Hebrew naa ɗe Yahuudu’en ba””.”
“E karnijum 19, kalmawol ngol wardi e naptore dow “”ko yelnani kala laral, yimɓe ko lesdi””, wiitaano dow asli maana ka Gurkankoore.”
“kabiila, a e n.””) Ɓaroori nder kala to hoo’a, kalmawol ngol nationality e naptore ko e ko nandi e maangol e kala kabilaaku e ɓii lesdi (a nder jihaa semmbikka).”
Ko kabiilaaku handii e hawtidiroore aadaaji nder lattoto ɗon nder ko ɗun nufoto handu ɗun.
Haro Thomas Hylland Eriksen, janguki kabiilaaku naaneno huudeeji ɗiɗi ɓuri semmbuɗuki heeni ko ɓadii ɗo’o
Laawol jannguki kare kuungal, e wuttuduuru wooru, ɗon hoo’a lanyolgu dow kare kuugal dabareeji siyaasaku, naptorteeɗi nder ko yiɗa haro tabbitinki muraadu bano ɓeydaari jawdi ko laamu ko semmbe no wontira.
Ɓe raa’i Konsitiroktis boo e laara lanyolgu ɗun kare kuungal taarihaaji ko ɓadi ko ɓadi ko daama ko andirte ɗum laatake hiiɗi.
Ɗum wonte muhaawara heɓaka dow aadaaji ɗuɗɗi e lesɗe, bano Lesɗ Hawtirɗe Amerka e Kanada, laatiiɓe won egguɓe ɗuɓɓe diga aadaaji ferɗoodirɗi, e bo ko ɓaawo laamu jagginki e Karreebiya’en e Hombinaare Asiya.
Yebre tatabre tiggaade heɓaama diga haro hawtuki laamu e yanayiiji.
Barth faari yeeso dow Weber dow semmbiɗinki yanayiiji lanyolgu.
“E mo yiɗii mo yaada e ra’ayiiji tagle anturopoloji aadaaji bano no hawtidira, e maa lanyolgu dow hawtidirki boɗɗi e waylite e wiitinki hakkiilo ko wonte hakkude lanyi.”””
“Mo jaɓii haala Vincent’s dow (in Cohen's paraphrase) ””lanyolgu ...rakkay rammitine ko yajjine e kalmaaji kiitaaji e ko woodi alaaka e inaare woore wonde haaje waytinki hoore siyaasaku.”
Lanyolgu warii haro to ɗum nufotoo ɗum ummatoore naa ɗum daydaaki.
Misaaluuji laaɓi ferɗoodirɗi hanji wonte ɗi pirimodalijim, esenciyaalijim, pareniyalijim, konsitiruktibijim, modaanijim e maa insitirumentalijim.
“””Esenciyalijim pirimodaalijim”” ɗon jogii dow lanyolgu ɗum ɗuudee arandeere nder tagdi ɓii aadamaajo, dow lanyolgu ɓuri ɗume maa ɗun ɓii aadamaajo boo dum wattataako.”
“””Kinjim ɗum pirimordalijim”” ɗon jogiilanyol ummaatooje ɗum yajjinki lanyi pamari, puɗɗaaɗi wurtinaake diga lanyi mawɗi hawtidiraaɗi te boo suɓa alamaaji aadaaaji ( ɗenngal, e diina e donuuuji) e waɗee nder no hollete e kawtal daydi.”
“””Geertz pirimodanijim’’’’, e ko andaadiga anturopoloji’en Clifford Geertz, yeddii ɓii aadama e bay go’o e yaalidira semmbe dow ko ɓuri pirimodiyatagu “”hokkere”” bano kawta ƴiiƴam ko ɗenngal ko inaare ko bo o ferɗoodiri aadaaji.”
“Smith (1999) hendidiri laaɓi ɗiɗi: paaruki yeeso puɗɗirɗum”” ɗun biiɗum lesde woori ɗon nder ko neeɓii e boo “”waɗaaki puɗɗirɗum””, wiitinɗum hakkiilo dow fuɗɗno, maasuki e wangutuki lesdi e ko woodi nder taariiha ɓii aadamaajo.”
Ɗu’um ra’ayi jogake dow fantu lanyolgu ɗun kare kuugal naptorteeɗum e motte siyaasaaku ngam hakkilanki ceedeeku bano jawdi, e laamu e kiita ko maa mangu e motta maɓɓe.
“””Insituromentalis ɗum puɗɗirdum””, de ɗum laarata mawɗum lanyolgu dow hanjum wonte hoo’oojum huude kuungal ɗunnde hollojum lanyi ferɗoodirɗi e faɗɗita nder wakkati, ɗon waɗa bayaanu lanyolgu dow dabare nder ummatoore, waato lanyolgu hanjum wonte fuɗɗan jernuki manngu tagu.”
Haro Donald Noel, Lanyolgu fuɗɗiay kaway teni haa lanyol gongol hawtidiri e gongol e inaare woore, nden boo teni haa ɗe lanyi hawtidiri haro kala aadaaji maɓɓe, e muhawaraaji e ferɗoodiral laamu maɓɓe.
Faaki yeeso nder raa’i Noel, goɗɗun mawɗum ferɗoodirɗum laamu doole hee hawti bako ɗum heɓa lanyolgu.
Lanyi ferɗoodirɗi doole laato ɗon waɗa muhaawara dow muraadu goɗɗum, bano laamu ko semmbe, ko kare giɗaaɗe goɗɗe bano jawdi ko kiita inaare.
E ɗun jogii dow lanyi ɗon heɓe haro alaaka hakkude ummaatooje, no joga bano no joga nder ko yimɓe yiɗa nder mahuki ummatooje.
E ɗun jogii dow bako ɗum heɓa kala hendoodiral ummaatooje ɗe’e wala jogee raa’i ko wajiboto nder ummatoore mawnde.
Mamba’en lanyol, dow maajum laatake jogage aadaaji fa’ooji yeeso e wakkati, ko ngam maren ɓe taariiha e ɓe anturopoloji aadaaji resi ɗuɗɗi nder gikkuuji e doni nofuuji huude saalotoonde ɗon woodi alaka ka ɓadi titaaka.
“Non ɗun ɗon nder iimaanaaku “”aadaaji””.”
Kala ɗu’um raa’i wortake nder atal tabbitinki macciɗinki ɓe Amerka’en Afirkanko’en e ɓe asli Amerka’en ɓen nder ummaatoore tiggaade dow ndimufuuh.
Ɗuudal anndaaɓe ilmu kiimiyya wakkatiire nden hoo’i raa’i ferɗoodiral laral nden ɓe anditi Tubanko’en rane’en ɓuri.
E maymako alakanki manngu e yimɓe e kala laral maɓɓe e lesɗe Amerkanko’en dow ko ɓuri dow asli dayngol ronaaɗun, mo alakake ɗun e gakka maɓɓe dow ko hawtidiri e aadaaji Amerkanko’en.
Ɓe yeddi nder tigguki hendoodiral laral e lesɗe Amerkanko’en dow raa’i lanyolgu ɗon nder ɗate egguki dow ɗuuɗal yimɓe rane’en nden ɗun hoo’a bayanuuji ɓe naa rane’en baa e kala ilmu maɓɓe ɗun hannde e janngo.
Maasidirol e sankiti kla ɗabii’aaji e gikkuuji dow adaaji yimɓe ɓ nder wuro bano no aadaaji sankitire nder ummaatooje duɗe ɗe kala laral gootal e ko hendootiral fooɗata e ciya nanki belɗun woɓɓe e luttuɓe.
“Hanjum wonte hawtidiri e ko ummini “”jihaaje leddi”” ɗen ɗe tiitaaji tammaɗi ɗi leddi hawta (ko kala hawte) e tiitaaji jihaare.
Jihaaji-leddi, ko maa e ko hendidiri hawti e ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓen laatiiɓ wurtinaama diga maral leddi ngam diliila gokka ko ba maaka.
Lanyi-ɗuɗɗi leddi rakkay latto atal gedda huudeeji ɗiɗi, ko e ko ɓadi tigguki tiita leddi ko e aadaaji waɗeteeɗe e inaaje ko ngam daliila eggugo faɗɗuɓe nder ummaatooje nder lesdi di ɓ ali.
“Lwsɗe bano United Kingdom, e Faransa e Siwizilan hawtidiri lanyi ferɗoodirɗi tin diga tigguki ɗi boo ɗe habdi e eggugo diga ɗo’o yaaki toya wadduɗun ko noddete “”multicultural””ummaatooje, musamman nder ngasi mawɗi.
Ko ngam maren ɗi’i geɓe ɗuuɗal fuuh ɗon wolwoldira e ko jeyata jamaaje ko siyaasaaku ko ɓe jogi nder e yaasi e nder iyalji maɓɓe.
Bako Weber (1864-1920), mawɗum ko daarete diɗum dow kala laral e lanyolgu bano huudee woore.
E haro raa’i ɗu’um, leddi waɗata haanaayi hendidira lanyol gongol ko kala laral gonngal heeni semmbiɗina deeteetinki siyaasaku e dookaaji hakkude yimɓe.
Karnijum 19 laari faaruki yeeso ra’ayiiji siyaasaaku ɗi lesdeeku no fantaa kala laral hawtidiri e lesdindeeku, aran diga ɓe ra’iiji Jaamani hawti e Johann Gottfired von Herder.
Ko moye maɓɓe yeesiɗini raa’i lanyol dow hukuuma don heɓa inaaje ɗe yimɓ lesdi lanyolji Jaamani nangi.
Laamu jagginki waɗanaangu Asiya wari keerol e karnijum 20, e haango hoore ndfimu e andutuki ko’e haa nder naahiya kan.
Ɗuuɗal yimɓe lesɗe Tuubanko’en hawtidiri e Faransa e Siwizilan jaɓayi bayanuuji dow lanyolgu yimɓe lesdi maɓɓe.
Wakkati laamu jagginki Tuubanko’en, Tuubanko’en yottake Waylaare Amerka.
Etnogirapi jamanuuru walliti haro hebgo daama daaruki aadaaji e ummatooje ferɗoodirɗe.
Etnogirapi alakanki wurtini no ɗun inaaje jannguki naa bano felle ba ko laaɓi e ko yimɓe tokkata.
Muraadu ɗun hanjum wonte jaɓuki bayaanuuji to ɗun lattoto atal lincitooɓe nasdi kala yidde hoore ko seɗɗam.
Hirdo e tagge nder ƴorɗe nden ɓaawo ɗon yindee te ɗun alata hirgo gon faa yeeso nasduki binndi, ammana fuuh bayanuuji ɗin ɗon ngam naptoreeki yeeso e kuuɗe.
Fuuh e tiinaare de’e bee no de hoyi wala lincitoowo laatotodo wala yidde hoore.
Ɓe’e ƴameteeɓe ɗun ƴamayɓe ɓe wangina luttaano hokkooɓe bayaanu wakiltotooɓe ummaatooje, haro naftoraaki date ferɗotiɗe.
2010) lincitoyi ontolojijum e epitimolojijum ko anditete les etnogirapi.
“Ɓe raa’iiji lincitooɓe helanake “”miskilaaji laamu hakkude lincitoowo e alaka ko mo lincitata e hawtaade hakkude ilmu e laamu.”””
Hootowol rakkay hoo’e nder huudeeji yaasi duuniyaaru ta atal fantaa tagu go’o mawɗun boo hanjum wonte nder ilmu maako ɗun mo woodi e ɓaawo.
Raa’i hootowol ɓaarake e ko mo umi nder ɓerde boo bacci e huuda e maajum nder no ɓe hoo’ata ɗum e tagle non.
Ɓe anturopoloji aadaaji e ummatooje hannde hokki muhimmango mawɗum dow waɗuki lincitoore dow etnogirapi.
“Etnogirapi wakkatiije goɗɗe e nodde “”case studies.”””
Kuugal yaasi hawtidiri e wonnuki dunngu koo duuɓii e ummatooje goɗɗe, e joddaaki e yimɓe ladde e janguki lawol maral maɓɓe.
Ilmu Benedict e Zuni pueblo mo Hombinawaylaare ɗon hoo’e fuɗɗan kuuɗe yaasi
Aynihi tiinaare etnogirapi dow laato gootum nder ko aynihi tokkoto laawol ko hawtidiri e seɗɗa nder taariiha aadaaji ƴameteeɗi, firtuki joogirapi yaasi ko boo kiitaaji ɗi yimɓe laati e naggi nder jannde hawtidiri e yanayi e sarbeere wonde boo hawtidiri e ko ɓe ilmu antoropoloji marɗun yokki noddata habitat.
Lanyol e bange ummatoore (hawti e duuɓi, soobotiral bacci e rewɓeeko ko gorgo e duɗe tiggenteeɗe hoore e lanyol e ko nandi e maajum te ni haa woodi) fat ɗon nder ko hawti.
Sakkuki e iimaanaaku diina e luttaano ko tabbitinta diina neeɓii nder ko etnogirapi wiitinta hakkiilo e sarbeere wonde maa hanjum wonte mawɗun maajum,, musamman maa te waɗaama caka jamaa’je te ɓe ilmu anturopoloji’en juuroto laarata ɗun.
E misaalu, te haa nder matte yimɓe holloɓe alaamaaji boldoodiral, fuɗɗan hee laatake tepi no mo anditirta ɗume ɗun nufata (rakkay numa kala huudeeji ɗuɗɗi).
“Geertz, nde mo tokkoto goɗɗun ɗun laawol aadaaji etnogirapi wurtake yaasi nder laawol ngol ɗun wolwanta ""laayiiji "" e tana ""laaɓi "" ɗi aadaajui.”
Yinduki aadaaji e wallita haro wadduki mbatta to haro anturopoloji’en e etnogirapi’en sarbere wonde daarete bano ɗun “ɓaawo jamanuru” k o ‘repilejik’ ko ‘litirari’ ko ‘dikonsiturukjin’ ko maa ‘possiturukcaral’ e tagle e ɗo’o bindi ɗin ɗon wallita to waytinki ko’e epistimiiji ferɗoodirde e faɗɗan siyaasaku ɗun huwooɓe ɗuɓɓe laarata nder kuuɗe wakiltaaki etnogirapi e no huwete.
Dow ko yaali haala sakitiika ka’a, yinduki aadaaji laati ko ɓuri wiitinteeki hakkiilo haro daaruki no ɓe etnogirapi rakkata waɗki bayanu aadaaji e ummaatoore ferɗoodirɗe wala haɗgo ko ɓaari dow tagu gooto ko mottaare yimɓe ɓe ɗun janngata e sarbere woore boo wala ɓaaraki dow ilmu heewugu e muraadu hukuma.
Nder daliila etnogirapi won waɗki bayanu e siffuki gikkuuji e neɗɗaaku e iimaanaku e ɗenngal aadaaji yaadooji hawtidiriaɗi e motta gokka, Harris, (1968), e Agar (1980) wii etnogirapi hawti e laaɓi e ko wurtina nder lincitoore.
“Anduɗo sociyooloji Sam Ladner sarɗi nder deptere maako dow faamuki soodooɓe kare e ko ɓe yiɗi won haaje ""darnga gootal,"" gootun nder ko etnogirapi hokkata.”
“Ta atal andutuki ilmu huwoowo e ""tagle"" bo’inki, etnolojijum ɗon hokka ilnde nder aslu no kuugal huwete huweete.”
Motta ka Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) ɗun tabbitinki nonɗun.
“Kuuɗe Jaber F. Gubrium e James A. Holstein (1997), waato ɗe Language of Qualitative Method, wolwi dow nooneeji etnogirapidow ko yaali ""laaɓi bolwe. """
“Nder ko ɓuri, Fine jogake wiiki lincitooɓe e aynihi maɓɓe wala jogo dooka bano no ɓ hollta ko ɗun tammiiɓe ɓe laato — ngam non ""kala kuugal hawtii e atal waɗko kuugal ko goɗɗun ɗun yimɓe andata wala dow laawol "".”
“Mo jogake dow yiiki ""illusions"" won faa’idaaku haro tabbitinki neɗɗaaku sana’a boo ƴaɓɓito miskilaji ɗuɗɗi.
Kaa’idaaji kuugal holli dow ɓe anturopoloji’en ɗon nder ko yaaji ilmu e hawta siyaasakue maa inaare yimɓe ko tagu, wooduɗun haaje hokke rihoto no haani
Lincitooɓe e hoo’a ko ɓuri ɓdaaki e titaaɗun nden ɓe wiitina ɗun haala goonga.
E goonga boo, etnogirapaajoko deye rellay goɗɗun nam daliila ciya motta bayanuuji.
Yimɓe nder wuro, kala yimɓe ɓe ɗun noddata yimɓe arande’en, ko yimɓe aynihi ko yimɓe asli, ko maa Yimɓe tigguɓ inaare ɓen nder aada ɓe ferɗoodiri nder lanyol ngam hamɓe wonte aslu inaare de ɗun jaggini bo yimɓe woɓɓe bo’ini ɓe.
“Yimɓe ɗon hende nder ""ɓe asli"" te haa ɓe jogake aadaaji ko luttano geɓe doni arandeeji wooduɗi alaka e diina.
Yiɓe asli waɗay ka nastuki nder barajana dow laamu maɓɓe e mottaa jawdi maɓɓe e ɗenngal maɓɓe e atal anduki maɓɓe e ko hawtataɓ e kare ɗe aadaaji maɓɓe ɓaari.
Kiyaasi ɗuuɗal yimɓe asli e duuniyaaru nangi diga miliyonje 250 yaaki miliyonje 600.
E ko tabbitinta motta yimɓe, kalmawol indigenous fuɗɗi warki naptoreeki diga haro Tuubanko’en ɓen naptoriiɓ ngol haro ferɗoodirki asli yimɓe Amerkanko’en e maccuɓe ɓe Afirkanko’en.
E duuɓi 1970 kalmawol ngol naptoraama dow atal hawtuki ilmu e miskilaaji e dabareeji motte yimɓe jagginaaɓe haa nder kiitaaji lesɗe yaasi.
Lamari ɗun saldoray ko te caaɗuɗun te ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓii leydi en ɗuuɗi ɓuri ko ɓeye e inaare nden ko lesdi din; ɗo’o raayi dun hendidiral e diga sarɗuki e laaɓi helantooɗi e goɗɗun, ko daa ɗun tiitaaɗun,semmbuiɗinɗum dow lamaruuji ummatoore e ndimu inaaje maɓɓe.
Rahooto 2009 ɗun Kawtal ko’e lesɗe duuniyaaru nde sakateeriya jawleeru dindindin fiyi dow caanuuji ɓii lesdi’en holli: nder karniiji, tin wakkati jaggiki ɓe nyamki galaba dow maɓɓe ko sana’a, yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en sigake taarihaa hawta hoore lesdi, ngam non holluki kerol maɓɓe lattoto wala aybe no ɓe marorto kala jondde no ɓe anditirte.
Ɓe yimɓe e laare haro bindooɓe ɓe naane koni hamɓ wonte mama’en Girkanko’en ko boo aynihi yimɓe jooɗiiɓe e Giris bako ɗun heɓa girkanko’en.
Laawol (1096-1271) huwaama dow kala ɗu’un muraadu kala konu dow moye saloto kuungal coociire.
Ko maa dee, majalisa ɗum wangini dow konu ɗun waɗe nder sari’a te tagu naa kiristaajo ba salake tokko kiristaaku e dookaaji Tubanko’en.
E karnijum 14 e 15, yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en ko jooni ɗun noddata Cannary Islands ko anda e Guanches (ɓen jooɗiiɓ e dow ka’e tin ko warki annabi Iisa) laati ko jagginooɓe wiitini hakiilo dow.
E 1402, Yimɓe Spanish fuɗɗi tiinaare dow waggo jaggiki inaare nden.
Nastuɓe ɓe fooɗaniɓe halkere e nyawuuji ɗuɗɗi, ɓen diga sakitoore aadaaji maɓɓe e alamji maɓɓe majji ngam non.
"Bano no Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, e Tracey Lindberg yecci , laaɓi din faaraa maa yeeso ɓaawo jamanuuru"" ngam tabbitinki ɓurki semmbe Kirista’en e Tuubanko’en e nanguki fellere maɓɓe e ndimu maɓɓe."""
Laamiiɗo Spanish Laamiiɗo debbo hoo’i haya Christopher Columbus, on laatiiɗo do’’aama e 1492, ngam mo jaggina boo mo wadda inaare hesre e les Spanish.
“Alexander hokki Spain kala fellere deye maa de mo anditi teni haa wala Kiristaajo jeyuɗonde bako wakkatiire nden.
Ɗuɓɓe nder ɓe inaare nden holtori, teni haa ɗun hokkayɓe cuɓal nder ɗon yimɓe jaɓay Kiristanku, ngam sari’a alata ɗun nastana ɓe nder inaaje maɓɓe ko jawdi maɓɓe.
Laataaki lesɗe Katolik e 1493, England e France huwii ngam fassirki Laaɓi e Kaa’idaaji andutuki ngam yaada e muraadu maɓɓe ɗun jagginki.
“Jeyuki inaaje e waɗee ta atal waɗgo alaama ""rituals of discovery"" ɗun huweeteeɗun ngam holloki lesdi di ɗun jagginta jeyi e inaare nden.”
E 1774, Kaptinjo James Cook tiini dow wonnoki jeya alaama lesdi spanish yaaki Tahiti ta atal wurtinki alaama maɓɓe mo faari yeeso mo tiggi alaama Engilish.
Non ɗun e nufo wiiki dow ra’ayi fellere nde naptoraaka dow kaa’idaaji Tuubanko’en yerdi to Tuubanko’en ɓen rakkay jagginki ɗun.
E “dookaaji” jagginki tiggaaɗi nder laaɓi sari’aaji yerdaaɗi hakkude laamu jagginki Tuubanko’en, ta non laawol naanguki inaaje waɗi ka yaajuki haa nder yawnde.
E nder ko faɗɗira waɗgo kiyasi ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en e duuniyaaru won bone hawteeki, hokki bone ɗun andutuki e ferɗoodiral e miskilaji lingal goodaaɗun nder bayanuuji kuungal linngal waɗaangal.
Ɗun hawti e yimɓe wala ko gakki 5,000 ferɗoodirɓe e lesɗe ko ɓuri 72.
Woɓɓe lingal gonngal asdiri ɓe woɓɓe boo waylitake waylitaari ɗundi.
Ɗuuɗal lanyi e sakkitiiɗi e gokkuɗi ɗuuɗal lesɗe Afirkanko’en ɗe ndimu hoore mun jooni hoo’aaɗe nder yimɓe ferɗoodirɓe ɓen ɓe yanayiiji maɓɓe e aadaaji maɓɓe e durngol maɓɓe e farawtaaku maɓɓe nder kala mardi maɓɓe hawtaadi ɗi ɗun tiggi nder siyaasaku e motta jawndi lesdi fuuh.
Faa’idaaku taariiha e jagginki Tuubanko;en Amerkanko’en nder ummaatooje nder lesdi lattake huunde marnde faa’idaaku haro hukuumaaji gaɗooji kiyaasi ɗuuɗal yimɓe e ko sali mawɗun ngam daliilaaji nyawuuji e felle e maa bonondaaji.
E Jihaaji Honbinaare Oaxaca (65.73%) e Yucatán (65.40%), ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓen ɓe nder lesdi’en bano no rahooto goɗɗun wurtinii e 2015.
“Siffooji ""Indian"" and ""Eskimo"" nastii nder ciya kuungal e Canada.”
Ɓurɗun ɓureeki andeeki hanjun wonte ɗun caanuuji kiɗɗi ɗi Aboriginal e Faaruki yeeso Wayla Canada indeteeɗun e Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) to ɓii lesdi’en e Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) e 2015,ɗun saakiiɗun yaaki kuuɗe ɓii lesdi’en Canada e a Crown-Indigenous Relations e Nothern Development Candae 2017.
Aran Lesɗe wukki junngu dow sarɗuuji 11 nder ko anda e Canada hakkude 1871 e 1921 heeni e geɓe goɗɗe ɗe Burtaaniya Kolonbiya.
Kiitaaji jeeyaaɗi ɗi inaaje Greenland nder laamu Denmark ɗon maa ɗun wuro ngo ɗun anditirta ɓii lesdi’en e ɗuuɗal yimɓ Inuit (yaaki 85%) jooɗiiɓe e inaare nden e karnijum 13 haa ɓe laati tana ɓii lesdi Dorset e ɓe Greenlandic Norse jooɗiinooɓe e ɗon.
E lesɗe bolwooɗe Spanish ko Portuguese, tagu heɓay e ɗun naptoro kalmaaji bano índios, pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, e, nder Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Ummaatooje nder Lesdi), musamman hakkude ummaatooje Amazonia bano Urarina e Matsés.
Yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en e heɓe e ko toye nder Brazil, ko ngam marem ɗuuɗal maɓɓe e maro nder Iluttano ndiya ta Waylaare e maa geɓe Caka-Hirnaare lesdi din.
Jooni won Yimɓe Armernia ɗuɗɓe e jooɗo yaasi lesdi dondi maɓɓe ngam konu waɗaa ɗun e Armernia e 1915.
Geccaaka nasti nder bonondaaku hakkude Israeli–Palestinian e duuɓii 1990, to Palasɗinko’en bi’ata hamɓ wonte ɓii lesdi’en bano no Yahudanko’en jooɗi tana maɓɓe e ko neeɓi, joni boo e tigga faɗɗooɓe e lesɗe Isra’iila.
“Russia, numo ""indigenous peoples""e ɗon waɗa bayanu dow ɗuuɗal yimɓe (ko gakki yimɓe 50 000), e boo yeeboo ayni aslu, ɗun aslu ɓii lesdi’en ɓen jooɗiɓe e lesdi ko maa nahiya kan nder ko ɓe ko jaggingo ko tigguki keerolji jihaaji ummaatooje ferɗoodirɗi e motta jawndi e njanggirɗe aadaaji..”
Ɓe Tibetans ɗun ɓii lesdi’en Tibet.
E Hong Kong, ɓii lesdi’en jooɗiiɓe e kiita kesa e numo nder Sino-British Joint Declaration dow ɓe yimɓe ɓe mamiraawo maɓɓe wari nder lawol tagu goɗɗo warɗo e 1898, bako motta yajjinki kiitaaji Hong Kong.
Yimɓe Cham ɗun ɓii lesdi’en lesdi kindi no di Champa ɗi lesdi Vietnam koni e konu hakkude Cham–Vietnamese wakkatiire Namt iến.
Yimɓe Khmer Krom ɗun aslu ɓii lesdi’en Mekong Delta e Saigon ɗun ɓe heɓaa diga Vietnam diga Cambodian King Chey Chettha II e mbatta ɓii laamiiɗo Vietnamese.
Kala miskilaaji ɗi’i won ko nandi e maaji e nder lesɗe nahiyaare ASEAN.
Yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en Mindanao hamɓe won yimɓe Lumad e Maro (Tausug e Maguindanao Maranao e luttaano) ɓen jooɗiiɓe e Sulu archipelago.
Ɗe ummaatooje e sarbere wonnde ɗon hoo’e fat maɓɓe e wolda dow ɓiɓɓe lesdi’en Australia.
Wakkati karnijum 20, ɗuuɗal ɗe’e jagginaaɓe heɓi ndimu maɓɓe e lesɗe e jihaaje tigaa les hakkilanki famari.
Luttaano ko gakki nanduɗi e tagu 25 famari, mariiɓe hakkude duuɓi 1,000 e 3,000 heɓaama e dow kaƴe nder ndiyam ɗe Palau e Micronesia.
Haro Linngal 2013, lanyol Māori New Zealand hokki 14.9% ndert ɗuuɗal yimɓe New Zealand, e ko gakki reeta (46.5%) fat lanyol Māori nasda nder lanyol Soley.
Duuɗal ardiiɓe Māori e lesdi wukki junngo dow sarɗu e Burtaniyanko’en, Sarɗu ɗun Waitangi (1840), daaraaɗun e wuttuduuji goɗɗi dow tigguki laawol siyaasaku inaare hesre e New Zealand.
Kala lamaruuji ɗi’i woodi aadaaji e siga ɗenɗe, ndimu leddi e jeyuki e wujjuki motta jawndi leddi e muraadu siyaasaku e laamu e halkere inaaje e talakaaku e jamu e ma nyamanki neɗɗaku.
Yanayi ɗun rakkay yenbina teni won tarlaare ko muhaawara taariha dow eggugo e ɗuuɗal ƴimɓe ɓ inaare woore, ɗun latotooɗe rakkay hokka umminki bononda dow jeyugo e ferɗoodirgo leddi e motta jawdi.
Fuuh ngam maren won ɗuuɗal ɓii lesdi’en, ɗun rakkay wi’e hawti kala miskilaaji naduɗi e lamaruuji e wonduki e ummatoore laatiinde saldori ko nde ɗun nastani
Ɓawɓe wurtinteeɓ hamɓ won yimɓe Sakha e Komi (ɗiɗo nder ɓiɓɓe lesdi’en waylaare Russia), ɓen jooni hakkilanta repubulik maɓɓe ɗun hoore maɓɓe les ndimu maɓɓe e maa ɓe init Canada, laatiiɓe tiggi ɗuuɗal kiitaaji Nunavut (tiggaɗun e 1999).
Kala salare nde re’i nde ɗun anditi woodi tin naaneno bange dookaji huwooɗi haro yimɓe Meriam.
Fuɗɗutoonde e 11 oktobaaru 2011.
Hindu’en e Chams fat maɓɓe habdi e haɗaare e nyaɗɗinanki nder diina e lanyol maɓɓe les hukuuma ka jooni ka Vietnamese te ɓe ɓuri nyaɗɗi nanki Cham e teetuki kareeji maɓɓe e haɗuki ɓe huudeeji diina maɓɓe.
E 2012, ci’e Chau Giang taadiiɓe Vietnamese nasti Juulirnde Cham te ɓe wujji injiyel lantarki te ɓe beɗi beeraajo Cham.
E 2012, Indonesia andini wii’i dow ‘hukuumawa Indonesia ɗon jingana dow faaruki yeeso e helango yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en e duuniyaaru fuuh... ko ngam maren, Indonesia, anditaayino napuuda raa’i yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en... e lesdi din no’.
Aslino Yimɓe Vietnam ɓuri wiitinki jooɗaakino e Red River Delta amma ɓe laati e ɓe teeta e ɓe kono lesɗe kese bano Champa, e Mekong Delta (diga Cambodia) e Cakare dow fa’aare e sarbeere Nam Tien.
Mawɗun nder ko mo Vietnam Kinh ɗun ɓe jagginki yaaki Caka dow Highland wayliti kala sifa nahiya kan.
Bo wala aada gokka yaɓa gokka.
Kala yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en hoo’aama wala galihu ko nyaɗɗanaama ko hoo’ama wala waytaare hoore.
“Pilosopa’en woɓɓe, bano Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), e hoo’a ɓii lesdi’en dow ""ɓe wala waytaare hoore""."
Wurtinaaɗun diga internet Archieve 13 Disambaaru 2013.
Andinki Majalisi kawtal ko’e lesɗe duuniyaaru dimu ɓii lesdi’en, ɗun majalisa mawka hoo’i e 2007, tgiggi ndimu yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en wanginki ko’e, e ndimu waɗgo kala kuungal e matta awdi ɗume maa.
Irtuki nebban rakkay halka duuɓi ɗuɗɗi ɗi aadaji roni e Gwich'in.
Kuuɗe faaruki yeeso bano irtuki damji, tigguki payijjie irtuki motta jawdi waɗi yimɓe ci’e ɗuɗɓe sakkitake sarbere wonde maa wala yoɓaari.
Rewɓe woɓɓe maa lattoto ɗon ɓari dow worɓe haro napuuda jawdi te ɓe relli atal nyanki maɓɓe.
E misaalu Uimɓe Munduruku e ladde de Amazon rainforest e yedda/salo mahugo danwa Tapajodow wallitaari Greenpeace.
Laaɓi ɗiɗi hokkaama ko sarɗaama, faɗɗan yajjinki Afirka Cakajum, e asl;u gootum ɗun ko sakkitata diga ton, ko fuɗɗan hendutuki diga fuunare e hombinaare, e lawol gootol e yaha to mayu Congo yaaki fuuna Afirka e gonngol boo e fa’a hombina ta caka Afirka ta nder maayo Congo haa yaaki Angola.
Dabare durngol na’i ɗunɗun naptorto musamman diga Motta durooɓe Bantu jamanuuru holli dow jeyuki na’i laatoto diga Cakaare Sudan, e Kuliak e bolwooɓe ɗenngal Cushity e keddooɓe.
Wala woɗɗaare diga maayo Mutirikiwi, laamiiɗo Monomatapa mape inaare luumo Zimbabwe, inaare kare jamanuuru de taarihi de yimɓe Kalanga.
Aadaaji Swahili laatiiɗi gakki ɓaawo gonndal e Larabanke e semmbe Islaamawala yi’e nder aadaji Bantu naane, bano no mamba’en Afro-Arab nder yimɓe Bantu Swahili. woodi.
“Baawo Konu Duuniiyaaru ɗiɗaɓum, jam’iyyaare hukuumare lesdi hoo’i huduki nder huudeeji hukuma, te ɗuuɗal hajooɓe Afirka e ko nandi e maɓɓe wiitini hakkiilo dow kalmaaji ""African"" e tana noddoki ""Bantu"" laati anditaa kala nyaɗɗinki e salaare nde ɓe waɗante.”
“Kadin boo motte haajooje sali kalmawol ngol nden Hukuumaare Hombinaare Afirka ma wiiti dow siyaasaaka jamanuuru waato ""lanyolku ijnaare jonnde""."
E Swati ɗadolngol ngol -ntfu e innde boo ɗun buntfu.
Naa kala ko moye nder Basques wolwata ɗengal Basque.
“Jamanuuru Basques esan) e keerol -(k)ara (""way (e waɗoki goɗɗun).”
Mo sigake innde ɗenngal Basque e enusquera.
Koo ngam maren e asli ɓikkon tgdi jenetik ferɗoodiri e inaaje goɗɗe ngam henditoore, Basque ɓen nandi e Tuubanko’en ta haro jernuki Y-DNA e mtDNA maɓɓe e luttaano genetic loci maɓɓe.
Koo maa deejande tabbitini dow Y-DNA ɓe haplogroups heɓi dow lanyol mun gorg, duuɗal vast basques en jamanuuru won kala nadudal e luttaano Tuubanko’en Hirnaare, innde maajun waɗi alama koɓuri semmbe nder Indo-European Haplogroup R1b-DF27 (70%).
“fuuh ngam maren ɗuuɗal Basques Y-STR nder yajjinki R1b-DF27 e faɗɗiti ton, nden hokki kiyasi ɓadiiɗun ɗun duuɓi"", numoki ɗun ɗon nder nahiyakan dig inaajwe goɗɗe.
Hoo’uki sanpur mtDNA e Y-DNA haplogroups e ton ferɗooɗiri e te hawtidiraama e ɗuuɗal ko lintete.
Heeni, goɗɗi duuɓii 4500 saaliiɗi fat ɓikkon Y-DNA donaaɗun diga Iberia hawtaama e kon fiɗfiɗɗo Mesolithic e ko demoowo Neolithic te watta e nder lanyol R1b ɗun durooɓe Indo-European yaaki steppe, e ko ferɗoodiri jenetik Basque ngam daliila karnijumɗun wala ɗuuɗal yimɓe, e manngu e ko nanndi e maajum.
Mattias Jakobson diga jami’aare Uppsala e Sweden hendidiri kare jenetik diga sifa sikeeleton tagu ɗun age Stone heɓaaɗun e EI Portalón Cavern nder Atapuerca, e waylaare Spain.
Jande maako nden windaama nder deptere ɓaawo motta National Academy Science ɗun majalisa kawtal ko’e lesɗe duuniyaaru.
Kala motta nga’al kadi boo heɓaama nder ɗun naane yaaki jamanuuru ndu’u ndu yimɓe Iberia, ammana te Basques laati henditaama nder duuɓi ɓaawo wakkatiire nden, ɓaawo ɗon eggogu yaaki Iberia waddi ferɗoodiral e hawte’hawte e fat nder luttano motte Iberia ɗen.
Woodi daliilaaji mawɗi tabbitooɗi haala wiiki nder wakkatiire nden e maa ɓaawo ɗon e ɓe wolwa ɗnngal Basque ferɗoodirngal (laaru: ɗenɗe Aquitanian).
Laamornde Pamplona, a caka Basque, ɓaawo ɗon ko andaa e Navarre e underwent a laawol laamu fiidalijim boo ɗon nder darasiire ko ɓuri semmbe e Arogonese e Castillian e French hendooɓe.
E ko Navarrese faɗɗiɗini nder konu nder wuro, e ɗuuɗal e ko do’o bako ɗun hirsa taadiiɓe Spanish e (1512-1524).
Koo ngam ma, Basque nani belɗun laamanaaki hoore mun haa yaaki nde Faransa wayliti laamu ngun e (1790) e boo wakkati konuuji Carl e (1839 e 1876), nde Basques jingini Carlos V e donooɓe mo.
Ummaatoore nde ndimu hoore mun (innde nde tiggade nder deptere dookaaji Spanish nde 1978) ko anda e Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa ko EAE e Basque boo andaa Comunidad Autónoma Vasca ko CAV e Spanish (e Tuubankeere boo Basque Autonomous Community or BAC), hawtaama inaaje tati Spanish Álava e Biscay e Gipuzkoa.
“E wakkatiije goɗɗe boo e hoo’e dow ""Lesɗe Basque"" (ko Euskadi) diga haro bindooɓe e wuuduuji jama’aaje kaway e waɗɗa la’akari e ɗe e inaaje tati ɗe hirnaare, ammana boo e wakkatiije goɗɗe e ko faɗɗite haandu ɗun te non ɗun wanday bononda e saa’iire nden.
“E ko wowa hudeeki e kalmaaji Faransa waato Pays Basque ma’ana (""Leddi Basque""), te wala ɗreeji goɗɗi, e ko hoo’ete e fat maajum ko nder leddi Basque (""Euskal Herria"" in Basque), ko nde wala waylaare (ko ""Faransa"") waato Leddi Basque feere maari.”
Andu boo e nder ko yaali taariiha inaare Navarre e ɗun numa fellere yaajunde, amma e jooni waylaare Basque e geɓe famare ɗe Navarre ɗon numa (geɓe) Nafarroa, te kalmawol ""dow Navarre"" (Nafarroa Garaia e Basque e Alta Navarra nder Spanish) ɗon hoo’e dow kiitaaji hande ɗun ummaatoore nde ndimu hoore mun.
Ilmu Spanish ɗun doole nder dookaaji kiita Spanish (article no.
Ilmu Basque, ɓaawo salaare nder duuɓii ɗuɗɗi sarbeere tinyaare Franco’s fooɗuɗun darnuki jami’en, nden kadin boo e umme dow ko ummante ɗenngal bodeteengal nder hukuumaare e ko ngal heɓi jingitoore.
Spanish tam wonte nder ɗnngal hukuumaare e Navarre e maa ɗenngal Basque laatiingal bano ɗenngal hukuuma hanngal maa e geɓe waylaare to ɗuuɗal yimɓe Navarre boldooɓe Basque ɗon hawte.
Ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓen e jooɗi nder ko ɓadi Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (BAB) ngasi mawɗi e coast (e Basqueboo woodi Balona, Angelu e Miarritze).
Yimɓe ɓe aslu Basque miliyonje (daaru Basque Amerkankeejo e BasqueKanadiyankeejo) e ɗon jooɗi e waylaare Amerka (Lesɗe United States; hawti e Canada, e inaaje felle kese tiggaɗe e Quebec), Latin Amerka (e fat nder lesɗe 23), e maa Afirka Honbinajum e Australia.
Kiyasiiji nangi diga miliyonje 2.5 yaaki 5 ɓe aynihi Basque jodiiɓe e Chile, te Basque laati ɓuɓe ɗuɗngal tena maa ɓurɗun semmbe eaadaaji e yeesiɗinki motta jawdi lesdi din.
E hoo’a ɗuuɗal fuuh inaaje te ɗe jooni hawti leddi Chihuahua e Durango.
E Guatemala, ɗuuɗal Basque wiitini hakkiilo dow Yebre Sacatepequez e Antigua Guantemala, e Jalapa nder duuɓi ɗuɗɗi jooni, te boo woɓɓe eggi yaaki ngasol Guantemala.
Bambuco, e taale Colombia woodi asli Basque.
Elko e Nevada e hoo’ooɓe tedduɗun motta dunngu e fijirɗe waɗteeɗe nder wamuki e aadaaji e ko nandi e maajum nder yimɓe lesɗe Basque ɓ Spanish e Faransa e Mexico war ɓe Navada tin diga karnijum 19.
Goɗɗe nder kala mawɗe diidi Amerka heɓaaɗi les leydi jagginooɓe rakkay heɓe e nahiya ka’a.
Woodi maa taariiha aadaaji Basque e Chino,California.
Ɗuuɗal maɓɓe fuuh ɗun ɓe asli Spain e California.
Ɗu’um atal andutuki kin hawtidiri e ɗenɗe famare ɗe wala huwa hanje e fere maaje.
Bano no Lesɗe ɗuɗɗe ɗe Tuubanko’en, e andutuki nahiyaare, ko ta ɗenɗe ko ta luttano ate wala ko wurtine nder yajjini lesdi.
E mi woodi soobaajo laatiiɗo nastii nder siyaasaaku huudeeji amma banda min.
Woodi ɓe Basque seɗɗan bolwooɓ ɗenngal gootal ammana ɗuuɗal ɓe Basque fuuh ɗon wolda e ɗenɗe ɗiɗi e tiita kaye maa.
Ɗenngal ɗon daare dow ɗenngal jenetik e ko ferɗoodiringal e luttaano ɗenɗe Tuubanko’en,ɗuuɗal maaje ɗon nder geɓe ɗenɗe indo-European.
Cuuɗi e ɗo’o ɗon nanndi e ɗaɗi iyalji.
Bano luttano aadaaji, motta jawdi ɓiɓɓe iyalji ɗon ɓaari dow luttao jawdi maraadi: te boo ɓe MBasque marɓe jawdi won anniya alanki bacci maɓɓeta ɗate goɗɗe te bo fanɗa semmbe’en laatoto won jawdi woori di ɓe alanta baccel.
Duuɗal fuuh ɓaawo wiitinki hanpaniiji kala sifa ka’a waddi eggugo ɓe ci’e Basque yaaki Spain e France ko maa Amerka.
Modiɓɓe woɓɓe e wolwooɓe haala tiinake haro hawtuki haalaaji ɗi’i ta tal tammaaki lanyol patiriyaka e holla hesɗinki .
Ɓe ƴitti diga nahiyaare Franco e ummininki ɗenngal e aadaaji.
Woodi Nahiyaaje laatiiɓe atal heɓuki sakooɓe diinas kiristanku bano Francis xavier e Garicoits.
Lesuen hakku roni Franciscan Padre Junipero Serra boo tiggi 9 nder 21 ko California Mission wurtini e coast.
Yaaki wakkatiire nden Henry III mo Navarrewayliti yaaki Catholicism ngam mo laato laamiiɗo Franc, Protestantism laati majji diga haro ummaatoore Basque.
Hannde, haro ra’i gootum suɓaaɗun, kaway 50% yimɓe Basque laatii woodi waɗi iimaanaaku e Joomiraawo ammana luttano maɓɓe fat koɓ keeferɓe ko wala diina
Haro goɗɗo, Kiristanku wanngie leddi Basque wakkati karnijum 4 ko 5 amman haro luttuɓ bo ɗun warayma hee karnijum 12 e 13.
“e ɗo’o ɗun wi’ay kiristanku wanngi ""law""."
Haro aada gokka, e mo ɗon waɗa jahaangal ɓaawo duuɓii jowee ɗiɗi hakkude cave e Mount Anboto e gooto dow fa’are woore yaaki wonnde (habaru ɗun ferɗoodiri); wakkati nde mo woni Anboto ɗun dunngu, nden sarbere nde mo woni Aloña ko Supelegor ko Gorebea ɗun ceeɗu.
Ɗun wii’i sarbeere de ɓe hawtidiri e loogo mawɗun ɗun peak sacred, eko haɗarii nder ka’e.
Taale nden boo e wolwa dow ɗuuɗal taale banoJentiak (fodiday e giants), lamiak (fodiday e nymphs), e mairuak (mahooɓe cromiechs ko stone circles literary Moors), iratxoak (imps), sorginak (witches, priestess mo Mari), e ko nandi e maajum.
“Woodi ko innda e innde San Martin Txiki (""St Martin the Lesser"")."
Ɗun jentilak ('Giants'),e wuttudu wooro boo, ɗun yimɓe taale waɗooɓ bayanu majjitaaki yimɓe aadaaji Stone age jooɗotooɓe e inaare nde dow lesdi boo wala ilmu njannɗe.
Nder ko ɓuri Karnijum gootu, moodiɓɓe bolwi masin dow manngu rewɓe Basque nder dookaaji e kaa’idaaji, e ma ndarngal maɓɓe dow alakalaaku, ko donooɓe e bolwooɓe ta atal ante-Roman e medieval e maa jamnuuru ndu’u.
Navarre woodi manngu te ndimu e ko taskana dow wakkatiire waylitaare Spanish yaaki demokraɗiyyare (the Amejoramiento, an 'upgrade' of its previous status during dictatorship).
ƴamol siyaasaaku e ilmu ɗenngal e donu aadaaji e ko anditirta won bone masin e Navarre.
Ɗuuɗal janngirɗe les ko bange jannde Basque hakkilanta ɗon huuda e ɗenngal Basque ta atal jannginki mawnngal.
E ko hendidiri, yidde ndimu hewuɗun ɗun ko yimɓe ɓii lesdi’en leftst Basque wiitini hakkiilo.
E ɓe hoo’a hoore maɓɓe dow ko yaali aadaaji musamman ko hendiri ɗenngal feere’en e henddoɓe ɓe e inaaje.
Miguel de Unamuno anditaama boo hoo’aama binddowo depte boo palsapaajo e karnijum ɗun 19 e ɗun 20.
Hanko tiggi Chilean Trade Union Association waato duɗal yeesiɗinki kuuɗe Chilean ngam faaruki yeeso yaandu motta kan les jannde Coocire Catholic.
Heɓaaki taariha San nder Bostwana ɗun daliila mawka e waylaare nahiyare Tsodilo e Bostwana ton.
Diga duuɓii 1950 yaaki ɗi 1990, ummatooje San wiiti ndemal ngam hukuumaare wajibake taskanje jamanuuru kese.
“Woɗɗe nder duɗe San ɗon nder 14 andaaɗi ""taskaran ɗuuɗal aslanko’en"" waato ""motta yimɓe ɓe kala jenetik go’o, ɓen hawtidirɓe lanyolgu e ko nandi nder aadaaji e kareeji ɗnngal maɓɓe "". "
Wakiili’en yimɓe San e 2003 wii’i ko waɗi ɓe sutti huuduki e inɗe motte yimɓe te ɗun waaɗoto dow naptoraaki e inde woore nde San.
Mi waɗi ka huduki e Bushman, e ammana yimɓe ɗuɓɓe waɗi ka wo’’inanki yam.
“e tana non, majalisa wakili’en San darake dow wala wonnere ko mettere fooɗaande haro maɓɓe ko yimɓe ummaatoore San ngam ɗun noddi bano no (Die Burger) windiri e kalmawol ngol 'boesman'."""
Lanyol San e hawtidire e lanyol Eskimo, e kala kalmaaji nannduɗi bano e aadaaji Tuubanko’en, ammana huudi e indnde dookaji e ka’ida duuɓii.
Bacci wal kuungal nder ummatoore ɓaawo fijirnde boo siwtaaki woodi faa’idaaku haro yimɓe San ko ɓeye.
E ɓe waɗa sawariiji iyalji e duɗe ɗi faa’idaaku boo e ɓ holla jeyaari gasɗe diyam e laɗɗe mawɗe.
Hookkere ndiyam e yawto nder lebbi ɗuɗɗi nde gasɗe diyam ɗan yoorita.
Nder gasɗe ɗen e ɗun tigga leɗɗe juɗɗe ɗe geene.
Wakkati dabbunde aran hanjum wonte sarbere yarki bone nde tokkowo ceeɗu nden dabbude hee dunngu.
Rewɓ e hoo’a ɓikkon leɗɗe, bano berryhon e tubahon e albasaaje ladde e luttano ɓikkon kon ngam napuuda wuro.
Ɓaarake e inare ammana, San e nyaama koowahon diga ko nangi 18 yaaki 104 hawti e buuduuda e moƴu e boobi e ko nanndi e maajum.
Kala haplogroup ɗu’um ɗun gurup famarun nder haplogroup A e B, geɓe ɗiɗi ɗi fuɗɗan Bɓikkon tagle lengal Y-chromosome.
Mawɗun yaajuki (hiiɗuki’) waato mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, anditaama e kala yawnde maajum e Motte San Hombinaare Afirka.
Yimɓe San heɓi nastooɓedga haro ɗuuɗal yimɓe inaaje e diga ci’e bee nder ngelleeji remoɓe e to inaare nde San jooɗiino.
Rellere inaare jonnde ɗun ko wallitata miskilaaji ɗi yimɓe Bostwana habdata hawtidi e luttano yimɓe San diga Cakaare Inaare Waytinki ko’e nde Kalahari.
Non ɗun wadday goonga haro San ngam bote ilmu ɓii lesdi\en.
Van der Post mawni e Hombina Afirka boo mo woodi kla maralaadaaji ngal aslanko’en Afirka.
“E ko fooɗi kala yawtiiɗun ɗu’um “”lanyol maajjungol””, Van der Post winndi deptere e 1958 dow wuritinteeki, noddaande e The Lost World of the Kalahari.”
Fuɗɗan film maako The hunters, yoofaaɗun e 1957 holli fifiki lelwa.
Dewerɗiiko Elizabeth Marshall Thomas windii depte ɗuɗɗe e patakeeji ɗuɗɗi dow kala ilmu ɗun mo woodi nde mo joddi e maɓɓe sarbere nden aada maɓɓehuwa.
“Ɗu’um Lawrence Van Gelder mo New York Times wo’ini, on wiiɗo film ɗun “”hawtidiri kala sigare e jo’inki bokki””.”
Fimjum siiris ɗun BBC noddaaɗun e ‘Life of Mammals (2003) hawtidiri e bidiyoore yimɓe San e ladde Kalahari e nder bukkaaru kudu nder fowɗun sahara nyaɗɗun.
Ngam kala nandoodiral maɓɓe kuuɗe San e holla daliila loogo yimɓe naane e to jooɗoto.
Fimjum ɗun Jamie Uyshokki umrore maajum, on wartuɗo San ɗuuɓii ɗuɗɗi e ko mo inditi e Gods Must Be Crazy, laatiiɗun daliila fiɗe lesɗe duuniyaaru.
Kuungal James A. Michener's The Covenant (1980) dow taariiha titaaɗun wiitini hakkiilo dow Afirka Hombinajum.
Deptere habaru nde Norman Rush's 1991 hollunde sifaji wurtinki Basarwa ɓadi (tituki)ngelle Botswana te aynihi kuungal ngal tigga.
E 2007, David Gilman windi deptere The Devil’s Breath.
Moyidde yeddoowo kalamawol wala ‘The No’.
Yimɓe Jaamani ɗun kala motta yimɓe ɓe taariiha jooɗiiɓe e Cakaare Tubankeere e Scandinavia.
E bolwe jamanuuru Roman’en, yimɓe Jaamani e sarbeere wonnde hoo’e dow Germani ko ancient Germans, ko ngam maren modiɓɓe ɗuɓɓe e hoo’a kalmawol ɗiɗaɓol ngol miskilaaji tin da mi hoo’i andidiral ɓe Jaamani jamanuuru.
E ko ferɗoodiri, bindooɓe Roman’en aran ɓe wangini yimɓe ɓadi Rhine e wakkariire Laamu Roman’en tggi semmbe maɓɓe e nahiyaare nden.
Tiinaare Roman’en ngam ɓe hakkilana inaaje ɗuɗɗe hakkude Rhine e Elbe ewadduɗun keerol e bako Annabi Iisa e duuɓii 16 CE tokkitowiiɗun do’ere Roman’en e konu ladde Teutoburg nder 9 CE.
E karnijum 3 yimɓe Jaamani boldooɓe e Goths ɓuri semmbe Pontic Steppe, e yaasi Germania nden titi ate nastuki ɗe nder diyam nder Balkans e Anatolia e ni haa Cyprus.
Jangooɓe kare taariiha ngam non holli ummaatoore cannde e mottal jawdi maɓɓe nder Germania fat maajum.
E aadaaji, yimɓe Jaamani e laare dow joyuɓe dookaaji ɓurɗi wiitinki hakkiilo dow raa’i yoɓuki rufuki ƴiiƴam.
Yimɓe bolwooɓe e Jamankeere kinde hawti ko nandi nder aadaaji gimi e ayaaje hawtete nden ɓaawo ɗon yimɓe Jaamani hawti nande taale fuɗɗaɗe e jamanuuru eggugo.
Koo daama ɗenngal ngal ɗun urtiniɗum ɗun haala wanddoha bononda, ko wi’a won aslu e Germanic e Celtic e Latin e maa Illrian aslanko.
Wala hakkilanki aslankoore ɗenngal innde sankitaama yaaki haro Roman’en ta atal bolwooɓe ɗenɗe Celtic.
Yaaki keerol sarbeere wonnde, Yimɓe ɓadi Rhine tam, musamman Franks e wakkatiije goɗɗe boo Alemanni e nodde Germani e haro Latin’en ko binddoɓe Girkanko’en.
Te boo bindooɓe Roman’en wurtinaayi yimɓe bowwoɓe e ɗenɗe Celtic ko boo laara Yimɓe Germanic e inde yimɓe, kala numa ka’a, ta atal huduki e Germanic ɗenɗe mun e taskaran mawngal, anditi Germani dow yimɓe ko lesdi deedootirdi e hawtidraade e ɗenɗe yaadooje.
“Modiɓɓe woɓɓe janggooɓe ɓe Fuɗɗan duuɓi cakaaji ‘Middle Ages’ jooɗi ɗon semmbiɗina ƴami ko yimɓe Germanic e laara hoore maɓɓe dow lanyol kawtungol, koni luttuɓe boo e daara wooduki ɗenɗe Germanic nder taariiha ka aslu ngam andutugo Germanic ɗun e yimɓe bano ko e laara hoore maɓɓe hamɓe ɓe ""Germanic "".”
"Ngam daliila ɗu’um, Goffart wii’i kalmawol Germanic doole ale ngam naptoraaki e ""barbarian "" heeni e ko yaali ilmu ɗenngal e maa ɓe taarihaa bano Walter Pohl noddii dow algo huuduki e kalmawol ngol ko boo huudee e bayanu yaajuɗum.”
e bayanuuji Caesar, ko ɓuri wannguki dow bayanu yimɓe Germanic hanjum wonte e ɓe jooɗi fuuna Rhine, e keddo Gaul ta hirna, e ko anditi e bayaanu taarihankoore nder bindi maako.
Tacitus e sarbeere wonnde e seka ko ymɓe ɓen ɓe Germanic ‘en ko naa non, te mo holli seko maako dow Bastarnae, on biiɗo e ɓe nanda e Sarmatians amma e wolwa bano Germani dow Osi e Cotinie boo dow Aesti, ɓen bano Suebi amma e wolda ɗenngal feerewal.
Upper Danube laati kiita hombinaare.
Ɗun wangay te ni haa yimɓe Germani e wolda e ɗenɗe Germanic amma boo ɓe laato nder boldooɓe e ɗenɗe Celtic.
Tacitus waɗi ka lintuki lanyi Germani ta keerol hirna Rhine e wakkatiire fuɗɗan laamu Tugguri e Nemetes e ubi e maa Batavi.
E ko woodi nder duɗe tati ɗe’e bee sarbere wonnde e huudee nder dabareji linguistic kiɗɗun ɗun jamanuuru te ɓe haɓanta hendituki ɗenɗe Germanic ɗen.)
Herminones ko Hermiones e nder, hawtidiri e Suevi, e Hermunduri, e Chatti e Cheruci haro Pliny.
“e wuttuduuru wooru boo, Tacitus winndi e ɗerewol gootol dow woɓɓe waɗi iimanaku woodi luttano motte goɗɗ kiɗɗ bano ɗ’e tati, hawti e ""Marsi Gambrvii e Suevi e Vandilli’’’.’’
“Stravo, on wiitinɗo hakkiilo dow Germani hakkude Elbe e Rhine, ammana boo inditaayi ɓii Mannus kadin boo tiggi inɗe Germani ɓen ɓe na Suevian e nder luttano motte ɗiɗi, nandoodiral hawti geɓe tati: ""Lanyolji German famari bano Cherusci e Chatti e Chattuari e boo ɓe maayo Sicambri e Chaubi e Bructeri e Cimbri e Caulci e campsiani"".”
Wakkati bako ilmu linguistic Germanic (2500–500 BCE), ɗenɗe poroto ustaari linguistic semmbiɗi ɗun bano no ɗun rakkata daaruki e Ilmu phonology e kalamaaji Germanic te ɗun hakkiili.
Kadin boo woodi ɓurɓurdiral semmbeto haro kalmaaji e diga ɗenɗe Celtic, amma ɗuuɗal ɗ’e’e fuuh wangi ɓaawo ɗon te ɗuuɗal kalmaaji guƴa fuuh laato e huude e wakkatiire nde ko ɓaawo ɗon bano no Grimm’s andini.
Ko ngam maren ɗenɗe Proto-Germanice ɗon hawte wala waylitaare ɗenngal ta atal hawtidiral boo ɗuuɗal e don tabbitina gootum nder ɗenɗe ɗen.
Fuɗɗan ko wangi tabbiti nder bange ɗun (Vimose comb, Øvre Stabu spearhead), aran ko wiitini hakkiilo nder Denmark jon e windaa boo e Elder Futhark system e ko ɗun holli dow reeta ɗiɗaɓum karnijum 2 CE.
Koo ngam maa, hawtaare masɗe Proto-Germanic ɗe wala semmbe tabbiti tin diga karnijum 4 e 5 CE, te wii’i Primitive Norse laatatako ronoowo mo hoore go’o daylekji Hirnaare Germanic.
“Yaaki keerol karnjum 3 CE, ɓurɓurdiral ɗenɗe bano rellere ɓaleeri keerol ndi -z ɗenngal Hirnaare Germanic waɗake “nder ko lutti”” e daylekji woɗɗuɗi nder daylekre Waylaarehirna.
Nasduki ɗenɗe Burgundian e Vandalic nder motte Fuunaare Germanic, te boo koyɗun saldora, tabbitinayi ngam ciya bayanuuji.
Ummatoore ɗun dudal yimɓe hawtuɓe e narridiral hoore ummaare yawtiinde ko bo motta yimɓe ɗuɓɓe hawtidirɓe kala goɗɗun gootum ko inaare jonnde, ko latto nandi e siyaasa maɓɓe yaadoojum.
Ummaatooje hawtata ko mahata gikkuuji laatotoɗi jaɓama ko jaɓaaka nder ko ɗun wolwata ko ɗun huwata.
Insofar, bano no ɗun hawtidira, society rakkay ala mamba’en mun nyaama bote ta ate laatotooɗe e wuttudu wooru saɗi e feere-feere’en maɓɓe; ammana bote ko ɗume hakkude ɗun tagu heɓata e feere mun e ɗun ummatoore rakkay hendite te hawtiduraama.
“Ɗun ɗon nder kalmaaji duɗe Latin, ɗun wurtoyiiɗun diga kalmawol innde socius (""comrade, friend, ally""; adjectival form socialis) huude haro siffaki kawtal ko narral hakkude jam’iyyaje wooduɗe soobootiraaku ko e jooɗidi.”
“E duuɓii 1630 e huude haro ɓaraaki to ""yimɓe hawtaaɓe keddooɓe e inaare woore e nder ummatoore woore "".”
Kala ɗe’e bannge woodi kala laamu siyaasaaku ferɗoodirɗun e ko ɓaari dow aadaaji e inaaje e inaaje taariiha ɗun ummatoje ɗen ɓarirto.
Lanyol ummaatoore te woodi seɗɗan nder mawnugo ummaatoore e ɓuranɓe.
Ɗu’um wanguki aadaaji woodi napuuda haro laaɓi ummatoore.
Ngasi e laato ngelleeji leddi e jihaaji leddi.
Mamba’en ummaatooje nder ko annda, lattoto e salu ko maɓɓa kala mambaajo fuuh mo tokkayi ddiidi ɗuɗal maɓɓe.
Goɗɗi duɗi ɗin e ɗon semmbiɗina koppi mo huwi kuungal boggal fuuh haa e hokkamo caahu.
Ko ngamaremtagu titi nooneeji duɗi ɗuɗɗi nder taariihaagu, ɓe ilmu anturopoloji ɗon henda duɗi feere-feere naangi diga kala mawnuki e kuungal dudal fuuh nder ummatoore, bano no dudi goɗɗi boo woodi nandoodiral kuugal e ko ɗi ɓuri luttanooji dow ardaare e laamu motta kareegu jawdi.
Ko ma ngam, goɗɗi duɗi ɗin wooduɗi motta jawdi semmbiɗɗum (bano yimɓe tlingit) don jooɗi nder ummaatoore mawnde bano no ɗun hokki sarlotirɗun nder kala bangee bano laamu.
Manngu nder lanyol fat fotiday, boo sarɗu e waɗee ta atal ko moye maa jaɓi.
Wala ofisj siyaasaaku wooduɗi aynihi laamu bo laamiiɗo hanko wonte mawɗo boo marɗo semmbe haala, hokkooɓe sawara naa ɗun nder ko haawta ba, boo wala hukuumaare.
Ngam daliila nyamndu maɓɓe woɗɗake, ɗuuɗal maɓɓe fuuh ɗun durooɓe.
E misaalu, yimɓe woɓɓe e laato huuwooɓe ɓadi, e ɓe tita kare napuuda e koɗirɗi e kare wokkaki e ko lutti e maajum nder ko napataɓe.
Iyalji ɗi’i sarbere wonnde e heɓa semmbe haro ta atal ɗuuɗal jawdi maɓɓe.
Leɗɗe ladde e dabbaaji ladde e wule wiitini tooka ngam huudeeki e gooba.
Ɓe wiitay leddi din ɓaaawo duuɓii nden ɓe fuɗɗita kadin boo.
Ɗuudal yimɓe ci’e ɗonɓaaro dow ɗuuɗal leddi e inaare demal maɓɓe; ngam non duuɗal yimɓe ci’e nangay diga yimɓe 30 yaaki 2000.
Ɓe ilmu sociyoolojijum ɗon huuda e kalmawol agricultural revolution e numa waylitaare yaaki teknolojijumv waɗaaɗum e ko neeɓi duuɓi 8,500 wadduɗun remuki e duruki dabbaji.
Ɗuuɗal hendoodiral yimɓe ummatoore e wanga to haro ummaatooje demooɗe.
Ko ngam maren, te nyamndu e ɓeydo kuɗe rewɓe boo e usto haro heɓanki ko nyaame nder iyalji din, e ɓe ɓeyda wallituki worɓe.
Kala laaɓi ardiiɓe mawɓe nder ummatoore kadin boo e wanga.
Laamu jaggiki ki Tuubanko’en waɗani Amerkanko’en laati gootum nder ko fuɗɗirini atal faaruki yeeso capitalijim.
Non ɗun waddi goddun diraama dow kuuɗe ɓeydo.
Heɓuki karwe ngesu ɗun fooɗi mbatta ka ɗun wolwi e aran dow waylitaari e laato ɓueri wanguki masin.
Koo maani, ciya deedeetinki laati ɓuri no naane maa.
E Inaaje , hoo’i ko fanɗi tam maa lesɗe hirnaare Yurop, e Waylaare Amerka, e Austrilia e maa New Zealand.
Gootum nder ko duɗe Tuubanko’en yiɗi hanjum wonte bayaanuuji ummatooje.
Goɗɗe nder dude janngirde e sana’aaji e kiimiyaaji holli ko’e maaji dow motte (e misaalu American Mathematical Society e American Society of Civil Engineers ko Royal Society(.
Ummaatoore ɗun yebre nder duɗal (motta marɗun yonki) e ko hawtidiriɓe bano aadaaji e diina e gikkuji e doni ko andidirngal.
E ɗo’o ɗun nanday e fanta ka yimɓe naane jooɗiiɓe - ko e ci’e bee ngure ko ngelle ko maa ngasol.
Duuɗal mahitaaki duɗe ummattooje diga ɓe ilmu akiyoloji ɓarake e taskaran ngal dow mu’amala yimɓe e naane e sarɗoo dow woɗɗaaki inaare.
Wala kala motta laatii ka goota ko luttaano.
ummaatooje e heɓa waylitaari ndi semmbe ko waylitata nde mawɗun hanjum wonte iyalji. dun bacci janngata adaaji ummatoore.
Huwooɓe ngal Yeesiɗinki ummaatooredoole annda no ɗun huwirta e yimɓe feere’en e no ɗun yaalata darngal ummatooje e no ɗun huudire e jangirɗe jama’aare.
E ko hawtidiri faaruki yeeso ummatoore e mahugo ummatoore nden woodi taskanje ɗuɗɗe e duɗi ɗi kare kuunga ummatoore.
Emptiness: faari yeesonder tiinare mo wo’ina nawnanɗe e mbatta ka hude heɓi te yimɓe fat maɓɓe laatake e andita nawnanɗe maɓɓe e gele maɓɓe nder ko bii aadamaajo andira.
“Tati nder fuɗɗan none taskanje ummatoore hanje, wonte taskaral ngal ɗaɗi e kawtal mahugo e ""taskanje jangirɗe,"" (kadin boo e nodde ""broad-based community organizing"" misaalu bo hanjum wonte ummatoore nde taskaral diina ko taskaran motta ummatoore).”
Hoo’aama e:Yuniiru 22, 2008.
Taskaran ummaatoorte rakkay wiitina hakkiilo dow ko pistuki miskilaaji goɗɗi.
Kala motte ɗe’e bee hakkilana boo semmbiɗina koppi kawtal hoore e sarɗotirki haala e wiitinki hakkiilo dow jamu ummatoore naa ko motta gokka yiɗi ba.
Atal andutuki ummatooje: nangi diga geɓe-aadaaji e motta lanyolgu e diinaaji e doni ɗuɗɗi ko maa kowandata jamanuuru ko ummaatooje duuniyaaru hannde.
Alakanki hakkude mamba’en ummatooje rakkay latto wiitini hakkiilo dow mbatta bayanuuji dow haala gokka
“Modiɓɓe dow ilmu ko yaali ɓii aadamaajo hamɓe won ""humanities scholars"" ko humanists.”
ilmu ɓii aadamaajo ɗon jannga aadaaji famari, ta atal taarihaagu maaji e adabiire , e gimi e diidooɗe maɓɓe e semmbiɗinki anduki yimɓe woɓɓe koinaare wonnde.
Anturopoloji (bano luttano geɓe taariihaagu) handay nder koyɗun gootum nder kala geɓe ɗe’e, nden lice anturopoloji feere-feere nastay nder gootum ko ɓuri non ɗun.
“Kalmawol anthropos (άνθρωπος) ɗun diga kalmaaji Girkankoore numata ""ɓii aadamaajo"" ko ""tagu"".”
Ɗu’um e numa dow, ko ngam maren moodiɓɓe anturopoloji’en ɗon andi inaare woore tam, ko deye e ɓe hoo’a nder ɓernde maɓɓe ilmu biology e linguistic e historic e ko yaali culture e kala miskila maaji fuuh.
Tewre hoolijim hooɗi ɗuuɗal anturopoloji’en jannguki yimɓe e koɗume maɓɓe, ta atal huuduki e ilmu biology e archeology e linguistic e maa ko hawtidiri e donuuji kare jamanuuru ndu’u.
Archeology rakkay hoo’e nder ilmu kimiyaare ummatoore nden boo lical ilmu ɓii aadamaaku.
Boɗɗun nder palsapaaku karnijum cappanɗe ɗiɗijum e cappanɗe ɗiɗi e go’ojum nasdaama nder hendoodiral ɗenngal e ƴamol ko Wittgenstein holli ɗuuɗal nder tarlaare palsapaagu heɓaama diga kalmaaji ɗi min huudata; raa’i adabiire wangini nder rhetorical e associatic e umroore sifa ɗenngal; boo ɓe taariha ɗenngal ɗon jannga faaruki yeeso ɗenngal e nder wakkatiije.
“Ɗun don nufo dow ""sifa dookaaji"" e ko dun ""waɗta bayanu"" ngam tabbitink goonga e ""hukuuma"" ngam hooɗuki yidde yimɓe, e boo ko maa ""umroore laamu ko da won barajana fartuki"".”
Dookaji ɗun siyaasaku, ngam ɓe siyaasa’en titiɗi.
“Bano no Immanuel kant wangini, ""palsapaagu Girkanko’en Naane hendaama yaaki kimiyaaji tati:physics e ethics e logic.””)”
Shinto e Daoism e luttano taale ko diinaji tagle wala atal dooka.
Laawol iimaanaku e numa taskaral logic ko diinaaji hollata, hollata boo ngam keerolji nder ɗon e ciya tabbitinki e feweeji.
Ɗun doole ɗi fanta ko ɓii aadamaajo yiɗi.
Diina ɗun wala fuɗɗuɗoɗun hanjum won Hindujin e Shinto e diina taale ko nder ngelle.
Wakkakiire nde diinaaji gargajiya saldori helaago caanuuji kesi to diina gokka wangay.
Waɗuki kuuɗe kadin boo ɗon nder heɓa jinginteeki huwooɓe e inaaje marɗe alaka, bano winduki gimi e stagecraft.
Hanjum ɗun noddata Performace art.
Wamuki ɗon huudee haro bayyanaaki laaɓi ɗi naa honduko baa (laaru ɗenngal ɓanndu) hakkude yimɓe e dabba’en (nyaaku e wama jumri maa), e dinbaaki naa ɓii aadama ba (haako Don wama e henndu).
E diidi Byzantine e Gothic ɗi Middle Ages, ɗuuɗal Coociji wajabi wurtinki haalaji goonga ɗi naa kare ba.
Kala siffa ka’a hanka won kalaaji famari e sarbeere wonnde ɗon nufo goɗɗun (bano no Kaatum wontiri jooni e jamanuuru ndu’u).
Hawtidiri e waɗgo alaama e jayri ta atal wukkanki huude semmbe ko dinbuki kare e jayri.
Koo ngam maa, te huudaama haro diidooɓe e nopo naptoraaki huudeden e hawte diidi, e binndi e luttano kla ko ɗun anditirta ngam hakkilanki e holluki haalaji ɗi bolwooɗi numata.
Ɓalejum won alaka e mettuɗun e Hirna, ammana e wonnde inaare boo danejun hollata non ɗun.
“Kalmawol ""boɗejum"". e misaalu rakkay hoo’a kala yaajuɗun feere-feere e boɗejum labtuɗun bannge.”
Ɗu’um fuɗɗiri e cubijim boo wala fente nder no sambii.
E nder bonejum, ɗuuɗal wonnay duuɓii seɗɗaɓaawo timmini jannde e sarɗo ko waɗata ɓawo ɗon, fooɗonooɓe ɓe atal kebdam ceedeeku e fuɗɗan sana’a maɓɓe, te boo timmin ɓe jannde maɓɓe dow taskaran ngal san’a heɓata nstuki kuuɗe nder koyɗum.
Ko ngam marem, daliilaaji tabbutudi kadin holli dow timminɓe jannde nde humanities e heɓa ceedeeku ɗuɗɗe koɓuri huwooɓe ɓe wala ilmu ko saali sakandare, boo ɓe won kuugal harnowal te hawtama e bandiraaɓe maɓɓe ɓe inaaje luttuɗe.
Bano no ɗuuɗagal kala nooneeji digiri hokkaaɗun hollta, ilmu humanities ko deye ustoto.
Ceede ɗe hukuuma laamu mawnga hokkata geɓe humanities waɗay ɗe ɗun hokkata luttano geɓe te hawtama e bano STEM ko medicine.
Kala ka’a fahimta, ɓe tabbitina hawtaade bano no yimɓe laaɓuɓe ɓerɗe wi’ata wurtoyiɓe diga inaare woore bo woodi palsapaaku naane e nder aadaaji maɓɓe nandoodirɗi.
Baawo napuuda maajun nder ummatoore, yeccuki ɗun won kare faa’iadaaku to heɓugo andal ma’anaji taariiha e aadaaji e adabiire.
Poststructuralism won laaɓii miskilanteeɗi e jannde ko yaali ɓii aadamaagu dow ƴami ɗi maa’anaaji, nder lesdeeku yaasi e bindoodiral.
Ɓeydaari boo, numuki masin, te dun ɗon nder ɗereeji keɓaaɗi ɗi jannginki humanity, boo rakkay heɓe e luttano inaaje.
Nanol belɗun ngo’ol won ciya narral e ɓeydaari laatinki huude naa nde huukuumare dow huudeji nanki belɗum ko siwtaare e siffaki e aadaaji yimɓe Hirna’en; ngam non e hawta e ko ürgen Habermas ko huwii dow ngam yecuuki manngu nder ummaatoore e miskilaaji goodaɗi e inaaje goɗɗe ngam helaago ko wakkaoto nder mawɓe jama’aaje.
Fuuh e ɗuuɗal geddoodiral dow jannde ɓii aadamaajo woɓɓe nder ilmu kiimiyaare nden noddi dow ɗun wiitanaɓe.
Ɗun ɓoɗɗun annduki taariiha palsapaagu.”
“Communication (diga Latinre communicare, maanaa ""hendidira"" ko ""laato e yaalidira e"") ɗun ""jaabaaki ƴamol nyanngol henditoowol hakkude hoore e luttaano e huude gootojum e ɗun jama’aare e boo numu nder ɓernde e yaasi duuniyaaru.""”
Hawtuki lilal (ɓeydaari ko woon nder ko dabare yajjinki e dow ko haani wolwe).
Ate heɓuki haalallaaji bano semmbe tagɗe e sarbbre wonnde boo kuuɗe ɓii aadamaajo (e ko mo waɗata nder yidde ko andaama) fuɗɗi wurtinki mawnugo alaamaaji e sankite e haro lildoowo e jaɓoowo.
Yeccuki haala e waɗgo numo dow ko lilal arandewal wii’i.
Misaalu ko waɗete nder andal e yidde bano dibbaki e andi bano dibbuki junngo ko ontuki e maɓɓuki gite e boo kuuɗe ɗe naa yidde hoore ba bano wulwinki.
Non maa boo, bindi yindaaɗi hawtidiri e ko wolwataake e honduko bano binndi junngo e no kalmaaji jernirte e naptore dinbeeki ngam numoki dinbaare.
Goɗɗe nder kuuɗe boldoldiral ngu na honduko ba e haro ɓii aadamaajo hawti e alaamaji ngam semmbiɗinki ko wiitinki tana ko ngam hakkilanki ko helanaaki e boo yeddidira maana lilal ngal.
Ngam heɓugo boldidiral keewingal, fat ate bolwe ɗe naa hondoko ba bano ɓanndu e yeeso e kododol, e wanguki kala kolte e meemoki e woɗɗaaki e wakkati e luttaanooji maaji doole laato nadaama sarbere woldoki yeeso e yeeso.
"""Gikkuuji ɗi naa honduko baa hanji maa hokkay kawtal siffaaki ɗenngal."""
Jannguki ɗenngal e waɗe ɗuudal fuuh sarbere nde tagu won baccaaku.
Ɗenɗe mahaaɗe bano Esperanto, e ɗenɗe taskaaɗe nder kompuutawa e taskanje lingal feereeji wala hende nder ɗabii’aaji ɗi ɗenngal tagu hoo’ata.
Ɗabii’aaji ɗenngal ka’idaaji hakkilanta ɗi.
Naa bano no ɗuuɗal iimanaaku andi baa e ɗenɗe alaama duuniyaaru (bano ɗenngal alaama Amerka) e hoo’e nder woldoodiral honduko ngam alaama kalmaaji maaji e nahawu maajum e luttaano kaa’idaaji linguistics no ɗum hakkilante bano ɗenngal honduko.
Ngam non Communication ɗun laawol ngol maanaaji wukkete e hoo’e bee tinaare tigguki fanta hakkude.
Laawol ngol alaamaji hoo’ete ngam sankutuki.
E inaare nde lilal ngal yottoto.
Wala dalliila ferɗoodirgo hakkude.
Wala aluki yanayi nanɗun yaɗaaka ba
Kala noone ɗe’e hoo’ay geɓe ɗuɗɗe, e gootu nder no boldoodiral ferferɗiri.
Syntactic (ɗabii’aaji alamji e alamaaji)
E nder ciya semmbe ɗu’um, Barnlund (2008) hokki laawol boldoodiral jamol.
Kala gikku boldoldiral ɗiɗaɓal, e hoo’e nder laaɓi haawtuɗi ra’ayiiji ɓe konsitiruktobis, te ɓe wiitini hakkiilo dow no tagu wolwoldirta bano no aynihi ko mo numata nder ɓernde maako anditete.
Ko lildoowo haala e ko jaɓoowo haala laatoto ferɗoodiri e ko ɓaari dow ferɗoodirki inaare e aadaaji e doni e jimsire ɗun lattotooɗun wayliti ma’ana kaɗun numata ka aslinder lilal ngal.
Fuuh ngammaren goɗɗun bano deptere kiita dookaaji e ande e laawol mun, ɓe wala ko toye nder laaɓi ɗin fooɗooji bone ɗuɗɗum ɗun maa’ana kan.
Hampaniije ɗe kare kuugal seɗɗam suttay nasta nder kuuɗe ɗe’e seɗɗam, te boo duɗi mawɗi hoo’ata kala laaɓi boldoldiral ɗi’i.
Inaaje bayanuuji ɗin ɗun kawtal te yimbeeji e hampaniiji ko duɗi hoo’ta e yaada e sankita bayanuuji.
E woldodiral honduko won kala lile yerɓeteeɗe ɗiɗi:ko lilal hoo’i e alaka lilal.
Hanjum wonte jannguki no tagu waɗata bayaanu ko fooɗi ferɗooɗiral hakkude inaare e gikkuuji.
Boldoodiral ontiigal ngal goonga e tigga inaare nde mamba’en nder iyaalu wolwa boo waɗa bayaanu ko hendidiri ɓe e yidde hakkude maɓɓe e bandiraaɓe maɓɓe.
Linctooɓe titi raa’iiji ɗi anduki gikkuji boldoodiral.
“Ɗi wahtidiri e ciye wolwuki/yeccuki haala ""ilmu-no handi"" boldoldiral waɗeteengal te tagu huudi e kalmawol ngol maana ɗiɗi ko canngol ngol sar’ah ko fellere jannde jamu ko bayanu yanayi ko inaare nde anditaama haro jaɓoowo haala kan.”
Non maa boo kare kuungal kiɗɗunkoɗun wala nagarta, musamman te ɗun relli hukuuma banginooha kare teknoloji kesum, non ɗum fooɗay miskilaaji.
Misaalu hawtidiray e no hukuumare wonti laatiiɗun wanngay nden lattoto ɗun andata mo ɗun woldata.
Ɓuray laato kala kalmaaji ɗi’i huudatake ta atal huuduki e handuɗi.
Ko ma dey, lincitoore e communication holli dow tarlaare rakkay wannduki deedeetiki e lincitoore ta fooɗuki saldori.
hanjum wonte te lildoowo lilal e wolwa haala ko kalmawol ammana jaɓoowo haalakan hoo’i maa’ana ka dabam.
Ɗu’um nder waylitaare fooɗata mbatta ta atal ummotooɓe woldata e paama hoore maɓɓe nden e ɓe hawata hoore maɓɓe e luttano ko nandi e maɓɓe.
Hulki te ɗun wi’a wawa – hanjum wonte mawɗum ko haɗata boldaa bokka.
Non ɗum na kaway semmbiɗinay ilmu baa haa yajjinay ɗenngal e kalmaaji tagu.
Haalaji goɗɗe no wattan bolwugo saɗa.
Haali sendirki hossi habduki ɗustare bolle be ma’ana je woɗa, wakkati je ma’ana alamuuji matotiri be bolle, be to ma’anaji ɗuɗɗi, ko waddi famugo ma’ana saɗi.
Bano wiigo: kalmaji, kalaaji be pottoji ma’ana maji feerotiri nder ɗemɗi feerotirtɗe.
Faamugo adaaji bolwugo kanjum wani maruki ilmu adaaji ferotirɗe ngam bolwa no haani be yimɓe ferotirɓe.
Kadin hauti be siikare ndiga honduko nden kuujejiɗi heeɓama daliila ferotirgo hakkunnde leydiji.
Haala ɗo feerotiri ndiga adaaji be adaaji ngam babiji accaɗe feerotiri.
Haalaji goɗɗe je yaccata haalaji ɗo kanji wani dee’itugo, suukum be shiya haala wakkati matotirgo.
Nder leydi feerotirɗe,eɗum holla misaliji go’o be darnaki ngam yaccuki haalaji feerotirɗe.
Jijiyaji lekki no wolwan be rhizome bacteria, fungi, be duɓɓitiji nder leydi.
To feerotiri ɓe hautan volatiles fere-fere ngam ɓe nodda parasites je magata herbivores ɗe.
lekkiji chemicals no ɓeydan ɓikkoy fungal be huwa nder haala feere, nden to chemical molecules bano majje wala nder haalaji biotic, ɓe noddata bikkoy fungal be huwa.
Nder quorumsensing, bacteria no nanaan density ɓikkoy cells, nden be hauta gene expression no haani.
Bolwuji, nder haala goonga, e huwa, hautina, be data kautaɗe.
Bolwuji no hauti be data.
Bolwuji wawan sendira nder wakati, be wattugo nder hurgoru data, be babi, to matotirgo be matotirgo saluula.
Bolwuji no wawan nastina nder labiije ɗuɗɗe ngam sandirki be tafsirki (misalu, bolwuki no wawan tastina nder misaluji kautirɗe, be nastunki to alamaji).
Shiya tabbas no wawan wadda fe’etigo majjum.
Ɓeydaari, latin hoore majjum ɗon mari kalima īnfōrmātiō kanjum wani kuje re nuumo, shika no haala ɗo nastirta maunugo kalma haalaji nder english famtirayi.
Nder Greek jamanu kalima Πληροφορία ɗo nder kalmaji je huwata nden bo e ɗum mari ma’aana go’oto be information nder english.
Lawol man fuɗɗirama nder Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley nder hitannde 1920s, be Claude Shannonnder hitaande 1940s.
Entrophy yacci no shiya goonga nasti no haani random variable malla outcome no random process.
laabiji famarɗi haalaji hauti be source naaftirki, algorithmic complexity theory, haalaji algorithmic theory, be haalaji-theoretic security.
Nder defte muɗum Sensory Ecology biophysicist David Dusenbery noddiri ɗe’e causal inputs.
To ekkutuki, stimuli je wala cammbe hossata haalaji je sensory system bonnga faamata nden amplified be cammbe nastiɗo ko ɓe huwana organism malla system.
Kautirki nucleotides ɗum laabi je watti hautiki be maunuki organism wala yiɗigo hakkilo jamu.
To kalima feerebo, ɗum waawan yi’iigo bayanuuji to laawol ɗo ɗum goɗɗum je yimɓe laarata wiigo ɗum hollego, be wiigo ɗum tagaka ngam non.
Wiigo ansa man hokki ilmu eɗon daw neɗɗo annduɗo.
Haala ɗo nanndi be 61 CD-ROM kala neɗɗo fuu nder hitannde 2007.
Hukumare hossirgo siikugo habdan wiigo woɗugo hossirgo resaama no ɗum neɓata fuu.
Beynon-Davies waɗi bayaanu ma’ana haalaji to laabi fere-fere to alaamaji be systems alaamaji.
Ko daami pragmatics kanjum wani daliila haalaji.
To kalima feere, pragmatics hauti ɗemngal be kuugal.
Semantics kanjum wani jangugo ma’aana alaamaji - hautirgo alaamaji be haali.
Syntax lawool janguki no haalaji shiryi nder logic be grammar systems alaamaji.
O waddi haalaji no ɗum naftirta abajadda nden o waddi no huwowo dictionaryheftata arandejum, ngam faama data o hauta haalaji.
Nder saaka matotirgo yimɓe no yaccaiko wani nder ɓernde mun to haalaji je hauti hautotirki alamuji kossoɗe nder ɗemngal je bolwoɓe faamata.
Naftirki haalaji na’ura ( ɗustirama be infoVis) joɗi daw naftirki be holluki na’ura, be ballugo kuweɓe nder faamugo alaamaji be laarugo anomaly.
Kalima man no heɓate nder sociology be luttuɗe social sciences be nder philosophy be bioethics.
Nder baabiji je maunata na ɗum heɓate to bandiraɓe be adaaji kautirɗe nden nder baabiji je mauni hauti daliila fere-fere daw ɗume waddi kautal hoore, malla jonnde jam.
Durkheim waddi kalima mechanical and organic solidarity nder ko o waddi daw maunuki babiji nder sendirki kuuɗe nder yimɓ (1893).
Dictionary Collins je Sociology, p405-6.
Ma’ana: kanjum wani joonde jam ngam hoore nde yimɓe mari hakkunde maɓɓe nder babiji je mauni.
Cernoji arandejum bano Socrstes be Aristotle ɓe balwi haala kautal hoore wiigo kanjum wani maral hakkilo be ko hani ngam to ɗum yiɗi joonde jam neɗɗo no huwan kuuɗe nden o holla o mari kautal hoore be yimɓe.
Huwego jaamanu je bioethics ɗum maari belal nde Immanuel Kant's concept je Categorical Imperative.
Laabi-yaasi jannde wani tagaaka goonga.
Arandejum laati kuwoɓe jannde-yasi, sakitiɓe bo waddoɓe theory jaamanu.
Ndiga 1953 yaago 1966 ɓe waɗi ballal $270 million yaago jami’are 34 ngam babii be janndi Cemngal..
Program maunde fere marɗo alfanu tokki Ford’s.
Woɓɓe wii, to ɓe ɓonntama nder ballaji jami’are, jannde area fuɗɗan maunugo be kujeeji mauɗi buran je hukumare government, itta American centric.
Woɓɓe jangirdu famtugo famarɓe bano jannde rewɓe’ jennde gender, jannde marɓe nyaawuji, jannde LGBT, be jannde ethics (ko hauti African American studies, Asian American studies, Latino studies, Chicano studies and Native American studies) wala nder jannde area illa wakkati fere ɓeɗon nder matotirgo be majjum.
Demography (ndiga prefix demo- ndiga Greek aranndejum δῆμος (dēmos) kanjum wani 'yimɓe', be -graphy ndiga γράφω (graphō) kanjum wani 'wiindigo, suura aw awnugo') kanjum wani jannde limgal ɗuɗirgo, especially ila ɓii adama .
Demographics nyauɗo hauti data kala janngirdu jamu, bano nyauɗo be haalaji noddirki lau-lau be sigotirgo haala jamu nyauɗo.
Kalima Demography kanjum wani jannde limgal ɗuɗirgo.
Nder duɓi saliɗi, numoɓe masiinko’en hokki wakkati ɗuɗɗe nder wussugo numol nane daw demography.
Go’oto nder jannde demographics aranndejum wakkati jamanu ɗum shawaraji siyaasa be goonga je ɓe gaddi daw Bill mayiide (1662) nde John Graunt, je hauti be primitive form of life table.
Kugal makko waddi je Thomas Robert Malthus, mo, winndi wakkati je 18th century timmata, o huli, wiigo to ɗum larai, ɓeydari ɗuɗal waddan yiɗigo remuki yamndu, kanjum bo waddata weilo be shiya ceede (laaru Malthusian catastrophe).
Limgal yimɓe kanjum wani lawol jaɓuki data demographic.
Laraigo waɗama ɓawo limgal yimɓe ngam ɗum annda no ɗum ɗuɗi be no ɗum ɗusti.
Kadin lawol fere ɗum tokkati je jamanu joni hauti be emuki yimɓe daw bandirabe,saro, be ɓikkoy.
Hauti be laabi mayiide tokkitiɗe (hauti be life table, Gompertz models, hazards models, Cox proportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, Brass relational logits), dayngol (Hernes model, Coale-Trussell models, parity progression ratios) ɓangal, (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), nyawuuji (Sullivan's method, multistate life tables), population projections (Lee-Carter model, the Leslie Matrix), and population momentum (Keyfitz).
Duuɓi je ɗuuɗal daygol, limngal dayngol je duuɓi ndiga 1,000 rewɓe marɓe duuɓi go’o (illa age 15–19, 20-24 etc.)
Ko ɗum numata nder yonki (ko yonki yiɗi), adadi duuɓi je goɗɗo numata waɗan nder wakkati mayinde ɗo.
Ɗuuɗal stationary, go’oto je joɗi wala chanja no ɗum mauni (ko sandiri hakkunde crude birth rate and crude death rate mere (zero)).
Annda crude death rate bano ɗum yacci ta daw nden ɗum watti daw ɗuɗigal fuu wawan sandira yiɗigo.
yimɓe je canji ethnic self-labels maɓɓe be ɓeɗɗon je ethnic classification maɓɓe to limngal hukumare gomnati chanji wakkati fere no ɗum wi’ai ɓe eggoɓe malla eruugo ndiga ɗuɗal fere yago fere.
Limngal nder ɗo no hollan (2004) UN projections of world population yaasi yago hitande 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low).
Mayiinnde wan ijannde daliila, ko fe’i, be limtuki labiji je hautata mayiinde nder yimɓe ɗuɗal.
Daaroɓe eggugo shiryaki doggugo ‘egguki’ sey to laati no ɓe chanjata.
Hannde eɗum janngina Demography to jami’aji ɗuɗɗe nder duniyaru, eɗum nanga hakkilo fukaraɓe be holluki arandejum to social sciences, statistics ma jannde jamu.
‘’To ɗo, goɗɗo na wawan larugo social sciences wiigo ɗum waddi daraki daw technology, imanu wiigo technology “”mauni be hoore mun, wiigo fami alfanu mum, je ɗum heɓata nder laabiji faamu marɗoɗe.”
E ɗum ainu be fannu ilmu je hauti be asli, jabtuki, hautiki, resuki, hossuki, fassirki, yaccuki, chanjuki, be ainego haalaji.
Hala ɗo goonga to ɗum hauti be kuje je A. I. Mikhalov be waɓɓe bindoɓe Soviet nder caka-1960s.
Bayanu resama daw no ɗum hautata haalaji boɗɗe ndiga data garoɗe to fannuji jannde haalaji.
Wawan huwego dow kujeji je wani nder sha’ani man nden ɗum wawan bayanu sha’ani man.
No ɗum anndiri, kugal maɓɓe e ɗum waɗa be defteji kutirɗe, sey ni famu ɗi joni e ɗi huwa be electronic, visual, audio, be kuje materials.
Science haalaji to jangirɗe fuɗɗama to 19th century be jande social science luttuɗe.
Nder hitande 1731, Benjamin Franklin tiggi company library je philadelphia, company library arandejum je kautal yimɓe, je mauni sali resirdu dareji nden lati babal anditinamji scientific, je hautata kautal anditinamji scientific.
Nder hitande 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard waɗi system punched card ngam waɗa control weaving loom je kare to Firanse.
To hitande 1843 Richard Hoe ɓonti press je rotary, nden to hitande 1844 Samuel Morse tuuri haala telegraph arandejum.
To 1860 kawral kawtamato Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule ngam matokirki waɗanki systematic be rational nomenclature je chemistry.
Hitande garojum kautal Royal fuɗɗam waɗugo defte catalogue to London.
Halaaji science ɗuɗɗe babal tariha Paul Otlet be Henri La Fontaine kanɓe ngoni gaddoɓe haalaji science be tiggol International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) nder 1895.
Kawtoɓe defte wii sendirki technology be technique ngam heɓugo koɗum tefata.
Otlet be Lafontaine tiggi kaural ɗuɗɗe je watta darnaki, bibliography, kaural duniya, be ko hauti kaural hoore duniya.
Kautiji ɗi hauti be defte bo’inirga be cards je heewi nder baɓɓirga custom no ɗum bo’itini (je hauti halaaji nder duniyaru to defte fer-fere) be lawol jabtuki haalaji filu (je yacci nyemol windiɗo to naftirki haalaji nanduɗi ndiga index cards ).
Ɓeydari, keerolji adaaji hakkunde janngoɓe fuɗɗi dilluki nden bayanuuji modiɓɓe science hauti be kaural fere.
1980s nden laari fuɗɗuki ra’ayi ɗuɗɗe je jaɓi chanjiji.
Zhang, B., Semenov, M. be Veijlainen, J. (2014)
Kaural to kaural ummatoorewarti maari haje bindoɓe no “”waɗan no haani”” to ni ɓe giɗi ɓe heɓa.
“Ngam daliila nga laabi famama ngam ko ɓe huwata. “””
Noye haala hokkugo jawdi be haɗugo yimɓe je hokkaka?
Ɗum jannde kesa nde yimɓe huwata ngam wadda kautal ka’idaji je bo’enki e mahugo leydi hesɗi.
“Bayanuuji nastinaɗi nder na’uraho no ɗustai ko ɗum noddata “”ɗuuɗal baayanuuji””.”
Bayanuuji nastinaɗi no fuɗɗai to huwowo nastini emol nder na’uraho.
Ngam, kujeji ɗuɗɗi no nandai be emol, be sendiral nandal.
Ɗum nasti be ko ɗum nastini, bano, defte binnduɗe, pottoji, sautu, ko bernde laarata be vedios.
Tefuki bayanuuji no yahan be, ila no sandir be, bayanuuji jabtaɗe (IR).
Numol no huwan ma’anaji je noye nuumol huwata to alaamaji nder system KR.
Ɓawo non ɗum yardi wiigo masiibo bano hokkere, wannere ndiyam,wani masiboji tagale je hollata jawmirawo nanayi belɗum laamiɗo, ngam masibooji ftagale no fuɗɗan to yimɓe yii kujeji ɗi holli ɓe waɗai ko haani.
Haala man nandi be haala masinko’en je hakke tagale lamaku; banni haala masinko’en, hokkay hakke lamaku je neɓata.
Ko tagale yiiɗi kanjum wani ko cerno’en be numooɓe China waɗi ngam dum maga halkugo lamaku je lamoɓe waɗata, nder system je mari kujeji larugo.
goonga, leydi no joɗan wakkati ɗuɗɗe bano wakkati lamoɓe 31 lami leydi bano wakkati lamoɓe 17.
Nde wakkati no saala, torrego lamoɓe daw yimɓe waddi shiya jonnde jam.
Ɓe waddi haala jawmu tagle ngam ɓe holla hakke maɓɓe daw lamaku be wiigo lawol lamaku go’oto wani lamuɗa yimɓe no jawmu tagle wii.
Fuu be non, ngam ɓe belnana woɓɓe nder yimɓe,ɓe acci woɓɓe nder Shang ɓe laama leydiji maɓɓe be ɗate kerrtaɗe Zhou.
Ɓe mauni to mahugo kombowal eerugo, je nandi be faamuki colestial navigation maɓɓe, ko wartiniɓe erooɓe je wala ba maɓɓe.
Ɗuɗɗe nder kuje ɗe ɓe ɓeydari bayaanuji daw maunigo laamaku leydi maɓɓe.
Kuɗe maɓɓe no hollan alfanu lamaku lamoɓe, neɗɗinki, be kautal hoore maɓɓe be talaka’en.
Nder leydiji ɗi wodi bo’eenoɓe je lamoɓe lami ngam ɓe tokka ko lamoɓe yacci fuu.
sakiitare, wakkati nde laamu leydi Zhou dustiri, leydi Qin doggidiɓe, ngam ɓe waɗi imanu wiigo leydi Zhou wala cammbe lamu maɓɓe bo woɗa.
Wakkati chanji ɗo, ɗum waddi chanji bo’enki nder laamu nden chanji waddama nder ko haani je wii shari’ah wani daw ko moye, hauti be laamoɓe fuu.
Tigguki lamu Han waddi wakati ɓelɗi to China nder tariha maɓɓe ngam chanji nder lamaku leydi maɓɓe.
Daliila maunga wani ngam ɓe tigga adalaku tagle jawmirawo nder leydiji jowi ɗi be ko hauti leydi Song.
Ɓawo ɗon ɓe kossi leydi ɗundi ko ɓuri leydiji chinese je lamoto to fommbina.
Haala torra je Zhu Wen be ɓawo makko Liang ɗum wakkati semtuki, nden wodi masiboji ngam ɗum ittaɓe nder tiggu.
Be non fuu, Kublai Khan lamiɗo je mari haali fere wakkati je o jabti lamaku leydi Yuan ngam o mari taadiɓe nden bo o bandirawo yimɓe Khitan, be yimɓe ɗuɗɗe ba makko ngam ɓe gala adaaji go’o bano bandiraɓe maɓɓe Chinese.
Ɗum fuu ɗum sha’ani siyaasa ndiga arandejum haa timmode ko lamiɗo waɗata ngam o joɗa daw korwal mun haa to yeeso tagle.
Hakke salaaki naftiraki nder defte sheri’ah ko go’o.
“wiigo keɓowo wani mo yaccata moye heɓi hakke tagle be mo heɓayi, woɓɓe chinese laari kuje man bano adalaaku Victor, je ɗum yaccata nder bolle chinese “”keɓowo wani laamiɗo, mo heɓayi bo laati merejo”” (chinese: “成者爲王，敗者爲寇”).”
Leydi Silla ɗum wii kamɓe ma hossi aadalaku tagle, sey ni naftirki arandejum heɓama ndiga leydi Joseon, je lati adalaku tagle adaaji leydiji.
Sakitiɗo be yimɓe leydi Vietnamese hossi Confucianism wiigo kanjum wani shari’ah leydi maɓɓe, kanjum bo waddi tiggol Vietnamese tribunal system to fombina giɗɗo fuuna Asia je ɗum hoshshi ndiga system Sinocentric chinese to fuuna Asia.
To wakkati sakitiɗe, yiɗigo ɗo hollama ngam lamaku sare lamiɓe Japan ngam ɓe wii ɓe tagama nder lamaku je meɗa ta’uki je labbo nange Japanese, Amaterasu.
Be ɓawo Meiji bo’etenanki fuu nder 1868, wakkati nde lamiɗo wani mauɗo daw lamoɓe gomnati, korwal lamu manbe hoore majjum ɗon mari alhorma feetel to Meiji oligarchy.
Jannde habaruuji ɗum laawol jannde je mari kujeji, tariha,je hautata be habaruuji ɗuɗɗi; ko ɓuri habaruji ɗuɗɗi.
Jannde habaruuji to Australia fuɗɗama to jami’are Victoria nder arande hitande 1960s, nden to janngirdu secondary nder chaka hitannde 1960s.
To janngirdu secondary, jannde film arandejum fuɗɗama janngugo wiigo ɗum yaɓre janngirdu secondary famara je Victoria wakkati chaka 1960s.
Ndiga ɗon ɗum warti, nden arti laati yabre VCE cammbinga.
Jannde habaruji fuɗɗaka jangugo nder leydi New South Wales to fellel secondary.
Harold Innis be Marshall McLuhan ngoni cerno’en mauɓe to Canada ngam mballal maɓɓe to fellel habaruuji ecology be political economy nder karni 20th.
Jamia’re Carleton be jami’are hirrna Ontario, 1945 be 1946 hautama, tiggi laabi habaruuji be jangirdu.
Hande, jami’are ɗuɗɗe e janngina laabi habaruuji, nden cerno’en Canada ɗuɓɓe mballi to lawol man, nder maɓɓe wodi Brian Massumi (numuuji, jannde adaaji), Kim Sawchuk (jannde adaaji, feminist, jannde maunitare), Carrie Rentschler (feminist theory), be François Cooren (habaruuji moɗtal)
Laabi ɗum ko hautata matotirgol amin be duniyaaru be yimɓe luttuɗe.
McLuhan wii dabaruuji sendirki wani daliila ilmu naa’uraha” hauti bo’etineki kuugal neɗɗo be kaural nden daliila automation bo ferotiri.
Alaamaji habaruuji kanjum wani “kuje” je habaruuji fuu ɗum habaruuji fere.
To hiite lanntarki, huwama ngam laaruki ball jemma jumɓare be ngam daara joɗorgal ma a wawan wii’a alfanu lantarki ɗum daliila kuje ɗe.
A famata eɗum mari alfanu sey ta hiite lantarki huwama ngam ɗum innna goɗɗum maunga nden a wi’an ɗum labi.
Kuugal labi wartirama cambinga ngam ɗum hokkama daliila fere.
Labi jeɓaɗe ɗusti huwego ngam labi boɗɗe eɗon huwa.
Jami’are jannde habaruuje je China, anditinama be Beijing Broadcasting Institute, arandejum, je fuɗɗiri 1954.
Anditinamji Bourdieu kanjum wani oɗɗon television tiggi autonymy chahiɗum, be ndimu ɓuri no en numata.
Nder lawol jannde film, kadin Frankfurt be Berlin wani mauɓe daw ɓawuki yeeso daw labi pottoji salatoɗe.
Go’oto nder binnduki arandejum to labi ɗo kanjum wani volume wa’enki Helmut Kreuzer, jannde adaaji - jannde habaruuji (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), je dammiɗiri hokkugo bayanuuji to Düsseldorfer Germanistentag 1976.
Janngirdu labi habaruuji be haalaji,je Germany tiggudo nder hitande 2005 nde jangudo habaruuji Lutz Hachmeister, o go’oto nder jangirdu hoore je ɗum tiggi ngam kujeji je kauti to habaruuji be halaaji.
Medienwissenschaften dum go’oto nder labiji jannguki to jamia’re Germany, je mari naftoɓe ɗuɓɓe be nuumugo wiigo jannguki ɗum no waɗan goɗɗo huwa ha TV be ko nandi e majum.
E ɗum hokka jannde duuɓi jowee be duuɓi ɗiɗi je jannguki habaruuji electronic.
Be wiigo habaruuji sciences ɗon laara no yimɓe bolwata, ko to ɗum labi naa’uraha ko nana taɗon, jannde bayanuuji yiɗi wartira bayanuuji ta labi naa’uraha.
Bayanuuji sciences (be ko nandi fuu) wawan ɗum jannga ɗum to jami’are Erasmus Rotterdam, jami’are Radboud,jami’are Tilburg, jami’are Amsterdam, jami’are Groningen, jami’areTwente, janngirdu Roosevelt , jami’are Utrecht, VU jami’are Amsterdam be jami’are Wageningen be babal anditinamji.
jami’are Punjab Lahore wani hurgoru kiɗɗo.
Jannde habaruuji no jangina nder leydi UK fat.
Be non fuu, ko ɗum yiɗi to jannde ɗum wakkati fere ittiri habaruuji—film, taguki defte, fijirle vedio, be ko lutti.
Kuje ɗe fuu ɗum yettore to marugo Professor Siva Vaidhyanathan jannguɗo tariha adaaji be habaruuji, hauti be kaural anditinamji je hanugo habaruuji be ko hani, kautal CEO je Canoe Ventures be timmuɗo UVA David Verklin.
Jannde habaruuji je Radford ha joni holli jannguɗo labi habaruuji, yaccego, fiilagu malla tiggugo Web.)
Bergson yardi leydi ɓontaga wii ɗum leydi maɓɓaga, maɓɓaga to yeeso sheri’ah, hali boɗɗum be diina.
"Soros, George, ""duuɓu Fallibility,"" kujeeji yimɓe (2006)."
Laamagu je fat watti ilmu be sammbe kuje je haɗi numugo boɗɗum huwa nden bo waddi halkugo ilmu to leydi lamagu je fat.
To leydi maɓɓaɗe, wiigo maral ilmu fere be goonga waddi faamugo ko fe’ata to lawol go’o.
Ngam faamugo goongaku no waddan fewre, haalaji siyasa mballata yimɓe faama haalaji goonga.
Popper bo, famtirayi leydi ɓontaɗe be siyasa malla be lamugo je fat malla jawdi je damayi, sey ni be ɗuɗal nuumugo ɓernde to yimɓe, to yeeso ummare bo nuumu ko ɗume.
Janngirdu darirtoɗe kanji wani je sheri’ah je mballata ko yimɓe giɗi ngam laarugo jannde ko haani.
Bano wiigo, kuwoɓe je kuwata be fiilu sammbe wala ta Ontario sey to o mari kati lattugo ɓingel janngirdu fiilu je Ontario.
To Waber bo, sociology ɗum jannde ummatoore be haalaji ngam non hani ɗum laara no ɗum matotirta.
Kalma man holli no ɗum latato ɓuri je Florian Znaniecki's ""social phenomena"", ngam yimɓe matotirki naɗum bolle ɗum huweego be huwatego.
Ndi fuu ɗum lawol fere kanjum wani torrago ɗiɗaɓun timmi.
To fukaraɓe subti shya jannde to janngirdu, ɓe anndi no saɗan ɗum heɓa nastigo janngirdu keerol malla ɓe heeba daliila wartuki looyaajo.
Matotiral ko haani sanndiram to fellel kanjum wani wattugo be emol.
Emol ɗe waddi masalaji ɗuɗɗi ha sheri’ah natti nder torraji man.
Ko waddi babiji deena no waɗan gaasa hakkunde maɓɓe, e ɓe jannga e waa’za fellel je woɓɓe nder tokkoɓe deena yiɗi.
Eɗum anndi wiigo chochiji je mari nyaɗɗi e sambina e mauna nder United State je hannde, marɓe yanɗan bo e ɗe ɗustira.
Hollugo yanɗan: maataki je ɗum hossata ngam yanɗan, ngam hollugo no goɗɗo nanata.
To maataki je nyaaɗi keerol wala nden bo wodi shiya ndimu.
To goɗɗo heɓayi no yiɗi wodi torral bernde.
Bano wiigo ɗum haali be ko goɗɗo yiɗi numugo.
Kujeji jowee-go’o ɗo ɗe faamama ndiga Aristotle nden haa joni ɓe haalaji kalduɗe ɗuɗɗe.
Faamuji Micrological je moftal jawdi ɗon laara ko yimɓe waɗata.
Be waɗugo non dum waddi gaasa hakkunde waddoɓe nden tiggi oda nder moftal jawdi.
Suɓol ko haani be wiigo ɗum chanjama ndiga modiɓɓe moftal jawdi, ɗum sendiri be nuumol moftal jawdi fetel.
Kujeeji adaaji: hukunci je ɗum hossi daliila adaaji, ngam no ɗum waɗaiɗe to haali fere be daliila fere.
Adaaji ɗum huweego je joɗi nder matotiral.
Gikku bo ɗum jannde je ɗum janngi be hakkilo wakkati bo goɗɗo annda ma.
Laruugo Cooley bo je laruki hoore hakkilo amin no maunai to e min laara be huwa ko woɓɓe nuumata daw ko min waɗata.
“Kaural jawdi””lawol bandiraku hakkunde yimɓe je joɗata be huwata ha babal fere, no accan babal, man joɗa no hani.
Nder reta 19th centuary, de Tocqueville faami wiigo joɗal America holli ɗume wani jawdi kawral.
Ummatoore fuu montai kaural yimɓe majjum fuu, nden bo yimɓe no heɓan bote ballal, be yanɗan, be ballal keddiraɓe.
Nder haala Stein (1960:1): “” ko ummatore je aldi ferɗodirki adaaji be shiya jonde jam yoɓata kanjum wani no ɓe jaɓan sendirki ko’e to yimɓe be ummatore fuu.”””
Kujeɗe fuu mballi boɗɗum daw fawuki yeeso je jawdi ummatoore nder duuɓi ngaroje.
Robert D. Putnam (1993) wii jawdi ummatoore no hawtan kautal hoore be ballal ummatoore be leydiji nden bo no ɗum wadan daliila chanjuki shiya joonde jam hakkunde ummatoore nder ummatoore jamanu, bano aybe.
To "Nan Lin's bo of jawdi ummatoore mari sigagol fere-fere: ""wattugo ceede nder kautal ummatoore be nuumol heɓugo bote to luumo."""
Kalima jawdi huwori to analogy be moftal jawdi goɗɗe, nder jawdy ummatoore maari bote nanduɗe.
Robison, Schmid, be Siles (2002) laari ma’ana jawdi kawral fere-fere nden ɓe timmini be wiigo ɗuɗɗe nder majje hollai ma’ana majum.
Ɓe waddi wiigo jawdi kaural wani yannɗan: daliila yanɗan mari jawdi kawral; marɓe yanɗan daw woɓɓe waddai jawdi kaural.
Jawdi kawral no ferotiri be nuumol jawdi moftal ngam kanjum ɗum kawral moftal jawdi.
“Ɗum”” tiggi ko hani to yimɓe je matotiri, nden mballoɓe fuu.”””
“Wiigo Robert D. Putnam, jawdy kaural wani “”kautal hakkunde yimɓe –labi kawral be adaaji be goongaku je fuɗɗiri ndiga maɓɓe.”””
Ɗum laari iri kuje ɗe ta wodi shiya goonga nder gomnati be shiya nastuki yimɓe.
Putnam wii ko waddi ɗustare jawdi kaural hauti be nastare rewɓe nder kuuɗe sammbe, je hossata wakkati maɓɓe haɗan ɓe nastugo moftal bano moftal modiɓɓe be saro’en.
Fakuyama bo wii ɓawo jawdy kawral naɗum mballan maunitago, ɗum watti mballa mo wala nder kungiyare na ngam gannyaadi ba illa ngam nanugo ɓelɗum maɓɓe.
Lawol ɗo naɗum hauti be kaural hokkoɓe, wiigo neɗɗo ko ummatoore fuu.
Ɗum no wawan kautira ngam amanaku woɓɓe be kautal maɓɓe be faamugo wiigo neɗɗo e nder kaural man.
Annditinamji je Sheri Berman be Dylan Riley, ko hauti be ceerno moftal jawdy Shanker Satyanath, Nico Voigtländer, be Hans-Joachim Voth, kautiri mofgal ummatoore ngam tiggugo kaural fascist.
Kuuje nyaɗɗun je jawdy kaural no ɗum yaada be kautare be waddego.
Kautare be waddego jawdy kawral no huwan boɗɗum to ɗum kautama no haani, ko no ɗum sandiran huwego.
Sambiɗinirki daaliila kawral no waddan kujeji fere-fere bano kaural ɗemngal ko sendiral ummatoore.
“German no yaaran ko’e maɓɓe to saare gimol, kawral haaje, be kawral modiɓɓe ngam ɓe acca nuumugo daliila torrago gomnati be fatiiji siyasa, ngam balluki lardiwol Weimer be senbingo Hitler heeɓa sammbe.
Ɓe kastoɓe nder lardiwol Weimer.
Robert Putnam, nder kuugal makko sakiitiɗo yacci jawdy kaural, be maunitare imaanaku yimɓe heɓama ndiga eggugo be haala hollugo bambamshi hakkunde yimɓe.
Shiya hautare waddi yimɓe no sanndirai be banndiraɓe be keddiraɓe maɓɓe, ko waddi leydi sankitinga ko haɗi leydi jonde jam.
Jawdi himɓe, ceede maral, no faaman to ko yimɓe naneno hauti ndiga jawdi kaural.
Be non fuu Coleman meɗa bolwina Pierre Bourdieu be goonga nder matotiral makko, ɗum bo anndi be ko Bourdieu yacci nder haalaji makko je ɓeydodirngol to ilmu, ummatoore be adaaji.
Illa, ɗum kautal ummatoore, be hoore mun, je hollata neɗɗo ko wani goonga ummatoore je be anndi.
To ɗum hollan ɗi, en nuuman wiigo yimɓe yiɗi ɓelɗina babal ɗo nder ummatoore.
Kautal ummatoore ɗum daliila ko haani?
Misalu ko ɗum anndi ɗum moftal jalduɗe e tigga jawdi kaural, moftal choirs be bowling bo (innde man, bano Putnam woyi mayde maɓɓe) tiggi waddal jawdy kaural.
Aldrich kanko ma watti ilmu jawdi kawral nder lawol maganki fe’ugo masiiboji, nden kaldi daliilaji je magata ko torrata nyauunuki, bano no torra ɗuɗi, no yimɓe ɗuɗi, alhorma gomnati be mballal.
Yimɓe je wawi jooɗago banni no nanan wiigo kujeji ɗi ɗum adaaji ummatoore ngam non ɓe jooɗan no ka wari fuu, ɓe daamata be ɓikkoy, nden ɓe jaɓa mballa to heɓan.
“Kala “”jawdi fuu”” ɗum je Marx, maral tafoɓe ceede tan nden o holli daaliila kuuɗe to leydi tefoɓe ceede, kanjum wani fellel yimɓe je sorrata kuuɗe maɓɓe, ngam ɓe ngala jawdi no haani, malla ɓe nuuma waɗu go godɗum
Portes yacci hokkugo mballal to ɓiɗɗo kautal man ngam o holla misalu kuuje ɗi.
Hautal be waddal waddinama, je ɗum binndi to defteji cerno’en ɓuri 300.
Banni fuu, wala lawol go’oto je ɗum hollata no ɗum huudata, sey ni kautare laabiiji tokkitaɓe je annditinoɓe tokki ɓuri duuɓiji ngam ɗum huwira jawdi kaural.
Kaural je mari yimɓe ɗuɗɗe (bano fatiji siyasa) mballi be jawdy ɗuɗɗe ɓuri ko kaural je mara yimɓe hokkata, be non fuu kaural ɗuɗɗe je wala yimɓe ɗuɗɗe (bano ummatoore) kanji ma ɓe mari alfanu.
No kaural matotirta be ummatoore kanjum ma eɗum hauti be jawdi kaural, sey ni to lawol fere.
Faamugo wiigo goɗɗo wawata heɓa yannɗaku yimɓe, goɗɗo je yiɗi ɗum jabtamo no hollan yannɗaku makko daw woɓɓe be kaural be ummatoore je ɓe mballata.
To wiigo bindoɓe bano Walzer (1992), Alessandrini (2002), Newtown, Stolle & Rochon, Foley & Edwards (1997), be Walters, ɗum daliila kaural ummatoore , ko to haala goonga mofgal tataure, yimɓe wawata tigga be jaguki laabiji boɗɗe.
Na wiigo kaural ummatoore tiggama ngam heɓa lawol heɓugo jawdi kaural, yiigo Lyons mofgal tataure (2001), jawdi kaural suuɗatama ley ko fe’ata acca ko haɗata faɗugo yeeso mofgal tataure.
“Ko ɗum yiɗi ɗum kauta mofgalji ɗi ɓe heɓa bote moftal jawdi nder “”ummatoore”””
"Alessandrini jabti, wiigo, ""nder Australia tau, neo-liberalism hossama be wiigo ɗum moftal jawdi senditirki be faamugo annditinoɓe ɗuɓɓe be yaccoɓe wiigo ɗum torrego to ummatoore ngam no ɓe nastirta jawdi kaural nder kuuɗe je hanayi."""
Nder maunitirnga yaasi, Ben Fine (2001) be John Harriss (2001) ɓe yardayi sam be no ɗum jabta jawdi kaural bano ngam ɓe wii (mballugo yahugo yeeso kautal ummatoore be NGOs, bano, wakili’en yahugo yeeso) ngam shiya maral je maunitare mofgal jawdy waddi.
Sey ni, maunitare jawdi kaural no waddan maunitare siyasa.
Laruugo daliilaji ɗo be hakkilo holli rewɓe wala suɓa bano warɓe.
Jawdi kaural hokki labiiji heɓugo jawdy je wattata nastugo siyasa.
Rewɓe no wawan mofta ko’e maɓɓe no hani nden bo ɓe matotira.
Bano, neɗɗo marɗo nyawu cancer no heɓan habaruuji, ceede, be ko o yiiɗi fuu ngam o heɓa nyauniki be jamu.
Ɓeydari, jawdi kaural keddiraku no mballai to magaki haala jamu hakkunde ɓikkoy be sukaɓe.
Matotirki be labi je ɗemngal famarɗe tokkata nder leydi je yimɓe babal man ɓe marɓe ɗemngal g’o no waddan heɓugo jamu no hani ɓuran leydi keddiraɓe be yimɓe fere.
Bano, ko ɗum laari to laarugo fukaraɓe marɓe duuɓi 13- yaago 18 nder Sweden holli shiya jawdi kaural be shiya amanaku waddi ɗudingo alaamaji nyawu shiya hakkilo, (psychosomatic), nawal yiiyal ɓandu, (musculoskeletal pain) be torrago.
Nder jannde go’o, habaruuji huwego naa’uraha nandi be moftal jawdy kaural yimɓe, nden huwego tiggitirgo moftal nyaɗi be shiya jawdy kaural.
Ɗum holli yimɓe wawan matotira be woɓɓe daliila giɗɗji be matsayi maɓɓe.
Haala ɗo timmaka, sey ni wala shaidaji kolluɗe holli wodi matotiral hakkunde jawdi kaural be haalaji naa’uraha.
Anditinamji kesa, je ɗumwaɗi to hitannde (2006), holli huwoɓe naa’uraha ɗon mari labi ɗuɗɗe buri yimɓe je huwata naa’uraha seɗɗa ko huwata ɗum gaba go’o.
Annditinamji fere holli suukaɓe no huwan naa’uraha sakitare ngam ɓe matotira, ɓe accayi bolle naa’uraha haɗiɓe matotirki yeeso be yeeso.
Ɓe jaɓayi haala Coleman, mo wadi amfani be limgal saro joɗiɓe nder saare tan, mo acci luttuɗe yimɓe bano sakiraɓe be laanyol fetel.
Morgan and Sorensen (1999) sali jaɓuki haala Coleman ngam o wala daliila je o waɗata yaccata wiigo fukaraɓe katolika ɓuri fukaraɓe janngirde ummatoore yaamuki jarabawa yahugo yeeso.
Ɗum faami wiigo jawdi kaural no waddan chanji bonnga je ainugo be janngugo to janngirdu ummatoore no hani, ɓawo ɗon edum wadda shiya laruugo no hani.
Jangirdu ɗi fami sandotiral jawdi kaural fere-fere, bano habaruuji daw daamaji nder labiji ummatoore mauɗe je saro be sukaɓe.
Nandal leydiji ɗi kanjum wani saro no matotirai be ilmu ɓikkoy maɓɓe.
To wala jawdi kaural nder ilmu modiɓɓe be saro’en je mballata jande fukaraɓe, alfanu jande ɓingel maɓɓe ta’allaki daw kuje ɗe.
"Bano Tedin and Weiher (2010) wii, ""go’oto nder ko waddata yahuugo yeeso fukaraɓe kanjum wani nastugo saro nder jannde ɓingel."""
Laabi ,mballal, go’oto nder jawdi kaural, ɗum dole to kautal ceede fukarajo ngarowo kesa.
Mballal ɗemngal e ɗum mari alfanu to eggoɓe wari nder leydi ummatoore mballoɓe.
Mballal ɗemngal no waddan yahugo yeeso ilmu.
Daliila makko maunga je sendirki jawdi kaural wiigo ɗum hauti be leydiji ɗum matotiral yimɓe waddata no ɓe joɗirta to babiji je ɓe joɗata.
Nder jannde makko, o larayi nastuki yimɓe marɓe haalaji ɗi, sey ni no shiryaki be matotiral ummatoore hautiɓe sankiti nder duuniyaru.
Lawool fere je ɗum laarata jawdi kaural wiigo ɗum lawo jannde nder leydi ɗum to waɗanki bayanu no yimɓe nastata kujeji ngam hoore maɓɓe ngam mballa gomnati.
Wodi matotiral sambinga hakkunde yiɗigo be jawdi kaural dimokradiyya.
Nder jannde sakitinga, Kislev (2020) holli nandal hakkunde matotiral yiidde be shiya yiidde.
Hollugo nandi burtama to jannde kautaɗe je Sarker nder Bangladash waɗi.
Epo waɗi ndi to lawol hautuki sakamako filooɓe je mari lawo be je mara lawol.
Tiggol matotiral (je ɗum noddata tiggol ummatoore) ummama wakkati je tiggoɓe tiggol ummatoore hakkunde maɓɓe be to matotiral man.
Tiggol ɗum wiian hauti to matotiral joɗi jam nden eɓe huuwa ngam ɓe yaha yeeso ko ngam ɓe waɗana yimɓe maɓɓe ko ɓe nanata ɓelɗum.
Yanayi magga no canjai to wakkati e dilla ko hauti be sammbe magga ndiga nde ɗum tiggi to wakkati to ɗum sankiti.
Ma’ana majjum go’o to matotiral ɗuɗɗe bano no dum wadi bayanu ha daw do.
Nder jannde, ɓe emi yimɓe mofgal ɓe holla sobsɓe maɓɓe je ɓe giɗi nden be auni ratio suɓol nder be suɓol yasi.
Tiggol matotiral no andai be yiiɗigo matotiral je, wiigo Hogg, ɗum anndinama be yiɗigo matotirgo.
Lott be Lott (1965) je hossi matotirki yimɓe wiigo ɗum tiggol matotirki waɗi bincike no hani to adaaji nden o fami nandal yimɓe to matsayi maɓɓe (bano., demngal,adaaji,kuuɗe, duuɓi), hali, imanaku, be no ɓe larata kuuje eɗum mari matotiral be tiggol moftal.
Ɓeydari, matsayiji nanduɗe wattan yimɓe kauta ra’ayiji maɓɓe to kujeji ɗuɗɗe, ko hauti be ra’ayiji tiggol, lawol matotiral be no ɓe yiɗi lamaku.
Ko waddat ɗi e dama ɗum jabtal jawdi, fannu je wii yimɓe tiggol no wattan sammbe makko seɗɗa, ngam ɓe anndi woɓɓe nder maɓɓe waɗan ko ɓe waɗayi.
Jande ɗuɗɗe (jannde je kauti ko janɗeji ɗuɗɗe holli) holli wodi matotiral hakkunde tiggol be huwego.
To ɗum laarama be wiigo ɗum nastuki kuɗe, kadin ɗum nandi be huwego, ila famɗinirgo tiggol be wiigo ɗum nangal bernde.
Sey ni, matotiral fere mari sammbe tiggol kuuɗe matotirki ɓuri goɗɗe.
Wodi daliilaji goɗɗe wiigo tiggol ɓuran sammbe matotirki be kuuɗe matotiral je mari kuje fere-fere ɓuran matotirki tiggol je yimɓe mun wala kuɗe ferejum.
Ɓeydari, matotiral marɓe kuuɗe mauɗe no maunan boɗɗum.
Yimɓe tiggol matotiral ɓe marɓe niyya nden bo asar maɓɓe ɗum seɗɗa daw masalaji matotiral ɓuri ɓeɗɗon je wala nder tiggol matotiral.
Ɗum fami wiigo lebura’en be kafinta’en ɓuri nanugo belɗum to ɓe huwi be tiggol matotiral.
Jannde go’oto holli tiggol be nastuki kuuɗe no sambinai hukunshi matotiral to ɓe nasti nder samugo, ɓuri to ɓe somayi.
Jannde fami matotiral je mari tiggol hukunshi seɗɗa be yawuki kuwata bano matotiral je mari tiggol be yawuki kuuɗe.
Famu nuumol matotiral holli wiigo wattugo yeeso no haɗan yimɓe matotiral numugo boɗɗum nder hukunshi je ɓe waɗata.
Daliila fere bo ɗum ngam yimɓe yiiɗi matotiral man nden bo ɓe, wawan ɓe muunya ɗum wattuɓe to yeeso ngam ɓe bo’ena matotiral maɓɓe.
No ɓii matotiral yiɗi matotiral hollata tiggol matotiral.
To wiigo hukumare gomnati, habaruuji yanayi gureeji English, wodi labiji jowee je tiggol ummatoore: maral jawdi, matotiral boɗɗum, kuwego be matotiral, kautal hoore, naftirki be adalaaku.
Kujeji giɗɗe to yonki ɗe kanji wani tushe kautal matotiral be ko hollata yahugo yeeso matotiral.
Fellel tataure wani matotiral no hani, chanjiji be labi hakkunde yimɓe be ummatoore, ko ""kuuɗe ngam kautal hoore""."
Eɗum hauti be no yimɓe nanata ɓe bandiraɓe marɓe leydi go’o be daliilaji kautaɗi, adaaji be imanaku hakkunde yimɓe ndiga matsayi fere-fere.
Nder ummatoore bo Albrekt Larsen waɗi bayanu tiggol matotiral wii ‘ɗum imanaku je yimɓe mari to leydi fere—wiigo ɓe kautiri ummatoore bonnga, je acciɓe ɓe mara imanu hakkunde maɓɓe'.
Tiggol matotiral ɗum haala Marxist (ko nandi ɓe ‘ummatore’) je hollata goonga, tariha kautaɗe hakkunde tiggol tefoɓe ceede, jagaki tiggol tefoɓe ceede famarɓe, be ma’ana moftal ceede je goonga.(sendirki hakkunde maɓɓe).
Nder sciences matotiral, tsariji matotiral ɗum no ɗum waɗata tsari matotiral nder ummatoore je daami be kuuɗe je yimɓe waɗata.
"Eɗum sanndiri be ""tsari matotiral"", je hollata tsariji saro’en je naftirta iri tsariji ɗii fuu."
Eɗum holla no adaaji be tsari matotiral hakkunde babiji ɗuɗɗe nder ummatoore.
Eɗum mari alfanu nder jannde tsariji je jamanu joni, ngam tsariji hollata ɗum wawan chanjuki. be ko nandi.
To Sikeli meso, eɗum dami be tsariji matotiral naa’uraha hakkunde yimɓe be tiggol.
"Bano misalu, John Levi Martin o hokki daama wiigo tsarijisikeli mauɗi waddi ko wani ta nder sikeli famara (wiigo., ""tsariji"" nandi be je anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss huwi)."
"Alexis de Tocqueville wani mo fuɗɗi huweego be kalima ""tsariri matotiral""."
Go’oto nder bayanuuji laɓɗe je tsariji matotiral waddama ndiga Karl Marx, mo hauti siyasa, adaaji, be tokkugo deena wiigo ɗum lawol tiggol (wiigo ɗum tsariji moftal ceede).
Émile Durkheim, hossugo ndiga faamu labi tagle be matotiral je annditina ndiga Herbert Spencer be luttuɗe, waddi hala wiigo ballaji matotiral be kuuɗeji mballi to sendirki ummatoore to lawol nastinki fellel ɗuɗɗe nder kautaɗe gaba go’o.
Woɓɓe tokki Lévi-Strauss nder tefugo tsariji boɗɗe to tsariji adaaji.
Habduki maunga je ɗum waɗi ngam ɗum hauta tsariji matotiral be laroɓe wani famu tsariji je Anthony Giddens’ be Pierre Bourdieu's famu kuweego.
Famu Giddens’ to lawol ɗo, sendiri be Jacques Derrida's wo’enirki je shiwtaɓe je yacci numol sociological be anthropological naneno (goongaku kautirki tabbasji Lévi-Strauss's structuralism).
Jacob L. Moreno. janngi ɗum.
Muamalaku-tagle ɗum laawol tagle je laarata be yaccata hali moftal to laawol larugo.
Muamalaku-tagle no lariinai muamalaku hali bano labi batugo, konu leydiji, nastugo ledde, be kautal ummaatoore sholli.
Ɗum holli dabbaji no huwan to lawol je holli ɓe chanji no haani hakkunde wakkati.
Halii ngam non dum laarato wiigo ɗum ko goɗɗo waɗi ngam resa adaaji makko nder yimɓe.
"Altmann tiggi muamalaku-tagle makko ngam o jannga hali ummaatoore rhesus macaques, huwego be limngal, nden o hossama haya lato ""jannguɗo muamalaku-tagle"" to Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in 1965."
"Fuɗɗama kalima maunga, ""mu’a’malaku-tagle"" warti wala to ɗum annda ɗum nder hitaande 1975 wakkati nde Wilson tagi defte muɗum mu’a’malaku-tagle: Synthesis keesa, je holli sendirki ra’ayi."
Sey ni, nastanki limngal daw haali hossi ra’ayi janngoɓe ilmu yonki be nuumoɓe ndiga ɓawo faamugo limngal man.
"Edward H. Hagen winndi to defte muɗum Evolutionary Psychology wiigo mu’a’malaku-tagle ɗum, be sanndirki ra’ayi yimɓe fuu, ""go’oto nder nasaraku science je karni 20."" """
“Ngam non, kuje ɗo kanji wani ""donuji"" nder ngureji je halittaji heɓama."
Nden, ɓe yiɗi haliji nder bernde, nden to yaccuki nandal, ɓuran ferotirgo, hakkunde ɗemnɗi.
Ainagoɗo je saro’en na ɗum ɓeidai to ɗuuɗal.
E.O. Wilson yardi wii donuuji ɗi no wawan heɓa moftal.
To mballugo woɓɓe heɓama, nden mballoɓe ɓen no hokkan donuji mballal man wakkati ballal ngam mballal foofa, sey ni to mballoɓe hokki ko ɗuuɗi daw yimɓe je mballata ngam yimɓe ba maɓɓe, mballoɓe ɓen no mayai
Nder moftal-tagle, hali moftal arandejum ɗum wii kanjum wani famu moftal-tagle to heɓugo lawol chanji je nandi be haliji laraɗe.
Ɗum waɗi bayaanu majjum bano mballugo hakkunde sholli be nyuu’i daayama nder saki go’o.
To haala fuu, rewɓe je mari dama ɗuɗɗe yannɗata ɓikkoy no hani, nden ɓe waɗan dabare heɓugo daama ngam ɓe ɓesda yamndu be jabta ko’e maɓɓe ndiga bandiraɓe maɓɓe.
Jannde hali donuu yimɓe holli wodi haliji bano maragu famu, alhorma hoore, shiya munyal, be IQ ɗon mari donaaku.
Nden, nde FEV ittama to lawol donuu ha donaku dombuuru, dombru gwara no waɗan ka haɓugo be gwara fere, sey ni kaɓoɓe nder maɓɓe no hossan wakkati ɗuɗɗi ko ɓe holla haure maɓɓe.
Wakkati mofgal ummaatoore-tagle to 1976 mofgal jannguɓe bano wiigo Ullica Segererstråle, Chomsky yardi haala alfanu ummaatoore be hali maɓɓe bano ɗum yacci.
Wilson bo wii o meɗa yaccugo ko hani sey ni ko fe’e.
Fiilu ɗum lawol heɓugo ko goɗɗo yaamata ko heɓugo ceede to waɗanki ko soduki be sorruki kujeji(bano yaamundaji be ko nandi).
To fiilu jabti yaamande, marɓe ceede no yahan to jawdi jaɓowo yaamande ɗum.
Kalimaji man no nandai (sey ni nana to lauyaaji’en ba ko marɓe laamu) ɓe wii ɗum tiggol.
Tiggol marɓe ceede, ɗum je maɓɓe, kamɓe suɓata lamoɓe maɓɓe ngam ɓe lama tiggol man bo ɓe hossa kuwoɓe.
Tiggol yimɓe ferotiri be kautal yimɓe to kautal yimɓe ɓe gala marɓe sey kautoɓe, nden no ɓe kautai ɓe fuu maɓɓe ɓe waɗa hukunci.
Tiggol saɗugo asar(LLC), tiggol sandirki asar, be tiggol fiilu fere-fere no yaanɗan yimɓe maɓɓe ustanɓe asar to laawol fiilugo je sheri’ah kaɗowo asar.
Ɓikkoy tiggol man no yoɓan ceede fere (wakkatiji) to tiggol man nasti nder bone, to na non bo ɓe gala yancinder jawdi je tiggol man mofti.
Iri tiggol ɗo waɗatako to leydi UK, be wiigo sheri’ah hokkiɓe dama tiggugo.
“Annda ""Ltd je innde tiggol man hollata tiggol je mari keerol , be PLC (tiggol marɗo keerol je yimɓe) je innde tiggol hollata ɗum jawdi kautiraɗe."""
To tiggol je mari daliila, ɗum latoto daliili mun.
Tiggol yimɓe wala jawdi kawtiraɗe, nden no haɗan hokkego hakke jawdi.
Tggol belɗumji be tiggol habaruuji no heɓan bote maɓɓ ndiga sorrugo kuje boɗɗe.
Ɓe hauti be kuje goonga bano motaji, motaji mauɗe, naa’uraji lokotoro, gilasji be jirgiwol.
Shagoji mauɗe be tiggol jaaroɓe yarata kareji man.
E ɓe heɓa bote maɓɓe ndiga sorruki kareji be kujeji jehauti be fijirle.
Janngowo hisabi mo leydi italiya Luca Pacioli nder hitande 1494.hanko tiggi laawol jamanu
Ɗum wawan wiigo Finansi ɗum science moftiki be anndugo ceede.
Marɓe wawan laara fiilu maɓɓe be ko’e maɓɓe, ko ɓe hossa huwoɓe ɓe.
Laroɓe yahugo yeeso filu (BPM) ɗum laaroɓe je laarata ko fe’ata ta tiggol be ko sodowo yiiɗi be ko tefata.
Filuuji ɗuɗɗe e doggidira to labi bano kautal komoftal (be ɗustugo asar ko wala).
“Haala goonga, kautoɓe to kaural, ɗustan nastiɓe to kaural, nden ɓikkoy tiggol ɗustare asar ɓe maganama haala asar hoore ko yaamande ko hala ko hani daw goɗɗo,je ɗum laarata ɗum “”goɗɗo””.” fere to sheri’ah.
Kalma kaural no ɗum lamai be laamaku kaural ta ɗum kautama, ko deeye nder sheri’ah je kaural tiggi.
To sheri’ah jangali, no waddan ko ɗum wii’ata jabtal jangali de ɗiɗi, ngam arandejum kaural no yoɓai jangali bote, nden bo to kaural yoɓi kawtoɓe maɓɓe bote, yimɓe no wattai ɗustare to bote maɓɓeto ɓe timmi yoɓugo jangali maɓɓe, nden yoɓugo jangali ɗiɗaɓun wari.
"""Nastanki yimɓe"" anndinama be hokkego yimɓe arandejum (IPO) ɗum filu je yimɓe yimɓe ummaatoore."
Numbaji Hammurabi fuɗɗama ndiga wakkati 1772 ko ɗum daanya almasihu bano misalu nden hossi ko hauti, nder luttuɗe ceede kombowol, be ko waarat hakkunde fiiloɓe be kossoɓe kare.
Iyaka saɓɓal no hautan accego be jangali ngam waɗugo filu.
Leydiji ɗuɗɗe marɓe luumo mauɓe ɗon mari go’oto no fanɗi fuu.
Luttuɗe nder leydi yaasi ɗon mari mofgal daaroɓe.
Maunitare be ɓeydare bonendaji sheri’ah je darata filuuji waɗi ɗum heɓi ɓeydari to janngugo ilmu sheri’ah filu.
Filuuji ɗuɗɗe ɗon mari inndeji, alamuji, be pottoji nanduɗe je heɓata bote alamaji filu.
Moftal-jawdi ɗum science ummatoore je janngini no yimɓe matotirta be imanaku; bano to waɗugo,sendirki, be yaamunki yamnduuji be ko nandi.
O jaɓi wiigo moftoɓe-jawdi arandejum janngi haala faamugo jawdi tan: noye jawdi tagate, sendate, be yaamate; be no jawdi ɓeydato.
To konu man yaamaka ko to ko ɗum majji ɓuri ko ɗum heɓi, ko ɗum fe’ata (bano wiigo ɗe darnama) yahata konu sam (hukunci) sey ni o tefa laabi feere.
“Moftal-jawdi hollama ta binndol gimiɗo Boeotian Hesiod be tarihankoɓe moftoɓe-jawdi ɗuɗɗe ɓe waɗi bayaanu Hesiod wiigo kanko wani ""moftowo-jawdi arandejum""."
“tiggoɓe ɗiɗi, je ɗum noddiɓe ""mercantilists"" be ""physiocrats"", laawol go’oto ɓe chanji yahugo yeeso haala."
Ɗum yardi jawdi leydi ɗum daw gold be silver je ɓe mari.
Physiocrats, mofgal numoɓe ɗemngal faransiire be binndoɓe to karni sappo e jowee tati (18th-century), fuɗɗi faamu moftal-jawdi wiigo ɗum laawolnastugo be burtugo ceede.
Physiocrats acciti jabtugo janngali caahiiɗum be ko marɓe babal heɓata nde go’o.
Smith yacci alfanu jannde maunga t laawol kuuɗe, ko hauti be ɓeydari heɓuki kuuɗe nden ɗum heɓa bote filu, hakkunde ngureji ko hakkunde leydiji.
Ko waddi ɓeydari ɗuɗal yimɓe je ɓuri babiiji je ɗummari kanjum wani hottugo to laawol kuuɗe.
Adam Smith wii heɓugo jawdi, David Ricardo (1817) yari hakkilo makko to sandirki jawdi hakkunde marɓe babiji, kuwoɓe, be tefoɓe ceede.
Ricardo kanko fuɗɗiri be tabbitinki haala gasa heɓango, je holli kal leydi fuu hani wawa heɓanki be soduki yaamundaji be ko nandi ngam ceede heɓanki kareji ɗusta, na jodago daw ko ɓe mari tan ba.
Mill holli ko sanndiri kuugal luumo ɗidi: hokkugo jawdi be sandirango bote.
Smith binndi wiigo “”ceede ko ɗume je goonga ... kanjum wani torra be bone heɓugo ɗum.
"Wiigo bayaanu timmi ha wakkati amin, je ɗum darni be chanjuki kalma “”jawdi”” be “”kare be kujeji”” ma’ana jawdi no kautan be ko hossatako fuu.”
"To Robbins, shiya ɗundi maagama, nden bayaanu makko acci’en, en faama be shiya torra, moftal-jawdi ilmu, jamu moftal-jawdi, be moftal-jawdi konu, waɗugo, moftal-jawdi sandirki be yaamuki je wiigo kanji wani lawol science moftal-jawdi je goonga."""
Be wiigo neɓuɗum, ndiga janngoɓe moftal-jawdi no jaɓan goɗɗe haalaji Robbin, be wiigo woɓɓe waddi yardare daw daliilaji be laawol moftal-jawdi, je fuɗɗama ndiga haalaji ɗiɗɗon.
“Kalma” moftal-jawdi annditinama daliila jannguɗo moftal-jawdi bano Alfred Marshal be nandaki je “”science moftal-jawdi”” be chanjuki “”moftal-jawdi siyasa”” je arande.
Nder faamuji kuuɗe be imanaku je ɗum donii to janngoɓe moftal-jawdy nane ngam faamu kaural resugo imanaku to fellel tefanki be fellel faamu ceede kareji be fellel waddoɓe.
Misalu aran je ɗi’i ɗum faamu yaamoɓe je tefirki yimɓe, je sendiri no ceede nastiri ɗuɗal ko ɗum tefata.
Janngoɓe moftal-jawdi jamanu daw mahirama daw moftal-jawdi naneno sey ni be chanji ɗuɗɗe je ɓeydi ko ɗustibe hautare famu nane, bano limngal jawdi,faamu fijirle,faamu asar luumo be gasa je wal bote, be labiji haalaji moftal-jawdi naneno je ɓeydal jawdi ngam famuugo ko waddata asar jawdi leydi. and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.
Wodi matsalaji moftal-jawdi, jannde je ɗum janngata to science moftal-jawdi, wakkati je suɓol ra’ayi waɗama be ra’ayi marɓe ceede ngam koɗum heɓata daw dokaji kautiɗe.
Deftere nden ɗon laara yaccoɓe jawdi nastugol leydi be lau to ceedeji kareji wala daral.
Jannguɗo moftal-jawdi mo Keynsia mari donooɓe ɗidi.
Eɗum hauti be jami’are Cambridge be kuuɗe Joan Robinson.
Ben Bernanke, ardiɗo resirdu gomnati daw, ɗon nder janngoɓe moftal-jawdi hande je jaɓi wiigo faamu Friedman's je daliilaji je waddata torrago..
Wakkati waɗugo faamuji, daliila majjum ɗum heɓanke je mari sauki nder ko ɗum tefata to bayaanuuji, marɗe sauki to nuumol, nden marɓe alfanu to ɓeydanki faamu daw faamuji naneno.
Moftoɓe jwdi arandejum hakkilo maɓɓe dilli to kautal hakkunde kuje sendiraɗe, sey ni nde kaural man canji yago wakkati moftoɓe jawdi, ko hauti be Keynesian keesa, ɓe fuɗɗitiri labiiji maɓɓe man to fuɗɗo de famara.
Wakati fere janngowo famu moftal-jawdi no hollan woɗugo nana ɗuɗugo ba.
Sey ni, laawol moftal-jawdi kuwengae mauna, nden huwego eɗum hota ta anditinam-tagle.
To laawol ɗon, faamu heɓan jaɓugo, sey ni to nuumol na to laawol hakkilo.
Yardare je wari ndiga anndinoɓe be shiya nandal faamu laarama ngam accugo shiya goonga, kuskure, be hautidinirki, be wiigo anditinam moftal-jawdi yardama be wiigo ɗum hautidiraka, nden defte annditinamji mauɗe yardama be shiya mballugo hautidinirki to wadduki code be data.
To moftal-jawdi kuwengal, labi naftirɗe be ittirde je waddata kuuɗe go’o e ɗon.
Ɗum ɗusti sandirki moftal-jawdi be ilmu-tagle ngam ɗum acci laarugo test je ɗum waɗi naneno ɗum wii ɗum goonga.
Nandu laarugo ɗo waɗama to neuromoftal-jawdi.
To luumoji je mari gasa,ɗuuɗal yimɓe chanjata ceede sorrugo kareeji kuwateɗi.
Moftal-jawdi famara janngi luumo fere-fere be balluki lawol moftal-jawdi be numol wiigo laarugo kuuɗe luumo man haɗata je luumo fere.
Famu dai-daito janngi luumoji ɗuɗɗe be haliji majje.
Suɓool no wadan hakkunde ko ɗum yiɗi je ɗum hauti ko’e daw mun.
Watka nder ceede waɗugo pretzels ɗum wiigo na shoondi fulawa na weiti ɗum mari, ngam kuje fere,
Nastirki nder huweego hauti be laabi huwego arandejum bano kuuɗe, ceede, (kuje je neɓata je ɗum huwi, bano tiggol je huwata), be babal (ko hauti be jawdi-tagle).
“Woɗugo no ɓeydan to sambe ittama be shiya canji to ko ɗum watti, ko to kalma fere, ɗuɗal ko “”woɗal:”” ɗustama.”
“To haala go’o moftal-jawdi no tiggan kuuje ɗiɗi (wi’a ""balmalji"" be ""ɓellere"")."
Shiya kare no hollama to limgal yimɓe yidɓe sey ni ɓe wawata yaamuki ko ɓuri PPF (bano to x) be ko woɗa ta hollirga.
Ansa hollirga hokki shiya filu hakkunde kareji ɗiɗi.
To PPF, famɗugo holli wiigo suɓugo go’oto nder kareji ɗuɗɗe hossi waɗugo be kareji luttuɗe.
To fellel nder hollirga (bano to A), ɗum waɗan sey ni no hollan ɗustare waɗugo (halkugo huwego nastirki), nder wurtango je go’oto nder kareji ɗidi fuu no ɓeydan yahugo to woyla giɗɗo fuuna to hollirga.
Ɗum faami wiigo fiilu ɓeydiri ɗuɗɗe hakkunde leydiji be wiigo ɓe mari labiiji nanduɗe be kautal halaaji nastinaɗe, ko hauti be leydiji je heɓata bote ɗuɗɗe.
Nder labiiji waɗego ɗe fuu, eɗon mari sandirki kuuɗe nanduɗe be kaural kuwoɓe ɗuɗɗeje wawi be huti kuje ceede ferotirɗe be amfani babiji ferotirɗe.
Faamu be faamugo waddi daliilaji ceede kujeji luumo be koɗum waɗi suɓan sandirki to kautiɗinirki, ngam kujeji je yaanɗa no fuɗɗan waɗugo kare je yaanɗa.
To moftal-jawdi fetel, ɗum watti to no ɗum sorrata ko ɗum waddi je ko ɗum yarata luumo be gasa boɗɗum, je hauti be wala sodoɓe ko sorroɓe je mauni no ɓe chanjata no dum sorrata.
Faamu yiiɗigo holli yaamoɓe nder yimɓe no suɓtan ko ɓe giɗi nder kala kareji fuu,hokkugo ko ɗum heɓi, ceede, belɗam, be ko lutti.
Sheri’ah yiɗigo wii, to goonga ɗuɗal ko ɗum emi to luumo fere no matotirta.
Ɓeydari, soduki laamu ndiga ceede no ɓedan yiɗigo sodugo (ko ceede nastugo waddi).
Waddanki ɗum matotiral hakkunde ceede kare be ɗuɗal koɗum maari daw ceede ɗen.
Waddanki ɗum wii kanjum wani ko hautata ceede kare be ɗuɗal kare, to wala ko chanji.
To waje yiiɗuki bo, matsayi waddanki no chanjai, bano to chanji nder ceede waɗugo be ɓeydari kareji kuuɗe.
Darngal luumo no waɗan to kareji gaddaɓe waɗi dai-dai be ko ɗum tefata, matotiral hakkunde maɓɓe hollama to potto je daw.
To ceede daw darnal, wodi ɓeydari to kareji je ɗum waddi daw ko ɗum tefata.
Labi goonga nder ɗe ɗum tiggol kaural, kautago be imanaku.
To luumoji je mari gasa bo jannde to faamu waddanki be tefanki, wodi woɗoɓe ɗuɗɗe, wala mo chanjata ceede kare bo nder maɓɓe.
Luumoji fete janngi ɓawo gasa hauti be gasa kautare, be labi gasa fetel, be darnanki wadduki.
Hokkugo kalaji majji fere-fere, wodi laabi ɗuɗɗe je maganki shiya tabbas be moftowa jawdi tokkitaɗo be amsaji maɓɓe daw.
To lawol hali moftal-jawdi, ɗum huwama ngam ɗum janngina hukumare moftal to laawol suɓol to e ɓe matotira be woɓɓe j daliila maɓɓe ɗum yaarayi bano je maɓɓe.
Eɗu mari kuwateɗum je wani to yaas moftal-jawdi to labiiji ɗuɗɗe bano hautare sigoji nuclear, hanaku, science siyasa, be chanji to jannde-tagle.
Ɗum beydi famtugo yaamol ceede kujeji sorrugo, be laabiji ceede tigogi, woɗuki be sauki luumoji, matsalaji ceede, be ko nandi e labiiji gomnati.
“”Sodoɓe be shiya anndal wiigo mota ɗum “”lemon”” ɗustiri ceede magga ɗustare je ɓuri ɗustare mota kinnga.”
“Matsaliji ɗi fuu na waddan ɗuuɗal inshora be ɗustal warugo luumol giɗɗoɓe,(“”luumo je moftaka””).”
Doo”aki bayanuuji be luumo je moftaki no waddan shiya moftal-jawdi sey ni wawan wadda yahugo yeso to laawol luumo teema, shari’ah, be yaaundaku moftal daaroɓe, bano ɗum yacci ta daw.
Kare yimɓe kanje wani kareji je ɗum heɓatake to luumo fetel.
Misalu bano, torraji heendu na waddan boneji yasi, nden ilmu na ɗustan torra (ɗustal torra, be ko nandi).
To babiji feere, haala ceede kuujeji nastinama sigirdu ngam ɗuuɗal, ɓurugo ceede kareji, ngam ɓe boo’ena haala emego be waddanki.
Misal ɗuuɗal ceede kare to luumo fere hauti be yoɓugo jangali to luumo kuuɗe nden takki ceede kuuje to luumo ngam haɗa gasa hakkunde sorroɓe.
Darnaki ɗe kauti be ceede nastinaɗe leydibe je ɗum laari, shiya kuugal, be shiya darnal ceede kareji, be laabi fetel je darnal bano yaamuki je fuu be baruugo ceede luumo be ko hauti e majjum.
Ɗi waddi haala je daami shiya maunitare je labiiji ɗi.
Keynes yacci adaadu kareji je ɗum tefata no ɗuuɗan wakkati ɗustare moftal-jawdi, ko waddata shiya kuuɗe je wala daliila be halkugo ko luumo yeɓata.
Moftal-jawdi macro kesa je nane, ko sendiri be laruugo Keynesia je kuje filu, luumo daral haɗugo baayanuuji fewre.
Kuugal sammbe hauti be kuwoɓe je tefata kuugal.
Labii shiya kossugo kuwoɓe je jamanu no fuɗɗan to albashi ɗuuɗi je kossoɓe wawata kossugo kuwoɓe ɗuɗɗe.
Shiya kuuɗji ɗuɗɗe no heɓan to moftal-jawdi warti to tiggol nden kuwoɓe marɓe faamu nane fami wiigo joni ɓe yiɗama.
Ceede ɗon mari yiiɗego to ko moye, mutunshi je timmata, sandiranki, neɓanki, sauki waddanki, be waddanki sambe je neeɓata to yimɓe ɗuɗɗe.
"Nder haala Francis Amasa Walker, moftowo-jawdi je ɗum anndi wakkati karni, ""ceede ɗum ko ceede huwata"" (""ceede ɗum ko ceede hauti"" to goonga)."
Alfanu moftal-jawdi mun no hautatake be (chanji je hautayi ceede).
To ko ɗum tefata do’i ley moftal-jawdi je hani, wodi gap wurtanki to fellel babiji taganki no joɗan wala kuwoɓe.
Misalu bano, mahoɓe saare je gaala kuugal no hossoto ngam ɓe ɓeyda ɗuuɗal labiiji.
Alfanu fiscal no darnan to burtago yaasi.
Woɓɓe moftoɓe-jawdi nuumi ɗuuɗl yasi ɗum bone to woɓɓe bo naɗum ko ɗume to ko ɓurtata ɗustama.
Sakitare, faamu suɓtal ummatoore, waɗi haala haali hukumare ummatoore to moftal-jawdi fetel, ko nastiri matotiral yimɓe marɓe ra’ayi suɓol, be ɓe ɗum suɓata.
Ɗum hauti be maunitare be sandirago bote ndida filu.
"Carlyle hokki moftoɓe -jawdi innde""the dismal science"" ngam daliila binndol mauɗo masinko’en Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, je karni 18 mo wii weilo warai, to ɗuuɗal yimɓe ɓuri yamndu je ɗum demata."
Matotiral faamu moftal-jawdi be siyasa ɗum ko ɗum laarata je waddata ɓeidal ko ɗustal labiiji moftal-jawdi annduɗe, nden e ɗe wadda shiya faamugo daliilaji ummatoore be hali darajaku.
Woɓɓe nder defte ilmu je moftal-jawdi habdi ngam holla mutunci moftoɓe-jawdi daw haalaji be dokaaji be nuumol heɓanki ummaatoore siyasa je mari anndal.
Kuje bano banki daw je lamat hormun, dokaaji banki be shiya famal to haalaji ardinobe banki daw ko faamuji babii moftal-jawdi macro (folici ceede be fiscal) je leydi, ɗum halaji darnaki be yardaki.
Laawol bayanuuji moftal-jawdi hauti be faamu limngal moftal-jawdi be moftal-jawdi je nuumol, hauti be jannde to nuumo ko wani to ɓernde, nden daliilaji kautaɗe to nuumoɓe nane kanjum wani labii jannguki to babiiji moftal-jawdi.
“Joskow mari nuumol sambingga wiigo kuugal maral alfanu to kautal hoore luumo e waɗama to waddugo shawaraji je wala keerol nden je mari keerol bo ɗum ""accama""."
Daliila fere maunga kanjum wani laarego, je yacci kautal be ɗuuɗal kuuje yonki ɗo.
Kuuɗe makko bano taariha dabbaji ɗon mari alfanu ngam holli jannde-tagle makko,nden kuuɗeji ɓawo je hollata daliilaji tagle be ɗuuɗal yonki.
Cerno’en deena islama janngi lekki kuwoɓe to leydi nuumoɓe adaaji Greek, nden tagle-taariha fuɗɗama ndiga nuumol Aristotle, to holluki no yonki amin huudata.
Bincike Jan Swammerdam holli laawol kesa je hollata jannde sholli je mballi maunitare laawol laarugo kuje fetel be faamugo.
Nden to hiitande 1838, Schleiden and Schwann fuɗɗi mballugo anndal duniya je (1) ko tagi halittaji ɗum ɓingel yonki be (2) wiigo ɓingel yonki ɗon mari ko hauti yonki fuu, sey ni ɓe yardi wiigo (3) kala ɓingel yonki fuu heɓama ndiga sandiral ɓikkoi yonki fere.
Carl Linnaeus waɗi defte innuki be sandiral tagle-duuniyaru nder hiitannde 1735 (sandirki je ɗum huwat ndiga wakkati man), nden to hitannde 1750s o inni kala marɓe yonki fuu innɗe science.
Lamarck waɗi imaani donuuji keɓaɗe ɗe ɗum wawan hokkirgo ɓikkoi dabbaj, je maunirta be kautirtaɗe.
"Shiya goonga labii donu jamanu fuɗɗama ndiga kuugal Gregor Mendel, je holli defte mun, ""Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"" (""Experiments on Plant Hybridization""), to hitannde 1865, je ɓuri daliilaji donuu tagle, ko waddi daliila donu jamanu."
Nuumol holli yonkiji kesa je jamanu bano virus be bacteriya, hauti be halitta kautaɗe je DNA kuugal James Watson be Francis Crick to hiitannde 1953, holli fuɗɗode wakkati ilmu donu.
Sakitare, kautal donu neɗɗo tiggam nder hitande 1990 be yiɗigo annduki donu neɗɗo.
Yonki to duuniyaru fuɗɗama ndiga ndiyam, ɗum joɗi ɗon bano dubi billion tati k ɗum warta daw leydi.
Nucleus waɗama ndiga proton go’oto ko, ko ɗuɗi be neutrons ɗuɗɗe.
Ɓikkoy yonki je kal kuje fuu ɗon hossa numbaji protons, je anndinama be numba ɓikkoy yonki magga, nden numbaji protons be neutrons magga ɗum mass numba magga.
Carbon, bano misalu, no maran yonki ɗum joɗa isotope joɗinnga (carbon 12 ko carbon- 13) ko ɗum laato isotope marɓe yonki ba hiite (carbon-14), sakitinɗum je huwata to kawtal radiometric (je goonga kautal radiocarbon) ngam ɗum annda duuɓi kuje organic.
Mambulol Ionic hauti be noddego electrostatic hakkunde ions marɓe chagi ferotirɗe, ko hakkunde atomji ɗiɗi je mari electronegativities, ferotirɗenden ɗum moftal arandejum je fe’ata to felel ionic.
Na bano ionic ba, mambulol covalent hauti be kautal electrons hakkunde atomji.
Misalu je heɓata ko toye je mambulol hydrogen no heɓan to kautal diyam mombulol atom.
Diyam mari alfanuto yonki ngam ɗum ko mballata, no wawan bo wauna kuje bano ionji sodium be chloride be mambulol atom fetel ngam ɗum waɗa ko mballata.
Ngam mambulol O–H ɓe polar, atom hendu ɗon mari chagi yaɗɗe nden atom hydrogen ɗiɗi ɗon mari chargi je hani.
Diyam no mambulai ngam ɗum mombuli leydi je polar nden bo chanji mambulol atom je wala diyam.
Shiya sammbe mala-malleji kautirki be diyam ɗum ngam shiya diyam mabulol atomji je waɗi crystal lattice je mala-malloje, je acci babal diyam mambulol atom ɗundi.
Sey ni, sammbe ɗundi yiiɗama ngam sandirki mambulol hydrogen hakkunde mambulol atom diyam ngam horriki diyam lato gas (ko shurɗe).
Be ittugo diyam, mambulol atom fuu waɗi marɓe yonki heɓi carbon.
Misalu bano,carbon go’o no waɗan mambulol covalent nayi bano nder carbon dioxide, ko mambulol covalent tati bano to carbon monoxide (CO).
Ɓawo hydrocarbon no sanjan be kujeji fere bano hendu (O), hydrogen (H),phosphorus (P), be sulfure (S), je chanjata haliiji chemical je kuje ɗen.
To sugaji ɗiɗi kautama bano glucose be fructose to ɓe kautama, no ɓe waɗan disacchride bano sucrose.
Ko naɓata nder diyam ɗe ɓe kuje organic je wala polar bo ɓe wanyoɓe gas.
Kuje glycerol be mofgal phosphate hauti waɗi polar be hydrophilic ko (hoore) babal mabulol atom sey ni acid fatty hauti nonpolar be ko yiɗa gas (ko wicco) babal.
Yaamundaji je ɓeydata yiinyam kanji ɓuri moftal atom macro, je hauti be ko mballata ɓandu, yaadu yaamunde je ɓeydata yiinyam to ɓandu, moftal atom ɗundi be yaamundaji ɓeydoɓe yiinyam.
Waɗugo polar be chagi je kautal kombi no damai narkugo acidji amino.
Laabiji arande no hautan be kautal amino acidji je mambuli mambulol peptide.
Taggugo laabi tati ɗarewal alpha be beta hokki yaamundaji je ɓeydata yiinyam laabi tati mun ko laawol maunga.
Purines kauti be guanine (G) be adenine (A) sey ni pyrimidines hauti be cytosine (T), uracil (U), be thymine (T).
Babal ɓingel yoonki hauti be ɓawo lipid, ko hauti be cholestrol je jooɗi hakkunde phospholipids ngam resa fluidity maɓɓe to temprature ɗuɗɗe.
Babal ɓingel yonki nasti nder labi cellular ɗuɗɗe bano adhesion ɓingel yoonki, resugo chaji electric, be hollugo ɓingel yonki wiigo ɗum kautal labiiji extracellular bano mahol ɓingel yoonki, glycocalyx, be cytoskeleton.
"Binndi Alberts yacci no ""mahol ɓikkoy yonnki"" yadata ngam tagaku ɓikkoy je maunata."
Ɓikkoy yonnki haako maribkuje je sendiriɓe be je dabbaji bano mahol ɓingel yonnki je mballata ɓikkoy yonnki hako,chloroplast je dami sambe hiite nange ngam taga sugar, be vacoules je tagi hurgoru be mballal be nastanki tagaki be sandirki ɓikkoy haako.
To sheri’ah thermodynamic je arannde, eɗum resa sambe, wiigo., ɗum tagataka bo ɗum halkataka.
Daliila majjum, dabbaji no tefan nastanki sammbe ngam ɗum acca shiya maral entrophy.
Ɗuuɗal, catabolism e wadda sammbe, nden anabolism no yaamai sambe.
Ko fe’ata fuu no fuɗɗan to laabi biochemical, goɗɗe ta nder bano ko radox waddata.
Acetyl-Coa nasti nder labi citric acid je fuɗɗiri ndemitochondrial matrix.
Oxidative phosphorylation hauti be yadu electron kautaɗe, nden ɗum kautal yaamunde je wadata yiinyam nayi je hautata yaadu electrons ndiga go’oto to fere, ngam ɗum yofa sammbe ndiga NADH beFADH2 je hauti be yooguki protons (hydrogen ions) keerol nder mitochondrial (chemiosmosis), je waddata sambe yaadu proton.
To henndu heɓaka, pyruvate chanjatako to hoɗiki hendu cellular sey ni ɗum yaha laawol yawuji.
Laawol yaawuji no ɗustan NADH yaago NAD+ ngam ɗum wawan huwira kadibo to glycolysis.
To yii’eji ɓandu, ko giɗama ɗun, ɗum lactic acid.
Wakkati anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ heɓan to hydrogen ɗiɗi kawtama be pyruvate ngam heɓugo lactate.
Wakkati yamnɗuki, to hendu eɗon, NAD+ hautan be hydrogen ndiga lactate ngam waɗa ATP.
To matsaliji ɗuɗɗi eɗum yofa hendu wiigo ɗum nafata.
Ndi jaɓaka to yaadu sammbe je proton je ɗum heɓama ndiga keerol mitochondrial membrane nder fofugo aerobic.
To yaccego autocrine, ko ligand waɗata no heɓan nandi ɓingel yonnki je ɗum yofi.
To eukaryotes (ma’ana., dabbaji, haakoji, fungal, be ɓikkoy yonnki protist), wodi sandirki ɓikkoy yonnki ɗiɗi fere-fere: mitosis be meiosis.
Ɓawo sendiral ɓikkoy yonki, ko ngele ta nder ɓikkoy yonki man no fuɗɗan marugo yonnki kesa.
Nder sandiral ɓikkoy yonnki di fuu no huwan to laawol tagaku ngam batugo wakkati to tagaku maɓɓe.
Na bano labiiji mitosis be meiosis to eukaryotes, binary fission hossi nder prokaryotes fuɗɗama be shiya hautugo kujeji spindle daw ɓikkoy yonnki.
Donu Mendalin, je goong ɗum laawol je donu heɓirta ndiga saro to ɓikkoy.
Arandejum ɗum nanduji donu, je ɗum noddata alleles joni, ɓe fere bo ɓe mari laabi fere (misalu., purple vs. white ko tall vs. dwarf), ko moye nder maɓɓe doni ndiga go’oto nder saro.
Mendel laari wiigo wakkati hautugo donu, alleles je kala donu fuu hossi allele go’oto tanta kala donu fuu, je o yacci to sheri’ah makko je sanndirki.
Nucleotides no kaurai hakkunde maɓɓe be mambulol covalent hakkunde sugar je go’oto je nucleotide be phosphate sakitare, ko waddata suɓugo ɓawo sugar-phosphate.
Liinirde den sendiraama kashi didi: pirimidin hon e’ purin hon.
DNA diddibinai to laayiije didon kon sendiri.
Kuromozo dum yusbaadum saawudum DNA e’ histon hon.
Nder prokariyo en, DNA dum don jogaa nder bandu goddum nder saitoplazm huunde dum noddata nukloid.
Bayaanu renol sawaadum nder DNA dum luutnani iri ii’yam, ngam tagaadi din don hebo diga suptol purotin faddoojum ko hauti tageefo e’ maunuki mun, ko bou ko huwata ba tubbootoode ate ko huwata nder banndu shubaadi.
Haa les mutidi renol, laayiiji mRNA don shuba ardaaki amino acid haa woni nder purotin nder ko dum noddata firlitol, ko fe’oto nder ribozom hon.
Dun wawai ardinnki e’ senndidirki ginom en ta huwruki be ardinnki DNA doudou e’ bayoimfomatik en ngam dum tattarna bou dum sendidira kuugal e’ ko hauti ginom en fat.
Ginom hon purokariyo en den famari, deddaade, bou feere-feere.
Woodi kuujeeji nayi burde nder shaanu maunuki: Anniya, feerinnki,mofogenesis, e’ manngu.
Bikkon tagaadi hon kon bikkonji goddi ko dun wawata feerinnki ko bou dun don feerina de sedda amma de wawai wartuki bikkonji feere-feere duudkon bou de duddina ko burata limteeki ngam hebinnki iri bikkonji den.
Apoptosis, mayki bikkonji din shiryaadum fuu don fe’o saa’i mofogenesis, ba mayki bikkonji hakkude lambaaji nder maunuki binngel ngel danyaaaka, ko ittata kooli juungo e de kosde.
Faggo tagidaadi di’i don suuda hakkude fiila, ko maanoto wai de boyde bou de nanndude nder iri ndabbaaji sendiraade.
Tagidaadi Hox niyyata to fannuji lornotoode, ba iye mboodi duudde, waartai binngel ko laava.
Dun wawai hollugo faggo tagidaadi din nder ate feere-feere, ba no tagidaadum BMP manngini honnduko ngewnga Darwin mangu, ko to mbodde relli kosde maaje ngam tagidaadi Diastal-les (Dlx) hollaaka no haani ko ma hollaaka nder felleeji ladiri en taggitinta hebuki kosde maaje gaba go’o.
Uyre nde don jogi wai iftinirki don fe’o to woodi chanji nder fe’itaare allele nder kautal tageefooji daydaytiroode.
To sembeeji shubaadi rellaama ko bou to de wala semmbe, fe’itaare allele ma wawai ngabbuki ko jippaaki haa jibbinirdeeji ngarotoode ngam allele hon den wawai nassuki boofol misalki.
Feernaaku daydaytiraaki ma don beddo to won sendirki renol.
To lenyol sendirake didi, dun don holle be nodwol (ko goshshitol) dou leggal filogenetik.
Nder leggal, iri kautal muminte en marbe innde fat tagzon ( ba yimbe, primoto’en, mamalo’en, ko i’yotoode) bou tagzon sawjum tokkotoobe iftinirki mun fuu kilad, ko bou ko anndiraa be monofiletik tagzon.
Dun don nodda muminte ko kautal banndiroobe e badi kautal ndu nder seini dum don yaasi filoginetik maajum kautal yaasi, ko wartata tinndinoorum nder leggal ngol.
Dou danrannge Parsimony (ko Occam’s razor), leggal burnaadum hanjum wani marjum chanji iftinirki les ko dun yidi nder hautuki haaliiji fat nder kaute fat.
Dou jabtindirdal nde’e, dun don hokka muminte fuu innde didi, woore ngam jinus maajum, woore ngam muminte maajum.
Anndube tagaadi don hoosa wondaaku kodwol renol ba shaida wartuki bakteriya, aakiya, e’ yukariyot en diga iftinirol woore.
Baawo don, ba duubi 1.7 biliyon saaliide, tageefooji duudda bikkonnji fuddi wurtaaki, mari bikkonnji feere-feere ngadoobe kuujeeji keeraade.
Funngooji leddi nasrini ngam haa dun micci wai de walli nder wannde faddugo Late Devonian.
Saa’i siltuki diga wannde nde, aakosaaji waarti i’yotode leddi burde duudki; kautal aakosaaji woore, dinaso’en, teeti wakkati Jurassic e Cretaceous.
Bakteriya don deppi haa nder leddi, ndiyam, maaje lammude, mbuuri tonyoore, e’ ko luggi nder les duniyaaru ndun.
Aaakiya don saawi bikkonnji purokariyo feere’hon bou arannde dun waati be nder bakteriya, sei be jabi innde aakiya-bakteriya (nder laamurde Archaebacteria), seini innde nden huwirtaake jooni.
Aakiya e’ bakteriya fuu manngu mabbe e’ banndu mabbe iri go’o, fuunon ma aakiyaaji goddi don mari iri banndu feere, ba iri bikkonnji Halokwadratum walsbyi narbiniide.
Aakiya don huwira be semmbidiroode burdum dum yukariyot hon: dedden wari diga calaaje asalje, ba suga, haa amoniya, iyon’hon jammdi ko ma hendu haidurojin.
Aaakiya dun fuddi laarki kannje wani ekstremofil en, deppotoode haa felleeji woddude, ba maaje fowde e’ maaje kaadde de wala tageefooji goddi.
Aakiya hon den maube nder yonkiiji Duniyaaaru.
Njoyo nder kilad hon kon fuu anndaama be purotis, kannje den tageefooji yukariyo pamarje bou na de funngooji, fuusaare, ko ndabbaaji.
Duudde nder purotis hon kon don mari biiko tan, ko dun anndiri be yukariyo pamarje.
Dinoflageleti en den don wada fotosintesis bou dun waawai hebuki de nder maayo e be huwata dou hebinnki huundeeji asliiji.
Siliyalet hon kon alviyolet marje tagaadi ba di gaasa ko dum noddata siliya.
Sumpitooje den kautal purotis hon fuddude feerinaaki ba duubi 1.5 biliyon saaliide baawo dooforki yukariyo en.
Stramenopil en den, hawti be diatom e alge waydaade, duudbe mabbe ben don annditee be gaase ndariide dou flagela mabbe juutde.
Rizariyan en den don hawti be kaute tati: sarkozan hon, foraminiferan en, e’ rediyolariya en.
Alge den hawti be kiladihon duudde ba gulawkofet en, kannje den alge ndiyam pamare ko wawata nannduki e tagaadi be asliy Plantae marjum biiku woore.
Arannjum ko funngooji leddi (embrayofet en) den ngurti dou felleeji deppugo duugu 450 yahi 500 miliyon saaliide.
Nder feeraaku, kiladhon tati den funngooji na di ii’amhon ngam di wala tirakiyed.
Ba de buri hebaaki e felleeji to ndiyam hebotoo.
Fungooji na ii’yamhon, kon don deppo do leddi, be sedda deppotooje dou felleeji ndiyam laabdam wala deppotooje nder maaje.
Jimnospamo en hawti be konifayas, saikads, Gingko, e nitofets.
Be don ngada ninnon ta tirol dun noddata abzoptiv heterotrofi e de aartata wurtinnki njoode unotooje nyamdu teddudum bako yartinnki de ta ate biiku.
Dun wawai hawtuki fuusa, hakkunde lenyolji dido feere, koanoflagellets e’ ndabbaaji, nder opistokonts.
Fuusa marhon bikkonji tagaadi duudde, e geefe, woodi banndu dun noddata miseliyum, ko hawtiraa be teddaaku filamen hon feere-feere ndariide kodun noddata haifei ko hokkata daama fe’uki yartinnki nafaari.
Dun itta sedda, ndabbaaji don ekka geje, foofa henndu, waawai yahugo, waawai danyugo, bou mauna diga mooftal bikkonnji tagaadi luggude, bastula, saa’i maunuki bako danyeeki.
Dun waawai feerinnki ndabbaaji nder kaute dido dou liinirde gikkuuji maunuki maaje.
Nder purotostom en, blastopo wurtinnta honduko, sai dun tokkira be wurtinnki duburu.
Balli ndabbaaji duudde fat ta’yi - ta’yi na, ta’ye den waawai wartuki e’ ndari ko e’ waali.
Timmowal, dun waawai hendirki ndabbaaji dou liinirde iri saageeje maaje ba saagewol luumnirde fellere ko bou fedeeli di de nanngirta nyabu mabbe.
Ko duudi nder mumite ndabbaaji (~97%) wala iyal baawo, kannje wani ndabbaaji di wala bou mauninta suudorgol iyal baawo (ko dum buri annduki e’ iyal baawo), ko dum foodiri diga notochod.
Duudde nder taza di ngala iyal baawo duudbe masin bou be buri subfailum Vertabrata marki muminte.
Ko buri muminte viros 6,000 bayyinaama bouddum.
To de ngala nder taklon nanngaadum ko bou e’ nder atal nanguki, viros honkon don deppi ba ka’e feeraade, ko bou viron hon, saawuje huunde renol (DNA ko bou RNA), mabbaajum purotin ko dun noddata kapsid, bou saa’i go’o e’ baawo saawirgol lipid hon.
Dun heftaayi aslu viros hon nder taarihol iftinirki yonnki fu, goddi tema iftiri diga plasmid en -- bikkon DNA mbaawooje dilluki hakkunde taklon--goddi bou tema iftiri diga bakteriya.
Viros hon wawai saakuki ta ate duudde.
Noroviros e’ rotaviros, don yaariraa ta atal fekal - oral, dun tubbira be meemuki juungo e’ honduko, ko buri fooduki gastroenteritis.
Sistemwol feetol don hawtaama be mbaywol, baafe, e pinndi.
Mbaawal saaluki ndiyam niyyata huushol dilluki ndiyam dam ta gaaruwol suboowol saalotoobe.
Ko buri anndeeki ni aawdiiji funngooji jurbaade, shaanu ko wadata kuugal aawdi faate.
Yaartinnki wani yaabol arandewol nder burgu, nde aawdi ndin yarta ndiyam.
Dun don heba monoma hon ko’o diga sommnuki purotin, e’ lipid en sigaade nder kotelidon ko endospam.
Pinndi din luumnirde wallooje daydaytirgol, ko buri anndeeki ni ta hebirki tirol hawtaaki maniyyi be boccoonde.
Kuros-polinesho ni tirol wayluki cigaadum diga anta pinndiiru woore haa stigma pinndiiru feere dou goddum nder muminte woore.
Wattamji renol, kemilal, ko ngi’otoojum waawai meemuki cannji de’e.
Purotin njaboode naannge don tubbo bayaanu ba ko dun nyalauma ko jemma, juutal nyalaumaare, duudal iilde dun woodi, e hokkoojum iilde nden.
Duudde nder fuungooji marje pinndi don mauna saa’i dun haani ngam ci’e iildooji nootontooje juutal jemma, yi’a-yiita dun anndaadum be fotopiriyodizim.
Dun wawai noondeeki ndabbaaji ko regulato en ko bou konfama en.
Nder liddidinaaki, ndabbaaji ba liddi e’ paabi wani konfoma en ngam de don jaba nder maaje (ba fowki banndu) ngam dun jabira e’ felleeji mabbe di yaasi.
Ngam misalu, ba ndoobi, de mbaawai nyamki nyamdu ko burata ko nyamata de tati ko dun hawtirta e’ teddaaku maaje ngam duudal semmbe de huwirta e’ teddaaku ndoobi buri dum
Amma bou, bandiraaku kun na ndariingal e’ nder ndabbaaji yinatooje e fiirotooje.
E doggol fiiraaki sedda, poola sai jogi semmbe duudngal ngam ndu ndaro nder henndu.
Timmowal, ndabbaaji nder nduyam laabdam woodi ndiyammji balli jabotooje ndiyam laabdam.
To ndabbaaji nyaamai nyamdu marjum semmbe kemika duuddam, dum sigai ko duudi nder semmbe nden nder sipa lipidhon ngam huwireeki yeeso sedda bou nder semmbe nden nder sipa gilaikojin ngam huwireeki jooni ba (ba hokkuki hoore semmbe dun yidi)
Ko beddi baawo unotooje maaje, ndabbaaji marbe iyal baawo woodi asesori giland ba henyre e’ saifa nder unotooje maaje.
To dum wurtake diga redu, nyamdu nassai nder midgot, hannjum wani aartiijum tetekki (ko tetekki pamari nder mamal’en) bou hannjum wani pellere ardiidum ndu unuki e yartaaki.
Wattituki gas nder wumsunde don wado nder ko hewti sakhon milyon; nder mamal’en e’ ladotooje de dun noddata alviyoli, bou e’ nder pooli dun anndiibe e’ astiriya.
Dedden don nassa nder wumsunde to de saalirta nder buronnki hon billiikon makko e’ burde de saalirta nder tubhon famari, buronnkiyolis.
Woodi iriiji hee’atol ii’yam didon: ombiidum e omtiidum.
Hee’atol nder ndabbaaji don fe’o hakkunde iriiji tiishu’hon didon: tishuhon e’ luumnirde foofannde (pulmonari).
Nder pooli e’ mammal’en, sistemhon sistemik e’ pulmonari don hawti nder tokkotooji.
Boyle jokkootirde iye don fe’o diga nder hoore ngam de ngidi walleeki hawritirde sinaps diga newronhon mballooje dimbol.
Dun waawai tinndirki boylol dun hebata ba sonnyol, beddol, ko bou tetanos, ko baari dou duudal bawde kuugal.
Jaable boylol den nanndiri nder tiishuhon jokkootirde taton kon fat.
Ndabbaaji goddi ba molusko’en e’ nimatooda’en, don mari jokkootirde maayoowje, marje kabbe filamen’hon takkude e’ sewde toriide, ba no iye marbe iyal baawo ko bou jokkootirde bernde.
De mbaawai tubbuki ko jabuki bayaanu e’ fellere kautal dun noddata sinapsis.
Taklon ba newronhon e taklon jokkootirde wawai faywuki to dun jabi mbaate diga newronwol gongol.
Nder marbe iye baawo, sistemwol hakkilanoojum jokkootirde e’ hakkilo don hooshi sistemwol hakkilanoojum jokkootirde e’ hakkilo (CNS), hawtudum e’ hoore e iyal baawo, e’ sistemwol periferal (PNS), hawtudum e maatirdi kawtooje CNS e’ fannuuji banndu fat.
Dun henndi PNS nder sistemhon tati, somatik, otonomik, e enterik.
Dun don ummina sistemwol yurminoodum to won fiiji ngam dun yeeda semmbe, sei bou dun don ummina sistemwol yurminotoodum to hakkiilo yonnki don waali.
Dun don nodda maatirdi ngurtiidi diga hoore tiitin maatirdi kiraniyal sei bou ngurtiidi diga iyal baawo dun don nodda de maatirdi sipenal.
Nder yimbe, gennooji maude ngurtinooje sopnal kannje wani giland tairoid e’ giland adrenal.
Homon hon waawai wartuki lamma amino, sitero, ekosanoid, lukotrin, ko bou purostaglandins.
De don ngurtina gamette haploid ta miyosis.
Nder ko duudi, laayiwol tooke tatabol, mesodam ngol ma , don wurtira diga hakkunde maaje.
Jaabol gastula don fe’o, sei bo yahdu mofogenetik don firlita teddol taklon nder laayiiji tooke tati hawtude be ektodam, mesodam, e’ endodam.
Feerinnki taklon don memo be mbaate-mbaate taklonnji ba wattamji manngu wattitorooje taklonnji geefe, ko dun noddata mbaate jukstakrin, ko bou haa taklon keeddooje e’ to wodda, ko dun noddata mbaate parakrin.
Sistemwol cammitoongol don hokka buccitoongol nootarre ta ekkutuki heftuki molikulhon de meedi annduki.
Bakteriya woodi we’itol sistemwol cammmitoongol gonde nder sipa enzems hon aynoode nannguki tooke.
Jawed marbe iyal baawo, ko hawti e’ bibbe aadama, woodi aynooje burde woodki, ko hawti fuu bawde jabuki e heftuki patogin hon.
Ngam misalu, nyenye kuugal hetaade den haaluuje ngaroode diga renol na sei de ekkitaama.
Dun don nodda fellere moofaare geete (bayotik) hawte e’ baadbe fellere maaje (abayotic) ba (ndiyam, iile, wuloonga, njooral, jayri, lammugo, e leddi) e’ ekosistem.
Ta nyamki fuungooji e’ ko’e maaje, ndabbaji don heedo nder dillinki mata e’ semmbe nder sistemwol ngol.
Semmbe naange e’ topogirafi he’itata fellere ko yi’etee nder duniyaaru ndu.
Sella wani ko huwata fowki nyaawmaare e’ tobotooje, sei bou kilamet wani sella shakaajum e’ wakkati juutdum, ko buri andeeki ba juutal duubi 30.
Ngam non, fellere somniinde buri dalki fuungooji bouddi mauna.
Duunma yimmbe nder wakkatiiji di juuta wawai annditeeki ta huwruki be ekweshon retwol duunmunnki, ko ndaarata daygol, mayki, e’ rethon eggol.
Hiccuki geete wani wattamji geete wonndube nder mooftaare woore woodi dou ko’e maaje.
Dun don nodda wonndaaku juutungal e’ simbiyosis.
Woodi takkindiraaku feere-feere nder ko iri cannyol nyamdu nduye, ndu les dun wani balwalel ( ko ototrofs) ba fuungooji e’ alge wattitooje semmbe e’ huunde fanngaliire warta asluwol, ko dun waawata huwruki haa nder ko lutti mooftaare nden fuu.
Sei bou ekkoobe nyaamoobe sekandire bou nyaamoobe tashiyari.
Nder taare goddi bou woodi keeleeje e’ cigaadum deppoto ko bou dun wigita dum haa wakkatiiru juutdum.
Koyditaaki kenndi girinhaus buri fooduki fownuki, bou 90% maaje kabondiogzed e’ miten.
Bayodebasiti don meema dillol ekosistem, ko hokkata kuujeeji duudde dou ko yimmbe baari.
Ko tawtiraa, botani hawti fuu annduki mikologi’en e fikologi’en dou fuusa e’ alge fuu, dou annduki iriiji geete tati den don lutti nder ko International Botanical Congress yidi.
Jarne fizik ndu duubi shaka, ko dun baaronto modibbe, don saawi fuungooji marbe magani masin.
Jarne den walliri nder jannguki annditol fuungooji.
Nder duubi ashirin saaliide nde temmerre 20th, anndube shaanu fuungooje huwiri teknikaaje senndidirki renol molikulahon, ko hawti fuu ginomiks e’ purotomiks e’ tokkitiraaki DNA ngam senndidirki fuungooje no buri wooduki.
“Andal fuungooje zamanuuru tacci dadol maaje ko hooti haa Ancient Greece ayyinaadum ma Theophrastus (c. 371--287 BCE), daalibjo Aristotle woodnudo bou holludo duudde nder dookaaji mabbe bou dundon hoosha mo e’ mooftaare ilmu wai ‘’’’Baaba Botani’’’’.’’
Dun don jannga De Materiya Medika e’ ko toye nder ko buri duubi 1, 500.
Nder shaka temmerre 16th, dun hebini-hebini jarne botanika e’ goddi nder jaami’aaje Italiya.
De walliri mannginnki ilmu fuungooje ba fannu jannguki.
Ko ndeye nder wakkatiiru ndun, ilmu fuungooje deppake ba nyawndiigu pamarun.
Bock tagi sistemwol muudum dum senndidirki fuungooje.
Subol e’ tokkitirki gikkuuji fanngaliide nder mabbitoohon tagaadi ngam heftuki (mabbitoohon nyawdinnki) ko bou ko badi banndirki e’ tokkaare filetik ndu mabbitoohon tagza sinopti.
Duddum we’iti shiri inndineeki diddidabol e’ arannjum dum luutnanoojum ginus dum e’ didabol ngol heftoojum muminte nder ginus dum.
Beddaaki annduki tagaadi fuungooje, hawtirki e’ juutal balde foodi heftuki wai woodi kautal asliijum hakkude fuungooje ko buri sistemwol yoomaare fanngaliire ndu Linnaeus.
Kuugal Katherine Esau (1898--1997) dou tagaadi fuungooje on har jooni hanjum wani we’itaare burdum dou ilmu fuungooje zamanuuru.
Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley e’ Fredric Clements fuddi wi’ol wai jogaare mooftaare fuungooje ba chanji leddeeji tekkude ta tirol renuki jayri.
Li’uktuki e’ heftuki homonhon fuungooje ogzin dum Kenneth V. Thimann nder 1948 hokki daama jongindirki maunuki fuungooje ta waatuki kemikaaje beddaade.
Teknikaaje senndidirki kemikaaje asluhon foodi gaasgustaare ilmu fuunfooge e’ nder temmerre 20th, ba spektoroskopi, kromatogirafi e’ elekturoforesis.
Teknikaaje de’e hokki daama huwruki fuungooje ko bou biiruki taklon-fuungooje mauninaade nder nootontoobe-yonnki nder teknobayology ngam senuki pestised, antibayotik’en ko bou lekkiiji goddi, bou fuu waatuki ‘yaamnaade wattitanaaje renol de dun tagitiri ngam de bedda peesaari.
Sistemmji zamanuuru ayyini ngam hiisa bou hefta banndaaku filogenetik hakkude fuungooje.
Dou waartuki bote fotosintesis, fuungooje don wurtina oksigin nder aalamu, hendu ndu marbe yonnki fat yidi ngam fuufungo.
Nder taarihol, marbe yonnki fat sendaama nder ndabbaaji ko fuungooje bou ilmu fuungooje suddi jannge muminte fat de kasinaaka nder ndabbaaji.
“Maanawol fuungooje billaadum” hawti e’ “fuungooje leddi” tan kou bou embrayofets, kon hawti fuu fuungooje awdi (jimnospam en, hawtude fuu samarooje, e’ fuungooje pinndoohon) e’ kiriptogams hawtude fuu asbinaade, kulobmosis, geeloode, cacaaje e’ mozis.”
Saa’iiru yoomaaki emrayofets, anndaadum be gemetofet, don esta keccel diploid sporofet nder tiishuhon maajum ko bou sedda nder yonnki maajum nder ko simmdi, ko nder fuungooje awdi, e’ sporofet inna gemetofet esti dum hanjum ma.
Palebotanis en don jannga fuungooje boyude nder bindaadi fosil ngam de hokka bayaanu shaani taarihol iftinirol fuungooje.
Duddum wani ko ikolojis’en noddata takkindirol turopika aranndeejum.
Botanis’en ma don jannga geene, ko dun hooshi ba wannitol nder ndemri, ilmu hakkilannki patojin fuungooje nder ndemri e’ ekosistemwol asluwol.
Semmbe iile kulorofil nanngata wani sipa elektronhon arannjum (diga baawo bou puroton giradiyent) dum huwirta ngam waduki molikulhon ATP e’ NADPH ko dum sigata sedda bou ko dillirta semmbe.
Goddi nder gulukos hon kon don wattitira nder daccere sei dun siga dum nder kuloropilas.
Na ba nder ndabbaaji (di ngala kuloropilas), fuungooje e’ banndiraabe yukariyot maaje bilani kuloropilas maaje hakki seduki kemikaaje, ko hauti fuu senuki lammooje bellere, e’ lammooje amino duudde fuu.
Fuungooje marbe ndiyam don itta lignin, polimawa dun huwrata ngam semmbidirki gaaruuje taklon zailem trasheids maube e’ kaakoy ngam dun hadabe yibbuki to fuungooji muri ndiyam diga maaje saa’i rellol ndiyam
Goddi bou, ba nebbamji lekkon, nebbam na’ana’a e’ nebbam nafooje ngam uuruki maaje, nder uurneeki e’ welneeki (ba kapseecin), bou nder nyawdingu ba lekkiiji ba nder opiyum diga poppiiji opiyum.
Ngam misalu, fadduujum nawol aspirin dum estawol acetil ndu lammoojum salisilik, ko dun ittata diga
Amerika’en huwiri fuungooje duudde ngam hoynuki nyawuujin diga duubi ujneeje.
SUga, daccere, hotollo, linen, boggiiji goddi, horaare e’ alluwaahiiji, papirus e’ darewol, nebbam baafe, waks, e’ roba asluwol wani misaluuji huundeeji ko sorete dun wadata diga tiishuhon fuungooje ko bou ko hebiraa diga maaje.
Huundeeji dun hebi diga selulos hawti be rayon e’ sellofen, bakkoojum dareewol gaaruwol, bayobutanol e’ hotollo gon.
Janngube ikologi wobbe fuu baari dou bayaanu tabbitinaadum diga yimmbe lesdinkeebe moobtaadum etnobotanis en.
Fuungooje don baarni dou wattamji goddi di (leddi) e’ sella nder fellere maaje seini de waawai wattituki wattamji den.
De don wonndira be kedde maaje haa felleeji leddi feere-feere nder kautal, jamaaje e’ mooftaare kautuje fuungore.
Gregor Mendel hefti dookaaji renol ta jannguki gikkuuji renaade ba he’’itaare nder Pisum sativum (bikkon pis).
Fuu da non, woodi senndaaku renol feere hakkude fuungooje e’ muminteeji goddi.
Alkamaai feere-feere dun remi fuu gasde hawtaare hakkude e’ nder muminte ladde e’ bikkon hebirid maaje.
Nder fuungooje leddi duudde fuungooje fere-feere danyata gamethon worbe e’ rewbe.
Misalu woore won hawtaare mbaywol bugumwol.
Apogzimis waawai fe’uki haa nder awdiiji, se dun wurtira awdi saawudum keccel nanndugel e’ inna mun.
Dun wawai hebuki fungooje allopoliloid diga hawtarre hakkude muminteeji didi feeraade.
Fuungooje poliloid goddi senaade ma wawai dayki fuungaare ko bou ta apomigzi awdi, se de hawta moftal nanndube.
Danndaliyon anndaadum dum ma tiriploid wurtinoojum awdiiji boudde ta awdiiji apomiktik.
Tokkitiraaku ginom hon goddi pamari, di maaroori (Oriza sativa) e’ Brakipodiyum distakiyon, wartiriide muminteeji hollol nafrooji ngam heftuki renol ngol, bayoloji taklon e’ molikulo accaari, geene e’ momokots gaba go’o.
Dun buri huwruki be polle, pihon, nyebbe soya e’ mos patenhon Fiskomitrela ngam jannguki bayology taklon fuungooji.
Dun waawai faddaaki bayyinol tagidaadi ta purotinhon billooje kautube be felleeji DNA muukidoode bou hada fellel kodwol DNA bayyinaaki.
Chanjihon renol goddi holli wai di renaana, goddi bou ngadaama nder taklon tooke.
Na ba ndabbaaji, taklon fuungooje duudde, samman ma de parenkaima, hendidirta tatipoten luttude be bawde maaje dum wurtinnki fuungool gonngu kesum.
Alge en den ma kautal polifileti bou de ngadaama nder senndeeji feere-feere, goddi buri goddi banndaaku e’ fuungooje.
Aji Charofet ndu Charofike e’ laamorde fuungooje leddi Embrayofaita hauti kautal monofiletik ko bou kiled Streptofitina.
Fuungooje Pteridofeta wonbe zailem e’ floyim goonga kebaade ta fudaaki suporo nder gemetofeto yooftaade iftiniri saa’i Siluriyan bou de feeri-feerinaama ntimmuki nder leneeji duudde saa’i timmude Siluriyan e’ fudduki Devonian.
Gemetofetje maaje ustaade maunai diga megasuporo jogaadum nder luumnirde wurtiroojum suporo (megasuporangiya) ndu suporofet, huunde dun anndiri be endosupori.
Awdiiji fuungooje arandeeje dun anndi hooti haa wakkati Denovian Feminnian.
Kemikaaje dun hebi diga henndu, leddi e’ ndiyam we’itata yamditol fuungooje.
Heterotrofs hawtujum e’ ndabbaaji fat, fuusa fat, fuungooje geenekon fat, e’ baktriya na fotosintetik don hoosha molekulahon aslu de foto’ototrofs wurtinnta se fuufa de ko bou huwira de nder mahuki taklon e’ tiishuhon.
Dillinki iyonhon taklonji, elekrohon e’ molekulaaji ba ndiyam ‘e enzemhon don fe’o nder gaaruuji taklon fat.
Misalu asliiji fuungooje yidi dillinnki kanje wani nitrojin, fosforos, potasiyom, kalshiyum, magneziyum, e’ solfo.
Kompond ndu don shakina nootaaji turofika tiita iile e’ teddol de fuda e’fabruuji.
Saitokitin zeyatin asluwol heftaama nder masardi, Zea mays, bou dun hebirgol purin adenin.
De don nder tubbol fudol e’ ngoshhituki awdiiji, nder darwuki juutal fuungooje ta fadduki juttinki mbaylol e’ fadduki poolinnki.
Dun noddi dum ninnon ngam dun hisi dum faddai tayol.
Jasmonets wani iri aji faitohomons goddi, aranjum dun itti dum diga nebbam Jasminum girandifulorum jogotoodum nootare naunarre fuungooje ta mabbutuki bayyinol tagidaadi ngidaade nder nootare sistemik ngam lettingal kippol patojins.
Fuungaaje njoorde, livawot’en, honwot’en e’ mosis wawata wurtinnki faabruuji nanngoode leddi masin bou duudde nder fuungooje den don walla nder fotosintesis.
Taklon nder sistemji fuu won bawde taguki taklon woore nden bou e de wurtina fudooji e’ fabrooji nafooje.
To woore nder sistemji din majji, gooto ngon waawai mauninnki dum.
Nder fuungooje marbe ndiyam, zailem e’ fulyem wani tiishuhon kooshooje bou njaarotooje kaaya hakkude fudooje e’ fabrooji.
Baafe don hawta iile naange bou sei de ngada fotosintesis.
Anjiyospam woni fuungooje wurtinooje pooli bou de ngoodi awdiiji mabbude.
Fuungooje goddi don danya ta yoomaare, goddi bou na ta yoomaare, goddi bou ta ate didon kon fuu.
Feerinnki Bayoloji kin goddum iri inndinnki ilmu.
Da bou anndube ilmu jabtidiraayi dou no de feerinnta tageefooji, poligenetik molekulon, ko huwirta bayaanu tokkitiraaki DNA, foodi fudditaaji di booyaayi dou laayiwol iftiniroln bou ba dun tiggai dou non.
Inndenntennki tageefooji fuunge ma winndaama nder International Code of Nomenclature ngam alge, fuusa, e’ fuungooje (ICN) bou International Botanical Congress hokkata dum.
Innde saintifik fuungooje don ndaronto genus maajum e’ muminte maajum nder genus dum, ko hokkata tageefo fuu innde woore nder duniyaaru fat.
Hawtaare nden wani innde muminteeji din.
Dun don nodda anndaaku iftinirol e’ renaaku kautal tageefooji e’ failogeni.
Ngam misalu, muminte Pereskiya wani legge ko geene marje baafe anndaade.
Kiituki banndaaku dou talkidaaki ayaangu gikkuuji yidi hakkilannki, ngam fuungooje wawai nannduki e’ banndiraabe maaje ta iftinirki hautude nder ko gikkuuji ummori feere-feere.
Gikkuuji foodaade, ba ariyoolihon kakti ngurtirooji sipen, hokkata sheeda iftinirol diga aslu woore.
Feeraaku kun wani wai kodwol renol hoore mun don huwiree ngam hisuki iftinirol banndaaku, memakon dun wurira ta baawo ta gikkuuji di hokkata.
Sheeda renol tinndiri wai banndaaku iftinirki tageefooji marje taklon duudde ndu goonga don ba dun holli nder vinndol les - fuusa buri banndirki e’ ndabbaaji dou e’ fuungooji.
Li’itaaki no muminte fuungooji banndirta don hokka annube ilmu fuunfe heftuki tirol iftinirol nder fuungooje.
Fuu e’ ma yimmbe naanema yidi annduki tarihol ndabbaaji be ngi’ata e’ bannge mabbe ngol asluwol, bou be don huwira e’ anndol ngol ngam wartirki muminteeji goddi de wuro, dun waawai wi’uki jannguki ilmu zulogy iftori diga Aristotle.
Zulogy zamanuuru hebi aslu mun saa’i Renaissance e’ fudduki wakkati zamanuuru, be Carl Linnaeus, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel e’ wobbe duudbe.
Woodi cuurdi loogo, vinndi-kaa’e, e’ maahi haa e’ France ko wiytira haa duubi 15,000 ko hollata bison, fucci, e’ ngewnga nder bayaanu timmudum.
Dun don holla ilmu ndabbaaji ledde booyudum ta holluki goonga nadaaji ledde e’ de wuro nder Near East, Mesopotamia e’ Egypt, e’ kuuje e’ teknikaaje nduere, diwgal e’ ngaawnde.
Aristotle nder temmerre nayabol BC, ndaari ndabbaaji ba tageefooji marbe yonnki, janngi balli maaje, maunuki e’ tirol nder maaje.
Baawo temmerre nayi, nyawndoowo Roman Galen hubbiti ndabbaaji ngam jannga tagaadi maaje e’ kuugal luumnirje feere-feere, ngam hubbituki yimbe hadaama e’ saa’i nden.
Nder Europe, kuugal Galen dou ilmu balli boouii hebaayi ko saalidum bou dun hudaayi dum haa se nder temmerre 16th.
Ngam naane hannjum wani fewniindu asluwol, har ko sali temmerre 18th, 19th e’ 20th, zuloji ko ndeye don warta fannu jannguki boddum.
Kebaadi di’i, e gasde diga embrayoloji e’ palentoloji, senaama nder vinndi Carles Darwin ndu kiisaaki iftinirki nder 1859 ta subol aslu; nder duddum Darwin wadi kiisaaki iftinirol asluwol dou koffi kesi, ta faamininnki ta tiire dum fe’oto, bou e’ hokkuki sheeda wai dum fe’’ake.
Darwin hokki mofoloji e’ fisiyoloji huushal kesum, ta hawtuki de nder kiisaaki bayoloji woore: kiisaaki iftinirki asluwol.
Arannjum ko warti doole hanjum wani heftuki tageefooji din e’ hawtuki de ngam gikkuuji maaje, feeraaku e’ banndaaku, bou hannjum wani fannu tagzonomi en.
Numooji maako bilaama dou mofoloji ndabbaaji.
Dun fudditi senndirki din daga na han ngam dun wo’ina nannduki be danrannge Darwin ndu iftol woore.
Homon wani genus, bou sapiens wani lakanu ayyinaadum, de fuu maaje hauti wurtiri innde muminteeji.
Dun don nodda sistemwol sendirki kin e’ tagzonomi Linnaean.
Faamuki ayaangu e’ kuugal taklon huunde we’itaadum bannge ilmuuji bayoloji.
Dun bili hakkilo dou no sistemji luumnirde huwirata nder balliiji yimbe e’ ndabbaaji, beddaari dou no de huwirata feere-feere.
Dun hendiri jannge ilmu fisiyoloji nder fisiyoloji fuungooje e’ fisiyoloji ndabbaaji, seini danrannge fisiyoloji hawti duniyaaru fat, ko iri tageefo dume dun janngata.
Ngam misalu, gaba go’o dum hawti be anndube ngoodube ekkitinol dou tageefopji gddi ba mammaloji, onitoloji, hapatoloji, ko entomoloji, seini don huwira be tageefooji din ba sistemji ngam nooto emiiji gaba go’o dou iftinirki.
Etoloji ayyini hakkilanki iftinirki nyayruki bou e’ heftuki nyayruki kin nder tokkol kiisaaki subol aslu.
Dou li’itoobe don kuuka teknikaaji ayyinaade haa bayoloji molekulon, hawtuki ate de’e den woowaadum diga genetiks e’ bayokemiatiri.
Bayolojikal sistmatik wani jannge senndirol ayaangu yoonki, fuu dum naane e’ dum jooni, e’ banndaaku hakkude marbe yonnki haa nder wakkati fuu.
Legge filogenetik de muminte ‘e tagza hon dou don huwiree ngam jannguki gikkuuji iftinirki ( ba gikkuuji balli ko bou molekula) e’ yeeduki tageefooji (bayojogiraafi).
Sistematik bayoloji don hendira muminte ta huwruki be ceeki tato ayyinaade.
Sistematiks laarinnki hefti bou henndiri ndabbaaji dou gelde iftinirki saawube muminte, haa fuu nafrooji iftinirol e’ hoore mun.
Faaminnki feeraaku yonkiiji darrire fuu e’ tageefooji maajum.
Tagzonomi dum wani yebre Sistematiks wannudum e’ bolwaade (a) haa (d) di dou.
Seini bou, nder huwru zamanuuru, de fuu de waawai yi’eeki ba bandooje.
Wobbe don wi’a wai sistematic tan don ayyina hakkilannki bandaaku nder wakkatiiiji, bou wai dum waawai nanduki be filogenetiks, to maunini bou hakkilana burburki tageefooji yelaadum.
Henndiraaku ilmu don walla nder winnduki e’ yeccuki bayaanu haa bange anndube e’ yimbe be annda.
Nder bayoloji, muminte wani gelde pamarun ndu henndirki bou e’ darnde tagzonomi tageefo, sannan bou e’ gelde hendiraaku yonnkiiji.
Ko beddi bou, paliyentoloji’en don huwira kalima kronosipeshi ngam dun waawata laaruki wurtinki adinaaje.
“Muminteeji fat (to itti tooke) hokkaama innde didi, ““binomiyal””.”
Ngam misalu, billoojum Boa woore nder muminteeji nayo di genus Boa, e’ billoojum dum e’ ndaro dou epitet muminteeji din.
Kadi bou, nder tageefooji di danyata ta yoomaare, kalimawol muminteeji danyoobe heltake, bou buccol fuu wartai muminte pamare.
Dun don yi’a muminte diga wakkati Aristotle haa se temmerre 18th ba feeraadi darnaade di dun waawata jeer naaki nder darnde, boggol hebeeki burnga.
Faamol ngola foodaama sosai nder temmerre 20th ta andol jenetics e’ dumna.
Ernst Mayr sembidini feerinnki wurtinol, seini duddum, ba kalimaaji muminteeji goddi fuu, nga’iniidum ko ma dun wawata gwadaaki.
“Dun huwiri atal nga’al ba ““atal hiidungal”” ndu tabbitinnki muminte, arannjum nder kiisaaki iftinirki ba no be Linnaeus.
Ba no dooka wol, makrobayolojis en yeli wai haani dun ndaara iri Bakteriya ko Aakiya marbe tagidaade RNA 16S ribozom tokkindirki burde nannduki be dou 97% ta buccitol DNA-DNA ngam dun hiisa ko de ngurti diga muminte woore ko a’a.
Ate zamanuuru don hauta nanndirki tokkindirki ta huwruki be ate komputa.
Databeswol, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), don saawi bakodwol tokkindirki DNA diga ko buri muminteeji 190,000.
Ngam misalu, nder jannge dun wadi fuusa, jannguki gikkuuji nukleited ta huwruki muminteeji marbe kiled buri wurtinnki gasde burde nder heftuki muminteeji fuusa duudde de kalimaaji janngaa fat.
“Fuu non wobbe don duuna atal ngal dou ndaaruki ““ummol tagzonomi”” e’ simmdinnki be huduki wolde woore nden wai ““tagzonomik konzabetizim””; e’ wi’a wai dun tufleeku hennduki muminte e’ heftuki dumne pamari e’ takkindiraaki muminte, ngam duddum don maana de burai hawteeki ba no dun halki nder limtol joote IUCN bou waawai fooduki kiisol hakkilaneeki e’ sooduki.”
To anndube maani wai goddum waatani muminteeji fat nder genus, be don huwira be innde genus dum banda innde ayyinaadum ko bou epitet.
Ngam bayaanu beddudum nassi juungo, dun waawai jabuki ko saluki wi’aande nden.
Dun don nodda feccuki tagzon hon nder fecce duudde, tagzon kesi, e sipilitin.
Kalimawol kwasisipeshi don huwire ngam nodduki huundeeji danyoobe sosai ba tooke.
Nder muminteeji pegge, to mambaaji dumne geefe nder yeedaade tiggaade nasri nder wuurnaaki seini mambaaji dumne daayaade wadaayi.
To muminte peggi don mumnana kalimawol muminte baarudum dou feereeki wurtinnki.
Mumintuki don bili dou poondol feerinki wurtinnki, doggol tagidaadi ustaadum.
Bakteriya waawai wattituki plasmidhon be bakteriya muminteeji goddi, hauti fuu banndiroobe daayaade nder shuudi filojenetik hon feere, ko mumnata sendidirki bandiraaku maaje, bou radda kalimawol muminteeji bakteriya.
Duudal fadduki won dalilaaji feere-feere hauti fuu wulol-kaa’e, wattitaaki sella, e’ wattitaaje nder kemistiri maayo e’ fellere, bou kaanje ma de gon illa dou ikoloji duniyaaru, fellere, dou leddi e’ ndiyammji.
Ndaaroobe wobbe wii wai woodi habre hakkude yidol faamuki tiire mumintuki e’ haanuki heftuki e’ bou fannuki.
Woore nder bi’aade boyude dum nder anorth America hanjum wani buksiiru faddaadun ngi’aadum e’ hiirna ko danyi ngi’aadum ndu faddaaka e’ California e’ buksiiru faartaadum; duddum foodi wi’a-wiita kiita.
Dun sendiri ayaangu ngam mambaaji maajum fuu woodi dum, bacci din e’ rena feeraaku be hebi diga danube de.
Hanko gasni numo darndaaki tagzonomi ndu henndidirki bilaadum dou gikkuuji ndaaraade bou ayyini ndaaruki bandaaku asliiji.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, holli daydaytirol muminteeji, nder deftere maako Zoological Philosophy nder 1809, o dawri wai muminteeji waawai wattituki nder wakkati juutdum, doggol dartugal fahmuki Aristotle.
Genus (to duudde, genera) wani darnde tagzonomi dun huwirta nder hennduki tageefooji geete e’ hebeteede fuu e’ tookeeji.
E.g Panthera leo (njagaawu) e’ Panthera onca (waccuure) de fuu de muminteeji nder genus Panthera.
Misaluwol fuunge wartai Hibiscus arnottianus, muminteeji genus Hibiscus dum lesdi Hawaii.
“Inndeeji dun winndi dou dookawol International Code of Zoological Nomenclature dun mari naa de hiisuki International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) sali; inndeeji arandeeji den ni ngam ko iri tagzon dume (ba misalu, genus) tan dun hooshata ba innde tagzon dum ““jabaadum”” (i.e kesum ko jabaadum)
Nder ilmu fuungooje, kalimaaje nanndude don eini dun don noddade feere-feere.
Seini, dun hokki generaaji didi feere-feere koo ko buri non inndeeji duuddi (na e’ niyya).
Innde maanudum huundeeji didi warti homonim.
Seini, dun don dala genus nder laamurde woore hoosha innde dun huwirta ba innde jenerik ( ko bou innde tagzonwol nder darnde goddum) nder laamurde huwotoojum dou dooka inndinnki feere.
Nder bannge (non-avian) ladoobe, wonbe ba genera 1180, burdum (>300) woodi muminte 1 tan, ~360 woodi muminteeji 2 e’ 4, 260 woodi muminteeji 5-10, ~200 woodi muminteeji 11-50, bou jenera 27 tan woodi ko buri muminteeji 50.
Hiisuki muminteeji diya dun hokkata genus don huwa dou ko bernde yidi.
Ko woodi lenyol--ko bou to dun heftai lenyol hollaade--tagzonomi huwoobe dawrata e’ hokkata daama.
Saa’i duuddum wala yardol darnaadum, tagzonomi hon feere-feere ko ndeye e’ hoosha darnde feere-feere.
Michael Novacek (1986) waati de nder darnde woore.
Wala dookaaji adliije ngam holluki aji, seini ngam ndabbaaji andaadi dun waawai hebuki dartol.
Nder botani, jooni dun wolwata haala ajihon soosai.
E woowaaku, dun waawai hooshuki faila ba kautal tageefooji bila be dou suurdinnki kiiraadum bandu gaba go’o.
Ngam non dun waawai hautuki ko feccuki faila to annditii wai de banndirai hakkunde maaje ko bou a’a.
Dou maanaaki Budd e’ Jensen, dun maaninai failum ta iri kabbol gikkuuji luutnanoobe maajum mari.
Seini bou, ngam dum bilaadum dou gikkuuji, waatanki vinndi hebaade koydum.
Seini bou, sheiduki wai hebaadum jei kautal tammbarre failum gaandum, ngam doole se dum holli gikku wan kabbel kautal tammbarre nden tan mari.
“Teburwa les dou don tokka sistemwol naneteedum (fuu da dum hewdum) ndu Cavalier - Smith nder jeernuki ““Plantae”” be Archaeplastida, kautal hoo’yudum Viridiplantae e’ Rhodophyta alge e’ henndirje Glaucophyta.”
Dun waawai huwruki be henndirje Pinophyta ngam jimnospam en fat ( ba hauti fuu kikads, ginkgos e’ gnetofets), ko bou ngam konifas tan ba no les.
Protista on tagzon faila hon duudde, ko anndube bayoloji hande jabaayi sosai na ba saalube.
Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) we’iti we’itaande inndinnki bayoloji zamanuuru, jooni bou Nomenclature Codes jogotoo dum, nder 1735.
“Nder 1937 Edouard Chatton naadani kalimaaji ““purokariyot”” e’ ““yukariyot”’ ngam feerinnki tageefooji de’e.”
Robert Whittaker hefti woodi beddol laamurde fuusaari.
Laamurde didi luttude den, Protista e’ Monera, hauti markon taklon woore e’ shuudi markon taklon hoynaade.
Nder sistemji goddi, ba sistemwol Lynn Marguli ndu laame njoyo, fuungooje den hauti be fuungooje leddi tan (Embrayofeta), bou Protoctista hoodi maanawol burngal.
Hebuki beddaari nder teknikaaje mmaikuroskopi elektron hokki daama hendirki Chromista diga Laamu Plantae.
Timmol bou, dun hefti purotista hon de ngala maitokondriya.
Laamu manngol go’ol habidi e’ laamu Metakaryota manngo, se dun moofti laamuuji yukariyot hon njoyo kon (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae e’ Chromista).
Jooni kam Cavalier-Smith jabaayi woodi nafol nder sendirol Eubacteria-Archaebacteriya dum Woese e’ wobbe tubboyi bou godde nder li’itaare balde de tokkani baawo.
“Cavalier-Smith jabaayi ngidol wai se tagza warti mono filetik (nder voliide maako “holofiletik””) buri wooduki.
Beddaari jannge filojinetik hokki Cavalier-Smith daama heftuki wai failaaji dun hooshi ba aakezuwan’en (ba yukariyot hon amitokondiriyet) diga baawo relli maitokondiriya maaje, bou non ta firlituki be nder oganels: Hydrogenosomes.
“Dou iri jannge RNA de, Carl Woose tammi wai dun waawai senduki yonnkiiji nder kashiiji tato makko bou noddi be kollaaje ““laamu tati pamari”” ko kollaaje ““urkingdom.”
Woese senndi purokariyot hon nder kaute didi (ko naane dun noddi Kingdom Monera) bou o noddi Eubacteria e’ Archaebacteria, o semmbidi wai woodi feeraaku renol hakkude kaute didon ko e’ bou hakkude ko nduye nder maaje bou nder yukariyot en.
“Be kooshi wai kaute monofiletik tan dun jaba ta nder darnde hendidirki bou wai - bou atal nga’al huwirtaake naane kam (dun doolani ““ba saffooji laamu yukariyot hon) - bou jooni dun waawai sennduki yukariyot hon kon nder ““ kaute sedda maudi tan tema naane de fat de monofiletik””.”
“Dun senndi yukariyot hon nder ““kaute maudi”” jowe go’o.”
Dun tammi fuungooje buri wodduki e’ bandirki be ndabbaaji e’ fuusa.
Carwootirje saffo saliide hauti be wiiki wai kanje wani parasait hon taklon nder de ngala doggol jamu bou de waawata diddibinnki e’ yaasi taklon jabboongol.
Didon aranhon kon fat tageefooji pamari purokariyo hon, ko bou duudde maaje tageefooji marje taklon woore ko taklon maaje mari nuklos kalludum ndu wala gaaruwol.
Misaalu aakiya en wani halofails, tageefooji ummoode nder felleje kaadde, e’ haipatamofails, tageefooji ummoode nder felleeje fowde masin.
Misaalu bakteriya wani sainobakteriya e’ maikoplasmas.
Iftinirol dum wani wattitaaki gikkuuji renaade nder dumna geete nder ummaaji tokki-tokkinoobe.
Iftinirol don fe’o to tiire iftinirki ba subol asluwol (hauti fuu subol yoomaare) e’ kuugal do’yyuki renol dou feeraaku ndu, woowaama nder dumna, ko foodata gikkuuji goddi bura yi’eeki.
Charles Darwin hoydi kiisaaki iftinirol ilmu ta subol asluwol hanko tan Alfred Russel Wallace nder shaka temmerre 19th bou dun wadi bayaanu majum nder deftere Darwin On the Origin of Species.
Toh, nder ummaaji tokki-tokkinooje tema dun wawai wattituki mambaaji dumna be bibbe innaaji marbe gikkuuji burbe hokkude be daama deppaaki e’ danyuki nder felleeji maaje.
Vinndi hebaade hauti be dilluki yeeso diga girafait bayogenik, haa daago hebaade maikrobiyal, haa tageefooji hebaade marje taklon duudde.
Dun tefi faaminki yi’a-yiitaaji asluuji dou dookaaji ko yi’etee gonde iri go’o e’ ko ndaaroto fuu bou dum tefaayi hebki kaute asluuji ko bou ardinnki duniyaaru diga dou.
Senndol bayoloji ndu Carl Linnaeus holli nder 1735 hefti darnde-darnde mbandaaku muminteeji, seini haa jooni don ndaara muminteeji ba deppaade dou suurdinnki jomiraawo.
Andube aslu andaabe wicciri numooji din wai di ngala ballol li’itol.
“Darwin, mo vinndol Thomas Robert Malthus dou Principle of Population (1798) meemi, hefti wai maunuki dumne foodai ““durwo geppugo”” nder non burbe semmbe deppoto bou wobbe majjai.”
“Darwin ummini kiisaaki mun ndu ““subol aslu”” diga 1838 haa yeeso bou saa’i nden o don winnda “deftere maako mannga”” dou ekkitinol ngol saa’i Alfred Russel Wallace tubbani mo samfur wol ba iri kiisaaki ndin nder 1858.”
Haa ba timmol ngo’ol, Darwin ummini kiisaaki maako ndu pangenesis.
Ngam o faamina no feereeji kesi iftoto, de Vries ummini kiisaaki danyol foodi hafre hakkude jabube iftinirki Darwin e’ limtoobe walloobe Vries.
Vinndol dou nanndol DNA dum James Watson e’ Francis Crick be wallol Rosalind Franklin nder 1953 holli doggol yi’eteejum ngam renol.
“Nder 1973, anndudo iftinirki Teodosius Dobzhansky winndi wai ““wala ko dume nder bayoloji ko mari hakkilo sei to dum haskii dum les iftinirol”” ngam dum wurtiri banndaaku ko dun yi’ata aranjum ba hendidiraade nder taarihol aslu bou waati dum nder ilmu faaminnki ko hollata bou wi’ata haalaaji goonga dou yonnki nder duniyaaru ndu.”
Dun don nodda gikkuuji ngi’otooje timmude kautoobe nanndol e’ gikku tageefo e’ fenotaip.
Ngam misalu, laral ngol naange sa’i diga geedol jenotaip neddo e’ ille naange; ngam non, bikkonji yimbe marbe sa’ol naange renata ngo diga danyube be.
DNA dum polima yonnki juutngal ko saawi mbe’iite nayo.
Dun don nodda gedeeji molekulo DNA ayyinooje geldal woore nafroore be jins, geldeeji feere-feere woodi takkitirol we’itaaje feere-feere.
To tokkitirol DNA haa lokus feerake hakkude yimbe, dun don nodda iri-iri tokkitirol ngol be alleles.
Seini, ngam kautol hoyngol hakkude allele e’ gikku don huwa saa’i go’o, gikkuuji duuddi nyaadde bou dum loki gikku limtotoodum jogotoode.
Bedduki metail dou DNA ngam holluki kromatin, doggol njamu hakkilanoojum hoore, RNA jeedina tagidoodi e’ jabtindirol purotin ndu ndunguuji tati (ba piriyons) wani fannuuji e’ sistemji renol epigenetik heftira haa bange darnde tageefooji.
Ngam misalu, renol ekoloji ta tirol mahuki darol don maanina ta kuude tageefooji di ko ndeye bou toggitooje nder fellere.
Fuu e’ wurti-wurtinnki feeraadi kesi ko ndeye ta dayki e’ doggol tagidaadi, ginomhon muminteeji duuddi nandiroobe nder bibbe nder muminteeji din.
Feeraaki ginotypic foodata feeraaki finotipic feccere nder dumna.
Feeraaki majjai to allele kesum hewti nesol darugo--saa’iwol ko de dum majja diga dumna dum ko bou dum wattita maamawol allele ndun gaba go’o.
To daydi fe’yake, de waawai meemugo wurtirol tagidaadi, ko bou hada tagidaadi ndun nafuki, ko bou warta wala wattam.
Yemmbooje tagidaadi beddude den fuddoore burnde ngam hebannki huundeeji dun yidi ngam tagidaadi kesum ummo.
Dun waawai umminnki tagidaadum kesum diga maamawol tagidaadum to yemmbol diddibnudum danyi bou hooshi nafrol kesum
Umminki tagidaadi kesi waawai kadi bo hawtira diddibinnki fecceeji tagidaadi pamarhon, be fecceeji de’e se hawtira ngam hebinki kawte kesi marbe nafrooji kesi.
Hawtiriiki e’ subitirki meemata fe;ugo allele, sei dei wattitai alleleeji diye kauti e’ bandiibe, se wurtira bikkonji marbe kawte alleleeji kesi.
Seedere aranjum dum wani wai nder muminteeji marbe yoomaangu didi, yoomaare woore tan danyata bacci.
Fuu non danyol yoomaaku wani atal daygol andaadum nder yukariyot en e’ tageefooji marbe taklonji duudde.
Faltuki hakkude muminteeji hawti be taguki tageefooji haybiridi e’ faltol tagidaadum waliidum.
Faltol tagidaadi waliidum diga bakteriya haa yukariyot en ba dum yis Saccharomyces cerevisiae e’ dum nyebbe adzuki weevil Callosobruchus chinensis fe’yake.
Gikkuuji feere fe’inai juutal balde e daygol feere-feere (feeraaku njamu).
Ngam waatol, tageefooji marbe gikkuuji hokkude be fayde dou arootiroobe maaje buri holluki wai be reninai jibbinirde mabbe waroobe gikkuuji mabbe dou marbe gikkuuji di ngala fayde.
Njamu iftinirol tageefo wani kalimawol shakawol ndu subol aslu.
Ngam misalu, to tageefo waawai yeetuki bouddum bou danya, seini bikkon mun fuu simmdani yeetuki, wallirol renol tageefo du’um simmdanai jibbinirde maajum di yeeso bou dum rellai njamu.
Beddol yeetuki e’ duudal danyuki misaaluuji gikkuuji beddoode njamu.
Seini, ko huushal subol ngol wiytiri ta atal nga’al, gikkuuji majjude e’ baawo wiytata ummutuki nder tagaade nanndude (ndaaru Dollo’s law).
Aranjum dum wani subol huushoongol, hanjum wani badaaki saman gikku nder wakkatiiru--ngam misalu, tageefooji e’ bedda juutuki e’ hakkilo.
Timmoore, ngam dartuki subol woodi subol faartuki saman gikku diga darte dido kon fuu, ko foodata ustuki feeraaku e’ sendiraaku nder saman shaka dum.
Faamol asluwol manngu ngu don hokka anndube daama ittuki semmbeeji ayyinaade nder laayiwol, to hautaama, ko hawti be subol aslu.
Seini bou, fe’ol hawtitirki dum simmdi, (ba fe’ooje didi be kuromozo be jibbinirde).
Dun don nodda abbol allele hon dum buri renuki nder kautal haplotaip.
Do’yyol ngo’ol don darna nde allele hewtata darol, ko ta majjuki diga dumna dum ko bou ta wattituki alleleeji goddi din gaba go’o.
Kiisaaki iftinirki molekulon laabdum dum dawri wai canji hon iftinirol den gasde daraaki dayde laabde ta da’yyol renol.
Seini bou, iri hollowal balde de ko dum buri walluki buri wartuki kiisaaki laabngal, e daygol ndu waawata wartuki laabngal nder dumna pamari tema waartata laabgal nder dumna manngu.
Limtol duudal yimmbe nder dumna na goddum wannudum, seini dum poondol andaadum ba manngu dumna dum.
Hebuki ko relluki doggol tagidaadi don wattita shaani iftinirki.
Biditaaki hudaadum dum huwiraama e’ baawo ngam faartuki fe’itaare wawki iftinirki nder, se saa’i molekulon ardi ngidal kesnaadum nder iftinirki laabdum.
Ngam misalu, dun duudi wi’uki bayas daygol nder hollooje huwreeki kodon.
Bayas je waatuki vs. wogguki feere-feere nder tagza feere-feere waawai fooduki iftinirki ginom hon kon manngu feere-feere.
Miccaaki balde de dou kuugal bayas je daygol don holla kiisaaki feere diga dum Haldane e’ Fisher.
Tageefooji waawai nootanki subol ta jabtindirki, ko woowa ma ta wallirki bandiraabe maaje ko bou e’ nassuki simbayosis nafroojum kanje fuu.
Makroevolushon dum maanai iri iftinirki fe’otoojum e’ deide ko bou dou darnde muminteeji, nder muminteeki ayyinaadum e’ fadduki; sei bou maikroevolushon don maana canji hon iftinirki pamari nder muminteeji ko dumna, nder badaaki e’ fe’yaare allele e’ deppugo.
Seini bou, nder makroevolushon, gikkuuji muminteeji din fat waawai wartuki nafoodum.
“Dum relluki fahmu woowaadum wai iftinirki woodi ngidaade, suurdinaade juutde, ko bou bawdi tagaadi ngam ““nasrol””, ba dun holli nder nuddinki ba ootogenesis e’ nuddol iftinirki; seini e’ goonga bou, iftinirki wala ngidaadum juutdum bou na doole dum fooda nyaadki burngol.”
Non bou, kalimawol deppugo waawai maanuki gikku nafoojum dou tageefo heba yeeta.
Gikku deppugo ngon goddum ndu nyenya maunuki tageefo ko hokkata dum daama ko beddana dum daama yeetuki e’ danyuki.
Misaaluuji goddi foyoode bakteriya Escherichia coli, iftinooje bawde huwruki lammujum ba sembinoodum nder laarki suudu laarinki juutdum, Favobakteriyum iftinoojum enzem kesum hokkoodum bakteriya den daama maunuki dou kebaade wurtinnki naylon, bou e’ bakteriya leddi Sphingobiyum iftinoojum atal doggol njamu kesum toskotoojum pestised pentaklorofinol.
Ngam non, kuujeeji gonnde yusbaaji iri go’o waawai marki kuude feere-feere nder tageefooji bandoobe.
Seini bou, ngam geeto en fuu bandirai to woddi, ko luumnirde goddi hollude wai de ngala tagaadi nanndude, ba atropooda’en, sikwid e’ marbe gite marbe iye baawo, ko kosde ko fiirooje atropoda’en e’ marbe iye baawo, waawai jonngitaaki dou kabbol tagidaadi jogoobe kawte e’ kuude maaje, dun don nodda dum homoloji luggudum.
Misaaluuji hawti fuu siwdojins, luttuje gite nder linngu wumaangu deppotoojum nder loogo, e fiirooji nder colli di waawata fiiruki, hebki iyal konngal nder inna linngu e’ mboodi, e’ gikkuuji yoomaare nder tageefooji danyoobe ta yoomaare.
Misaalu woore wani pallaandi Arfikankeejum Holaspis guenteri, ko wurtinta hoore tappaare ngam suudaaki nder kirevisis, ba dum yi’ata to dun ndaari bandiraabe maajum badiibe.
Misaaluwol kadi bou dum waatuki enzemhon diga gilaikolisis e’ doggol njamu zinobayotik ngam huwuki ba purotin hon tagaadi dun noddata kiristalins nder gite karawji tageefooji.
Jannge de’e holli wai iftinirki waawai meemuki maunuki ngam wurtinnki tagaadi kesi, ba tagaadi iyal keccel ko maunata warta iyal yeeso nder ndabbaaji goddi meemakon dun warta feccere shaka nofru nder mamalo en.
Canjiiji di’i nder muminteeji didabe den, to wiyti, foodai dabare deppugo kesi nder muminteeji aranje den.
Ngam misalu, woodi hautal-hoore masin hakkude fuungooje e’ fuusa maikorrizal ko maunata dou fabruwol maaje bou walla fuungoore nden nder yartuki nafooje diga leddi ndin.
Karo hakkude tageefooji muminteeji iri go’o ma iftiniri.
Dooddon, taklonnji banndu don nootono alaamaaji ayyinaade mbi’otoobe be ko de mauna, de deppoto no be mba’i, ko bou de maaya.
“Woodi ate duudde di hokkuki maama kalimawol ““muminteeji.””
Fuu e feeraaki kalimaaje muminte feere-feere en, dun waawai waatuki kalimaaje feere-feere den nder ate falsafaaje tati: daydaytirol, ekolojika e’ filogenetik.
Fuu e juutal huwruki maajum, BSC dum ma ba ko deye rellaayi tufe-tufeteeji, ngam misalu ngam dun waawata waatannki purokariyot en kalimaaje den, bou dun don nodda dum waannaaji muminteeji.
Doggol renol waawai neebnuki tirol ngol ta saakuki iri renol nol kesum haa dumnaaji goddi din.
Nder shaanu ndu, muminteeji burbe banndirki waawai daydaytirki, seini dun subai haibiri en bou muminteeji din deppoto e’ feeri.
Dun yi’i muminteeki wakkatiiji duudde haa les dookaaji suudu laarinnki (ndaaru laarinnki mumintinnki suudu) bou e’ nder aslu.
Ko buri anndeeki nder ndabbaaji wani muminteeki allopatrik, ko fe’oto nder dumneeji woddinaade aranjum, ba ndu feccaaki fellere joonde ko bou eggol.
Iri atal muminteeki didabol ngol wani muminteeki peripatrik, ko fe’oto to dumneeji tageefooji pamari woddinaama e’ fellere joonde kesum.
Atal tatabol ngol wani muminteeki parapatrik.
Duddum don fe’o gaba go’o to woodi cannji manngu nder fellere deppugo inna muminteeji din.
Salki subol daydaytirol wonndu dumna inna nangoojum jamndi wurtiri cannji e hakkilo nder wakkati pooluki fuungooje de nanngata jamndi, ko wurtirta feerinnki daygol timmudum diga baawo.
Iri du’um sedi ngam ko doggol tagidaadi waawai ittuki feeraaku renol hakkude fecce dumna.
Duddum duuda nder ndabbaaji ngam haibiri ndabbaaji den danyata.
Duddum hokkai kuromozo en diga muminteeji innaaji daama hawtuki iriije saa’i miyosis, ngam nanema iri woore fuu don darano kuromozo hon innaaji fuu.
Ninnon, diddibinnki kuromozo nder muminnteeji waawai wartuki foodoojum feerinnki daygol, ngam reta nder kuromozo hon kon diddinaade den hautata to de daydaytirai e’ tageefooji di diddibdinaayi.
Ba muminteeji ndabbaaji e’ fuungooje deppude e’ Duniyaaru naane fat maayi, bou maayuki kin wani timmoore muminteeji fat.
Fuu e’ limtol maayuki 99 nder temmere muminnteeji deppude naane dou Duniyaaru, jooni dun yeli wai woodi muminteeji tiriliyon 1 deppoode jooni, nder don ujineere tan dun siifi.
Sheedawol deppugo nder Duniyaaru aranjum ko dun wiccinta hooti haa duubi biliyon 3.5 saaliide, saa’i Eoarchean Era baawo feccuki kaa’e fuddi hattinuki tokkuki bolinuki Hadean eon arandeejum.
“Saa’i wolwuki dou hebi-hebinnki Australia, Stephen Blair Hedges winndi wai, ““ To yonnki ummoyi jawdum dou Duniyaaru, to tema dun woowi nder aalamu.”””
Yelaaje balde de dou limtol muminteeji deppotooje dou Duniyaaru fuddi diga miliyon 10 haa miliyon 14, nder don dun yeli ba miliyon 1.9 hokkaama innde nou miliyon 1.6 winndaama nder deftere bayaanuuji heutuki hannde, ko dali ba 80 nder temmere de hollaaka.
Iftirol tageefooji andaadum yelaama aranjum diga goongaaji nayon dou tageefooji: aranjum, be don saaki nder felleeji de dun waawata faaminnki ta deppugo tan.
Nayabo, dun waawai henndidirki tageefooji ta huwruki be nanndaaku kun nder darnde kaute sabbaaje, nanndudum be leggol lanyol.
Yiitere nde fuddi diga numol Darwin wolwi e’ baawo, diga baawo bou sei dun wicci dum.
Ta hawtuki anndol muminteeji zamanuuru e’ majjude, paliyentoloji waawai heftuki lenyaaku muminteeji din.
Balde de, sheeda iftirol woore wari diga janguki nanndaaku bayokemikal hakkude tageefooji.
Taklonnji yukariyot en ummoyi hakkude duubi biliyon 1.6 e’ 2.7 saaliide.
Suddol goddum ndu tageefooji nanndude be siyanobakteriya foodi wurtinnki kuloropilas nder alge e’ fuungooji.
Nder Junairu 2016, anndube yecci wai, ba duubi miliyon 800, cannji renol pamarun nder molekul woore dun noddata GK-PID tema hokki tageefooji daama dilluki diga tageefo marjum taklon haa goddum ndu taklonji duudde.
Dun micci foodooje feccere Cambrian duudde, ko hauti fuu duuduki oksijin diga fotosintesis nder jayri.
Subol fanngalaadum wani subuki gikkuuji nder dumna tageefooji numaadum.
Purotin hon marde kuuje samdinaade iftiri diga difdifki tiire dayki e’ subol (ba misalu enzem hon wattitaade e’ antibodi hon kesi) nder tirol dun noddata iftinirki huushaadum.
Daydaytirki dumneeji linngu dumga feere-feere don wurtira bikkonnji ngioobe, ngam daydayteeki feere-feere fe’ake nder dumneeji feeraadi iftiniraaje nder loogo ngon.
Relle njamu duudde na deppude, seini de waawai iftinirki.
Dun waawai wartuki wai min don huusha timmol lekkiiji antibayotiks luttude bou e dawra iftinirki e’ wurtaaki patojin hon amin bou hebuki ate neebnuki dum yidi hebki anndol semmbeeji foodooje iftinirki luggungol e’ dou darnde molekulon.
O huwiri be ate iftinirki ngam maaguki waannitaaji injiniyaari nyaadde.
Nder leddiiji goddi, ko dun yi’i ma United States, gaannitaade hakkude anndol sains e’ diina beddi tagaadi jooni ndu-- tufi-tufiiji iftinirol, habre diina waannudum e’ tufleeji e’ jannginnki jamaaje.
Hisuki Scopes Trial ndu 1925 foodi ekkitaande nden seda nder defteeji bayoloji haa America wakkatiiru juutdum, seini e’ hakkilo dun wartiriidum diga baawo bou dun don fadda dum be hisuki Epperson v. Arkansas nder 1968.
Subol asluwol ngol yeetuki e’ dayki yimbe feere-feere ngam feeraaku fenotaip.
Feeraaku don haa nder dumneeji tageefooji.
Fellere ginom hawti fuu molekulon bayoloji nder taklon, taklonnji goddi, wobbe, dumneeji, muminteeji, sei bou fellere ndu fudata.
subol asluwol ngol kwanaa nder bayoloji zamanuuru.
Kalimawol subol asluwol fuddiino ummaaki ngam rellere kiisaaki renol; saa’i winnduki Darwin, anndol waawaayi no ummina kiisaaki renol de zamanuuru.
Pierre Louis Maupertuis e’ wobbe wartiri ‘yam’yamdindiraade boyde den nder temmerre 18th, ko hsuti fuu maama Darwin, Erasmus Darwin.
Nasraaki kiisaaki kin umminii annditol wakkatiiru baawo bou dum foodi jabki numol wai cannjiiji pamari di heftataaka nder jibbinirde tokkude waawai wurtinnki wattamji dou rammitinngo feeraaku hakkude muminteeji.
“O don nder tirol winnduki “deftere maako manngo” ngam o hokka laarinnki maako den se anndudo aslu Alfred Russel Wallace hanko tan ayyini danranngal ngal bou holli dum nder vinndol o lilani Darwin ngam o tubbana Charles Lyell.”
Nder ittaare 3rd ndu 1861 Darwin holli--ba William Charles Wells nder 1813, e’ Patrick Matthew nder 1831--dawri iri numooji din, seini be mannginaayi de bou be hokkaayi de nder vinndiiji anndol andaade.
“Nder darewol o winndani Charles Lyell nder Satummba 1860, Darwin wasmiti huwruki be kalimawol ““Subol Asluwol””, o ndikkitini ““Kisndam Asluwol””.”
“Seini bou, subol asluwol toggitini dou tufe-tufeeji, ngam dun don hoosha dum anyiidum nder faaminnki gikkuuji tageefooji ngi’aade, ta huusham woore bou ngam ko walloobe iftinirol ma toski asluwol maangol ““ndu hanndaaka”” bou ndu toggitata, nootaare ndu dun yi’ata buri nafuki nder haduki numol ngol heba jabeeki.”
Be hautuki iftinirki be dookawol Mendel ndu renol nder temmerre 20th, ko dun noddata sedol zamanuuru, anndube warti jabi subol asluwol.
“J.B.S. Haldane fuddi wurtinnki kalimawol ““ceede”” subol asluwol.”
“Seini bou, subol asluwol ngol “bummdo”” ngam wattitaare nder finotaip waawai hokkuki fayde daygol ko da bou gikku ngun naa go renotoonde.”
To gikkuuji kokkude yimbe ben fayde renotoode bou, ko innaaji waawata hokkuki bikkon mabbe, to dun hebai feeraaku nder daygol, hanjum wani, dun hebai buujuuji burbe yaunuki ko bou alge burdum yoofitaaki nder jibbinirde waroore e’ yeeso.
Duddum hokki wurtol ngidal, seini nder subol asluwol wala subol niyyaadum.
Duddum hokki koowowje baleeji daama deppugo e’ dayki bikkon baleeje, bou nder duubi dala sappo e nannguki hoorowre baleejum aranjum, ba koorowje Manchester fuu baleeje.
To tageefo buri juutal balde ko buri dum muminteeji maajum e reta, seini dum woodi bikkon maunoobe haa manngu, tagidaadi maajum burai saakuki nder dumna maube jibbinirdum waroobe e’ yeeso.
“Doole dun sendira hakkude ““deppugo burdo semmbe”” e’ ““burtuki njamu””.”””
“Haldane noddi tirol ngol ““luutinnki”” koo ko dun buri annduki nder bayoloji, dun don noddadum ““samannki””.”
Fe’itaare fe’itol daygol nafoojum dou membaaji dumna wondu don baari dou duudal diddibinnki feeraaku kun.
“Nder Laarinnki ki, ““burtuki njamu”” don baari dou limtol diddibinnki feeraadum dum ngam feeraadum kesum wurto ko waawata maunuki nder fellere burdum haaduki lekkiiji.
Misalu wol semmbe deppugo haa fellere dun arootirta wani “E. coli wol Richard Lenski ndu laarinnki iftinirki wakkatiiru juutngol, (““burtuki nder njamu””) saa’i ““deppugo burdo semmbe””).”
Subol jiibirngol gol dun annda sosai fuu don huwa saa’i firlituki nde ayaangu jooni buri fayde, seini dum don meema gikku ngun nder ko buri huusham woore.
Anndube bayoloji wobbe hefti iriiji didi: subol bawngo (ko bou deppugo), ko beddata fe’otoore deppugo tageefo, e’ subol nokkuure ( ko bou nokkuure ko bou daygol), ko hwata ngam bedduki burgo daydaytirki, to dun hebi deppugo.
Nder subol bandiraawo e’ habre nder ginomhon, subol darnde tagidaadi buri hokkuki faaminnki tirol we’itaandu.
Subol fellere ma subol asluwol ta ko atal ngole se subol yoomaare, ba subol bandiraawo, arootirki, e’ faddugo bikkon.
Seini bou, nder muminteeji goddi, worbe subata saahib, ba nder liddi lanyol Syngnathidae.
Diga heftuki penisilin nder 1928, dun don huwira be antibayotik ngam fadduki nyawuuji bakteriya.
Feeraaku renol fuu gasdum daydaytirgol, hautihautinki renol e’ meemaaki kariyotaip (limte, ayaangu, manngu e’ yusbaaki kuromozo di nder).
Seini bou, daydaytirki duudde di DNA ndu wala kodwol woodi wattammji wogguki.
Wattite nder dedden woodi wattammji dou finotaip hon yimmbe ben ngam de don jogo kuuje tagidaadi goddi duudde.
To iri daydaytirki den foodi beddaari njamu, subol asluwol don hokka finotaip hon kon fayde bou gikkuwool kesum don saaka nder dumna.
Seini bou, dun don nder kalimaaji muminteeji wai dun subata haibiri en, e habira be iftinirki feerinnki daygol, wannitol Darwin hefti.
Kabbol renol tageefo e’ fellere dun deppi hokkata finotaip maajum.
Misalu maajum wani iri ii’yam ABO nder yimmbe, e allele hon tati jogi finotaip hon kon.
Tirol ngol tiggoto haa se allele wol ngol darnaama bou dumna ngol fuu don yeeda finotaip wol burngol njamu ngol.
De’utuki subol don saawa ayaangu renol, ba tagidaadi purotin hon marje kod ko bou takkindirol jogoode, e wakkati ta wanne subi kaboobe be feereeji woggoobe.
Iri ellinaaki subol goddi foodata darol, seini don hakkilana allele e fe’aare shakaajum nder dumna.
Hakkilannki feeraaaku allele waawai fe’uki ta subol jirbiidum ko feerinoodum, ko hokkata genotaips en woddude diga e de huusha fayde (hannjum wani lawlu jaalaaki), bou waawai fooduki yeeduki gikkuuji ta ate didi.
Seini bou, baawo dum booyi wala wattitaaki, feerinnki renol haa felleeji din ittoto ngam do’yaaki renol.
Ko tiire den wurtinnta don baari dou duuduki fe’uki wattitaaje kesi e’ semmbe subol asluwol, ko wani nafol no wattitaaki kin halli.
Hebuki wai iri wattitaaje de don fe’o hakkude alleleeji didi don banndiri be no de woddiri.
Woowol subaadum semmbiddum nder fellere ginom dum e subaade boudde den wani huundeeji din (allele dum e’ kedde maajum) tan wani wonbe nder dumna dum.
Subol moginaadum dum wani lawlu wuuwol subaadum.
“Nder voliide falsafaajo Daniel Dennett, ““numol Darwin kulniijum”” ndu iftinirki ta subol asluwol dum “lammujum ceerniingal,”” ko dun waawata siguki nder taasawol ko gongomru, diga dum hebi atal wurtaaki maajum nder gelleeji maude.”
Renaaku, feeraaku iriwol, e’ arootirki kayaaji sedda wani sartiiji din.
Herbert Spencer e’ daranoowo yujeniks Francis Galton nanntini subol asluwol wai dum nasrudum, bou foodi nasrooji nder pahmuki e’ waytuki, bou dum warti daliilu laamuki, yujeniks e’ soshal Darwinizim.
“Diga naa han ho’yuki numol laral ba liinirde haalu amin hebi duuddum nder shaanu ndu’u.”””
Wi’ol wai hoore yimbe woodi ko jabata dookaaji lungaaji asliiji wani misaluwol yonkinkeewal iftinirki burngal, ko buri nasruki nder kuugal Noam Chomsky aranjum se diga baawo dum Steven Pinker.
“O fahmi wai tageefooji (fuungooje pii) reni gikkuuji ta atal jeedingal ““gelde renuki””.”
Dun don jannga ayaangu tagidaadi e’ kuugal maajum, feerinki, e’ saakuki maajum nder fannu taklon, tageefo (ba jaaluki), bou e’ nder fannu dumna.
Tiire renol don huwa nder hawtuki be fellere e’ kirseeji tageefo ngam dum meema maunuki e’ haalu, ko dun noddata aslu hauta be ummingo.
Anndol renol zamanuuru, dou tefuki fahmuki tirol ngo’ol, fuddi be kuugal Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel nder shaka temmerre 19th.
Dooka maako didabol iri go’o e’ ko Mendel winndi.
Kiisaaki anndaadum saa’i temmerre 19th, bou ko On the Origin of the Species ndu Charles Darwin nder 1859 holli, don nama renugo: numol wai yimmbe don rena namaajum gikkuuji be reni diga innaaji en mabbe.
“Nder vinndol maako ““Versuche uber Pflanzenhybriden”” (Laarinnki dou Haibiraaki Fuungooje””), ko dun hokki Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) nder 1865 nder Brunn, Mendel hefti nyenyaaji renugo gikkuuji goddi nder fuungooje pii bou holli de les limmtol.”
“William Bateson, tokkoowo kuugal Mendel, iftirii kalimawol jenetiks nder 1905 (holloojum majum jenetik, ko dun hebi digakalimawol Greek genesis-- ““aslu””, bou dum arti innde nden bou dun huwidi e maajum nder fannu bayoloji nder 1860).”
Ha hewti duubi 11 ngarude, o hefti wai rewbe don mai kuromozo hon X tan worbe bou don mari X e’ Y kuromozo hon.
James Watson e’ Francis Crick numi ayaangu DNA nder 1953, ta huwruki be footo X-ray ndu Rosalind Franklin e’ Maurice Wilkins ko holli wai DNA woodi sifa turiidum (wai dun nanndi be koksriwo).
Ayaangu ngun tinndiri atal diddibinnki koydum: to boggi din hendirake, dun waawai mahannki ko nduye boggi goddi kesi dou liinirde yusbol boggol baawo ngol.
Nder duubi tokkode, anndube habi fahmuki no DNA jogata tirol wurtirki purotin.
Duddal li’itaare beddake diga hebuki fahmuki molekulon renugo kesi din.
Yusbaaki DNA ndu ta’yuki laayiwol wani nasrugo muhimmiijum Frederick Sanger nder 1977.
Nder laarinki maako ndu jannguki gikku hebuki kala pooli, Mendel ndaari wai pooliiji fuungooje pii fuu popul hon ko daneeji--wala ko shakiri hakkude kalaaji didi den.
Muminteeji duudde, fuu e’ yimmbe, woodi iri nyenye renugo ngo’o.
To tageefooji don mari alleleeji tagidaadi didi, dun don nodda woore nder alleleeji din jaaloongo ngam gikkuuji majum jaalata finotaip tageefo ndun, woore nden bou don nodde fooftoongo ngam gikkuuji majum suudoto bou dun yi’ataa de.
“Ko duudi dun don huwira ““+”’ ngam dun holla allelewol tagidaadi ndu wattitataako.”
Punett square wani alaamawol woore dun buri huwruki ngam yecca gasdum daydaygoltirki.
Tagidaadi goddi feerinta ko’e maaje, de don holla hawtindirol renol, wolweteende dun wolwata diga baawo nder vinndol ngo’ol.
Tagidaadum goddum, don jogo ko pooliiji din wadai kala ko bou de wartai daneeji.
Gikkuuji duudde na soodaade (ba pooliiji kala popul ko daneeji) seini de haaluuje tiggotoode ( ba darnde yimmbe ko kala laral).
Dun don nodda duudal no tagidaadi tageefo wallata hebinnki gikku nyaddum renotaangu.
DNA dum hawtaama be laayiwol nukliyoteds, ko mari iriiji nayi: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), e’ thymine (T).
Tooke waawata danyuki to wala jaboowo bou tiire renol meemata de, ngam nihi dun hooshata de tageefooji marbe yonnki.
Ayaangu DNA wani liinirde renugo: diddibinnki DNA didibinai bayaanu renol ngol ta hendirki boggi din se huwira boggol fuu ngam falangawol senuki boggol kesum.
Boggi DNA din juutde masin; ba misalu, kuromozowol yimmbe burndu manngu, hewti ba juutal kautaaji miliyon 247.
Dun buri hebuki DNA nder shaka nuklos taklonnji, seini Ruth Sager walliri nder heftuki tagidaadi di ngala kuromozo de dun hebata haa yasi nuklos.
Nde tageefooji haploid woodi iri kuromozo hon den woore-woore, ndabbaaji e’ fuungooje duudde fuu diploid en, marbe kuromozo hon kon fuu diddidi.
Nder yimmbe e’ ndabbaaji duudde fuu, kuromozo wol Y hoo’yata tagidaadi foodooje mauninnki haalaaje worbe.
Tirol ngo’ol, ko dun noddata mitosis, wani iri daygol burdum hoynuki bou hanjum wani liinirde daygol na ndu yoomaare.
Tageefooji yukariyo en buri huwruki daygol yoomaare ngam dayki bikkon ho’yoobe kaaya renol be reni diga innaaji en dido feere-feere.
Bakteriya hon goddi waawai nassuki nder hawtaare, e hokkita gelde DNA pamari haa bakeriyum goddum.
Ta atal ngo’ol hawtaare tagidaadi kesi fe’oto nder bikkon waaye yoomuki.
saa’i wattitol, kuromozo hon don wattita fecce DNA, se de wayla allele hon tagidaadi din hakkude kuromozo hon kon.
Harriet Creighton e’ Barbara McClintock wadi hollugo wattitol arandejum dum nder 1931.
Haa e to woddi, fe’aare wattitol duudi wai haa renugo tagidaadi din hautataake,
Yusbaaki lammudum amino dum ayyinaadum gasdake ayaangu purotin ta logooji tati, bou ayaangu purotin ndu logooji tati din don bandira e’ kuude maaje.
Ayaangu purotin dum wattitongo; himogulobin purotin dum turake sedda bou wadi balliiji feere-feere ngam dun don wallira be nannguki, dillinnki, e’ yoofuki molekulon oksijin nder ii’yam mamalo en.
Bana misaalu, nyau siibotoongu djiidjam dum nyau ndondonu kebeteengu iga asliiji peerootirdi hakkunde wangeere taire β-globin nde hemoglobin. saggititta.
DNA ji goddi tokkindirdi windirama e’ RNA amma di ngala nder nyaamdu mahooru bandu—bana taklon RNA don djoownire RNA—soya bindolji.
misaaluwol shamdiniigol woni noondinki leebre faatuuru Siamese.
Amma protinji balwinooji gaasa don taaskito nguli (ba laataaki maaji di don luutani foodooji taaskitinooji—nguli) nden di don ngailo haa nokkuuje poowde, di tampi funnuki noonde gaasa baleha haa nokkuuje bandu faatuuru foowata.
Baawo yirbuki daula Ruum Hiirnakewa, faamuki duuniya andne Girka wonnaama ha Urobba Hiirnankewa nder aran karnuuji (400 yahugo 1000 CE) di duubi shakaaji. amma reenaama ha duuniyaaru juulbe wakkati jamanu njuuldamku marno sembe.
Andal kiimiyyya ngal jamanu sendaama faago e’lise tati maude chaawude kiimiyya dabiiankewa(misaalu: andal takle, sinaadariiji, e’ jeeyli) jey laartata dabiiaaji luggudi, kiimiyya gondal (bana: sigaaji, hakkiilo e’ yillootirki) jey laartata bi adama be jama’aaje, e’ kiimiyya kaaidankewa (misaalu: ma’anaaji, lissaafi e’ kiimiyya kompuuta) kuwidooji e’ alaamaaji di diidaadi hakkilanta.
Ande kiimiyya kese don besdoro be linyuki iga jom en ande kiimiyya tiddiniraabe eeleende anduki duuniyaaru be yiduki fiistuki mas’alaaji.
Takanas, dum iri andal ngal himbe maatootirta e’ bandum nden yeedindira.
Wala feerootiral ngal hakkilo nangata faama hakkunde ande kuujeeji laatidi gondudi nde kala nokkuure fuu, be iri ande nokkuuje godde, bana taali e’ dabareeji kiita.
Har be wadi kalanda gerdaange je mari lebbi sappo e didi, kala lewru fuu do mari nyalde chappan e tati, nden balde jowi ha ragare hitaande.
Ngam daliila do, aadjaama worbe bee kambe ngoni falsafa’en aranden ha ko faamete, nden yimbe arande’en sendutube bangudum ““dabiiaaji”” e’ ““al’aada””.
Nder liddidiji, naftoraaki andal dabiiaaji ngam yembitaaki takle (seewaaku, fasaaha, fasaaha Girkanko’en) ho’itiraama heedi kiimiyya’en burdube dow yembitotoobe leesbe burdi samdinki.
Kiisaaki jarrayel gaagustiraama falsafankeejo Girka Leucippus be pukaraajo maako Drmocritus.
Dabare Socratic bana windaa haa geewte Plato dum dabare linyuki dabare majjinki ra’ayuuji laafudi: ra’ayuuji booddi don hebe heedi daraaki haa heftuki be ittuki geddi.
Socrates baarani jangirde hiinde nde jeyli dow dum bolle meere de ngala nafu.
Baawo don Aristotle wangini taaskaramji boochiidi di falsafa fasaaha: dimbande e’ mbattudi tindiniraama tabitinki nafuuji gondi nder kuuje, bana no gebe kuuje den ngoni.
Socratinko’en dari fahin dow falsafa naftorte ngam miccita dyamde heedi laabi burdudi ngam nguurdam bi aadama (jangde nde Aristotle sendi faago e’ dabiiaaji e’ falsafa siyaasa).
Misaaluuji Aristarchus salaama no lolli ngam nuddinaama dow di luuti diidaadi andal jeyli.
Nder duubi 500 ji, John Philoponus, moodibboojo Byzantine widiti jangirde Aristotle nde jeyli, nde walaa lahan.
“Saggitooji nayi di Aristotle wallini shardi dow nyamol ““ko wadi”” jaabetee nder laabi nayi ngam wangina yaake kuujeeji nder kiimiyya”
be baannii fu, ragare mai defte Aristotle asliije sooyaama ha Urobba Hiirnankewa, waarti deftere woore tan nde Plato anda masin, deftere Timaeus, laatiinde kaire tan woni geewte yiide, be seeda nder kuude asliije de falsafa dabiiaaji burdudi, feesiidi haa jangoobe Latin:en nder duubi chakaaji.
fassaraaji Syriac duuddi mooptorle ngadi bana Nestorianjoen be Monophysitenkoen.
“p. 465: ““sai saa’i batte ibn al-Haytam be wobbe luttube dow bindi bangudi boowaadi di duubi gaa’en linya masin on wadi Schramm aadji dow ibn al-Haytam woni hakiikaajo bangindo andal jeyli hoddirte””””
defte kiitaaji di Avicenna hoo’itiraama dow de don nder defte burdude nafu haa fannuwol nyaudiigu nden de fu de mballi masin haa kuude foondo nyaudigu, hautaade be naftoraaki tiidal be foondo nyadiigu ngam hujja dow aadjo mabbe.
Ha fahin, defte Gikanko’en burdude fuddi fassireego iga demgal Arabiyya be Girka faago e’ demgal Latin, jeyi hokkata geewte kiimiyya daraja makka nder Urobba Hirnankewa.
Dereeji kiiddi di deftere Alhazen di nyadiigu gidde sankitaama nder lasde Urobba hiddee ko hitaande 1240, dow sheedaram heedi kautal faago raayu Vitello.
Jillootirki defte jamanuuji naane saggitani jamanu rennaisans ndu karnuwol 12 wol be lollugo tiidal Catolikankeeku be Aristoteliankeeku andiraadum Scholastinkeeku nder Urobba Hirnankewa laatiinde nokkuure hesere nde jaabuuru kiimiyya.
Yembitotoobe be jamanuuji naane naftori nden linyi misaalu raayuuji andiraadi faamtinooji.
Doodo do jongiti dow lassaafi wakkatiiji orbit di burjuuji juutata banoo orbs daayi iga chakanteere dimbande, jeyi o faami yaadai be misaaluuji Ptolemy.
o hefti dow jeyli din di fuu iga hautirde woore di suurdinaama haa hautirde woore ha baawo taarde daarolgal.
Kepler waabai metaphysics Aristoteli nden o tindini kuugal maako dow biditol boochiingol.
“Galileo naftori biditaali iga Pope jo on nden o naftori di nder bolle bilkaare nder kuugal ““geewte ko laarani dabreeji duuniya didi maudi”” jey toonyi gure VIII masin”
Descartes sembidini numo bi aadama nden o sarwi dow lissaafi naftoree haa widitaaki dabiiaaji dow geometry.
kiimiyya kesa fuddi yiiki hooremaaka dow ka do tindina “““diidaadi dabiiaaji”””
Nder dabareeji Francis Bacon, Leibniz ho’itiri dow kuujeeji fere feere do huwa dow diidaaadi kuubududi di dabiiaaji, na hautaade e’ ka’idaaji di takanas ko koma saggitita kala yebre huunde fuu.
“Nder boliide Bacon's, ““hakiika haaje shaahiido mo kiimiyya dum wallugo nguurdam bi aadama be goodinki e’ riskuuji”” nden o muustini kiimiyya’en iga tokkaaki fasafaaji chaddi maabo ra’ayuuji di dewal, di o nuddini walli seeda haa seyo bi aadama gada ““tikkere chakaare, boodum, boliide cheynooje””.
Gaagustaare wonde kemmidiniide kaire woni wanguki kiimiyya hakkunde jama’aaje andude besdotoode.
Falsafa’en faamtinoobe subi taariihaaji dammudi jeyi kiimiyyaaji aartube - Galileo, Boyle, be Newto ngam be laato - handitoobe e’ sabngiibe kawtal moobgal dabiiaaji e’ diidaadi dabii’aaji faago e’ fannuuji takle bangude e’ muaamala jama’aaje dum jamanu.
“Hume be wobbe Scotish’en numoobe ngam faamtinki be wangini ““kiimiyya bii aadama”” ka windoobe wangini nder kuude taariiha holli hautube be James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Miller be William Robertson, be andal kiimiyya no gikkuuji bii aadama woni jamanu naane be ala’aadaaji naaneeji hautaade e’ faamtinki ko foodata kesamku”.
John Hershel be William Whewell be dido fuu be ndauri kaa’idaaji: didabo on wangini kalimawol scientist.
“Gregor Mendel feeremuudum handini derewol ““Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden”” (““foondo dow waawnuki fundngo””) nder hitaande 1865, je holli no takle rontootirta, laatidum ko naftirte nder andal ronugo ha zamanu.”
Yia-yiitaaji kadooji jarraaji hautugo heftaama nder duubi chaaliidi di karnuwol 19: heftuki X-ray ji longini huftuki radioactivitty.
Nonoon, feesoraaki naftirki fasaahaaji kesi tiddiniraadi kunuuji karnuwol ngol do saggiti baili heedi jahaale (mbaanteeji e’ piirooje), wanginki ICBMs, pijirle njayri, e’ pijirle foondo balmi.
Heftugo cosmic microwave radiation nder hitaande 1964 rudditi hiisaaki ki Steady State jey duniyaaru ngam walluki hiisaaki Big Bang jey Georges Lemaître.
Feesaaki naftoraaki boggi lantarki jillotirdi haa nder ragare rubu’u karnuwol 20 hauti be maatootiral horee bii aadama saggiti baili haa fasaaha kubaruuji be dellutaago internet duniyaaru e’ limgal jaadeteengal, haut be lengi tiiddi.
kiimiyya dabiiaaji e’ jama’aaje dum kiimiyya foondo, bana ande mabbe tuugori dow taaskitaaki foondo foondete ngam kuude tabitinki linyoobe les shardiiji gooti.
Misaalu, kiimiyya takle sendete faago e’ andal jeyli, sinaadariiji, njayri be kiimiyya duuniyaaru.
Nonnon, falsafa raayuuji, wahmuuji, be tammunde.no eewirte, laati kaandu haa kiimiyyaaji dabiiaaji.
hauti be hiisa, dabareeji kiisa, e’ kiimiyya kiisa computer.
Ngam maajum kiimiyya sharditinaaka laatiika eelto aartungo, nden ngam maajum, woodi soynde narral dow koo tabbas do’do tabitini kiimiyya.
Andal inginiya hauti bee ande feere-feere gaawkiniide de injiniyaaku, be hemmidinki kalagootel fuu heedi bakeeje lissafi, kiimiyya bee no sum naftorte.
“O jaabi ““Barkaama, dume woni nafu bingell kecchel?””?
bayanu kesu naftoraama ngam fewnuki habaruuji titaadi foondeteedi heedi foondo e’ taaskitaaki.
Doo’ do wadaama hedi feere dow laartaaki e’ dabiiaaji peootoodi, amma haa fahin heedi foondo jey habata sembidinki yaake dabiiaaji les shardiiji kakkilanaadi di yaadata be eelto ( haa kiimiyya biditol, bana falaku ko
Toni tammunde wuuri foondo, foti naftore haa fasalu dabareeji kiimiyya, dabareeji kiiseteedi, daura dimal maaboo fasalu tindinki gikkuuji di dabiiaaji peootoodi di takanas.
Dow doo’do kiisaaji wadaama di yaadata be burna goddi kaidaaji kiimiyya be raayuuji.
Doodo huubiran taaskitaaki foondo, bangudi, be ko laabi foondo wanginta haa ragare.
limgal, lisal lissaafi, naftraama ngam rammidinki be fitaaki bayaanuuji di acchata kiimiyya’en hebugo tabiddum be feerootirdum dum batte foondo nabbe.
waawan sendita be habdoobe e bangudun, raayuuji di sappata dow nasaraaku kiimiyya tuugai dow laataago fotudugo be feesiidi bana electrons.
woodi jangjrde feere- feere de andal haa falsafa kiimiyya.
Doodo doole on ngam limgal tammule ngal heerdinay, di nufoto dow di andataake iga limgal hujjaaji keertinaadi di naftorte dabareeji.
hujjaaji piyindirooji naftoraama haa laartugo kiimiyya nder karnuwol 20, banno falsafankeeji Australiya mo lesdi britanya Karl Popper fassiri.
daural boochiingal luutanoowal gasnaadum be fewnaadum laati alaama keerol hiisaaji kiimiyya be firlitirki dooldeeki e fewnneki dow darnde laabi foondo.
dabare wonde, bayaanuuji, waggini naftoraaki hiisaji bana kare de wanginki be tammugo fe’aanooji.
Ko badi bayaanuuji kanjum woni hujjaji chaahiidi, bana shardiiji hiisaaki nasaraaku kiimiyya won ko dum wi ko laarani taaskitaaki feesidi ngonga.
kala datal fu do mari djamde muudum keertiide, nufayeeji, be fassaraji.
doodo, subugo datal kesal dow taaskitaaki, ko ngam bo taaskitande den ngadaama dow ko luuti asliiji date.
hujja maajum manga woni feerootiral hakkunde dabiiaaji be sada bayaanuuji wadete nden kiimiyya hetante laabi faago e wanginki dabiiankeeji.
doodo woni, walaa hiisaaki ki meedi hoositireego tabbas ban kiimiyya jogitiri raayuuji boofi.
ande kiimiyya kese famdi ko wangini baili ha faamu meeden.
andal haa kiimiyya do hebee heedi hautugo bayaanuuji seeda-seeda ige foondo feere-feerengo linyoobe feere-feere heedi lise feere-feere de kiimiyya, buri nandugo wauugo dow diwugo.
“Falsafankeejo Barry Stroud besdi be wiigo, ko ngam ma’ana ““andal”” burdudo foondaama, laatugo maagal dow seko ko seynugo laatago neddo woofi do yaada be laatugo saahini”.
doodo takanas heedi wakeere ande microscope de kiimiyya (misaalu: gikkuuji, e takle falaku).
Iga wakkati mai jimilla limgal wakkatiiji kemminiidi do besdo.
Ko ngam boo mujallawol ngol windiraama nder demde 39, gebe 91de bindi din wnidiraama Engliishi.
Mujallaaji kiimiyya bana New Scientist, Science & Vie, be Scientific American Cater sabngi loluudum nokkuuje linyol sooya fasaahawol dammungol ngam haajee jangoobe, ko hauti be lolludum keftaadi be duunootiral nder ande linyol feere.
Geenge filuuji feere-feere, ko hoo’i iga fewre wargo jamba, waawan limte nder faanuuji di.
murnaa kiimiyya’en don tefa kuude ha nokkuuje feere-feere de risku lesdi ban wakeere jangirde, pelle sanaa’aaji, gomnati, be mooble de ngokkaata riiba.
“bana misaalu: Christine Ladd (1847–1930) o hebi naatuki taaskaram Ph.D dow ““Ladd”” Christine ““Kitty”” Ladd o hebbidini shardiiji nder hitaande 1882, amma o tabitinanaama degree maako nder hitaande 1926. baawo kuugal ngal o subi mabbutungal dabareeji Algebra (laaru alluhawal ngooga). noone, gidde, be gikkuuji”.
Nder karnuwol 20, shaaliingol, hoouki rewbe kuude be hadiki hollugo feeroritiral hakkunde jinsiiji besdi limgal rewbe kiimiyya’en masin, amma holluki feerootiral hakkunde jinsiiji do lutti haa pelle kuude godde, nder aran karnuwol 21 ko bur reeta jom en andal takle fuu rewbe on, nden gebe 80% de daraja Ph. D fuu haa Andal jeyli hokkama worbe.
laataago bi moobgal mabbitantee komoijo, badiima sooto o woodi dereeji sheedaramku kiimiyya, maaboo,o teddiniraama dow chubol.
ngam maajum nufooji kiimiiyya do be ko yaakeeji di laarani kiimiyya dabiiaaji.
misaalu tariiha luulludum hauti be mahol mangol ngol siin. mahirarangol duubi ujine didi ko saali heedi wallinde daulaaji duuddi, be maayo Yangtze mango, jamminoore maunde nde laarani ndiyam. harka injiniyaaku fuddiri Ao (孫叔敖 7th cent.
iri laabiiji di, di gomnati, kautal, ko ersese dogginta, do hokka cheede seeda.
yaake wallinde cheed nde gomnati ha nokkuje sana’a godde towi. nden dum huubi linyol heedi kiimiyya gondal be endam.
daliilaaji duuddi waawan laatugo hujja waartirgo kiimiyya siyaasa bana habdugo be jom en ande, habboraaki diina, tuugoraaki raayu be kultorol raayuuji filu.
foondo dum kaaidaaji on gadeetiidi ngam jabugo ko salugo tammunde.
foondo waawan bangta daraajaaji nden wallita fukaraajo laato chukliido nden mara eelano haa ko be jangata, takanas maa to o naftori saali wakkati.
foondo burnaa fuu hauti be hakkilango, dum wada ngam ustugo batte kuujenaftorteede feere-feere dow huunde naftorteende woore rimre.
linyoobe haa fahin naftori ngam foondugo kiisaaji gondaadi ko tammule kese ngam gondungo ko fewnugobe.
toni foondo wadaama no haandi, wttam man laatoto gongdina ko fewna tammule den.
nder kiimiyyaaji nyaudiingu be gondal, jaalorgal linyol foondo sedndiri no duudi hakkunde eelto feeree-feere.
biditol bajjol ndenifuu saawai toggutugo foondo, amm biditaali senditaadi waawan fotidine heedi laartuki dabareeji cenndindirki.
Ragare fuu teema heeddi wakeere do en waartanan ngoonga ka seynata bernde nden heewto ko laati hakiika bangudum deesa-deesa, nden heedi hujjaaji be taaskutugo en waawan en ta’o ngooga nden en doila soynde narral be fiistugo yaakeeji seketeedi.
“Nder irin dabareeji mari haaje taskiitaaki masin, goddo mai be hoore maako haandi ta o hojjita dow waawan gidaadi yonki maako hedi— ““yidineego”” ko ““hoitingo””— ngam maajum handi o taskita no o nyibirta widitol maako masin.”
Bacon yidi datal ngal tuugi dow toggitol taaskitaaki, maaboo foondo.
misaalu, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) foondi wakkati daidai nden o foondi ngam o heba foondo booshiingo be wattam dow paargal yirbuki bandu.
nder eltooji goddi (misaalu, kiimiyya gikkuuji maaboo siyaasa), foondo shahiingo dum datal on ngal linyol gondal marngal foodirdi didi feere-feere.
misaalu mboodngu laatoto kiitaa modeteekon.
gasdum misaaluuji toggitaadi don chaka-chaka dow no woow, maaboo gootel nder toggitaadi yaadai be gasdum iga misaaluuji goddi, di sakkintee ngam laaatugo maaji gasdi di foondo jiibiingo (laabi jaabrude foondo godde waawan wooite dow boofol haa misaaluuji din.
hakkilanki jankiraaki don andoree be wanginki wattam jankiraadam.
burnaa fuu daraja hakilankki jankiraaki don naftore bana ““asli”” daraja ngam ustugo iga foondo batte misaalu.
fukaraabe waawan hokkeego ndiyam kuugal dam limgal protein andaaka e nder maajam.
fukaraabe mbawan wadugo misaaluuji feere-feerkuubooji faddol shaawudi njilla yaakee protein.
Foondo njamde dun foondo colormetric jey spectrophometer waawata foondugo limgal protein nder gebe heedi heftugo noone jillindirde kautooje heedi jillotirgo be taklon protein be taklon launuuji besdaadi.
Dow doodo, foondo ngo fuudi be wadugo gebe didi koo ko buri di fotata di nufoto foondo yaakeeji nandindiran hakkunde gebe nden gebe den de laato goote haa wakkati fuu to de naftoraama.
to moble fotooje wadaama, foondo haban hooitira dun gootum sey ni to woodi huunde foondo nde o nufi hendutugo.
doodo tabitini kala batte dow wallugo heni huwaneego be hoore muudum bden yaadataa be andal tabitinaangal.
De tammule hiisi daliilaaji ngam wangungo fee’aanooji maabo hiiso wattam kuugal.
tammule baadde woni wla bayaanu koo sembe fe’aano tammotodum heedi wakeere nuno linyaango.
Dow daraja tabidka, be foondi moobugo bayaanuuji jey dabare nden heedi walliinde nde kare kuude waawata hefteego, be nde batte seediigu haa godde kare kuude laati tabidde heba batte kare kuude godde faamete.
ko woowa haa fahin, woodi bandiraagu hakkunde de kare kuude, ngu ustata tuugorgal foondo dabii’aaji bandirdum be ko waawata timmineego to foondo kakkilanaango wadaama.
“Misalu, nder andal falku laabi dow wadataako foondugu tammule ““koode dum duule girbude de hydrogen”” ngam fuddira ndulo makko ko hydrogen, nden wada foondo ngo reenata duubi billon seeda haa mahugo hoodere”.
Ngam daliila do, foodo haa babal saai feere don yi’e burdi hoolaare dow foondo nder suudu.
haa yaakeeji di, taaskitande linyol woodi daraja ngam burnaa fuu don fottina tammule foondeteede be foondo feootongo koo bo moobugo bayaanuuji kesi.
haa fahin, taaskitande linyol (misaalu, haa andal takle be dabareeji gondal) burnaa fuu do saawi kare kuude de sadi heteego koo dauraneego.
Sinaa be misaalu limgal ngal miccititta nufayeeji subteteedi, limg sendindirgo do jongiti dow misaalu raayu mum.
bana misaalu, tiimtuki nyau chankitotoowu cancer tettekki koo ndei do holla bandiraagu nafoowu be nyamugo baafe broccoli, nden linyol faamti dow walaa botee.
Haa kala foondo subteengo fuu, seediiguuji goddi iga moobgal do tamme, fakat, amma subuki kin do tabitina dow mooble foondo no nufo darajaaji badiidi, ngam hujjaaji keertaadi be soynde fotindiral ngal Markov.
ngam daaidaagi yaakeeji di waartirta foondo meere, nyaudoobe foondoobe nyadiigu - wi haa hukuuma hakkilanoowa nyamande e modeteekon ka U.S - ngam heftugo duudal lissafiiji kefteteedi.
nonnon fottinaama dow naa kaandum (nden luuti kaaida) wadugo fondo subol dow batte laafude ko torrooje nyaudiigu, baba batte wadugo kuroori arsenic haa njamu bii aadama.
Suudu foondo jeyli saawan kuukon ndogginoohon maaboo loomordu billiindu, nden suudu bolidinki jamde maran kare kuude ngam gubbaki ko lalluki jamde ko foondugo sembe maaje.
kiimiyyaen haa bangeeje feere naftoran shuudi foondo goddi.
“luuti raayiwol laatugo maskube tuugori suudu linyol, kalimawol ““labratory’” do besda naftreego haa nokkuuje kuude dow darnde shuudi foonfo guurdi, shuudi foonfo Fab ko hackerspaces, di hibe fottata ngam huwa dow masalaaji jama’aaje ko boo yembito, huuwida dow kawtal ko wallindira be kare kuude”.
Laabooratiri ɗu’um tiggaama sarde ko Pythagoras waɗi poondol muuɗum dow teeddeengal sonnyo e doggol dimmbaande.
Nder wolaandu 16-ɓre kemikal ɗum les heedi laabooratiri alchemical ko heɓtowaa no hammaaka nder hitaande 2002.
Haɗaru laabooratiri fori hawtida e tooke, saawooji nyawu; huɓɓuki hiite, puttol, malla kare kuutinol sonnyo; fiiji ngoncotooɗi; nguleenga sanne; jaayngol, e fannuuji jogotooɗi fiiji cemvbiɗɗi malla lsstiriye mawnge.
Reentaaki dow Filuuji e Kalfinaangal Njamu ngal (OSHA) nder leydi Amirika, e heɓtuki daarɗe daartiiɗe dow kuugal laabooritiri, nyiɓii nattidal dartiingal heedi filuuji ngam kemikalji marɗi haɗaru nder laabooritiri.
Ngam tiitanaaki laawol laaɓngol dow Taskaram Hakkilanki Njamu heedi Kemikal ngam sanaa;a woɗka malla boo laabooritiri, ɗum doolɗiniiɗum a faama giɗaaɗi ɗin ngam dartaaki, e laartuki ka reentaaki kin ki jooni, njamu e dogginol ka taariindi e poondol dow haɗaru ngun.
“Ɗawtaare dow non, laartaaki goɗɗo fuu e waddee dow cuɓtitol ““laartuki yaasihi”” laatiingol e a wadda dartol kesol to nokkuuje e cadeele laatiiɗe foti hoosiree meeraare malla boo hoosee no woniri sabu aɗɗe.”
Elto ko huunde marnde saman dow ko doggata jooni heedi kuuɗe dogginol laabooritiri.
misaalu, wonngal dental taskii dow wiɗitaaki to ɓe ngaɗi biɗitol dow hooreha maɓɓe ka ɓe ngiɗi dow nyalaande woore nder asaweere, ammaa dow luttaano ɓe kuwii dow porooje ɗum kuwdal.
Naftirnga Locator ko gollanoowo Laabooritiri anndoowa nokku to moye fuu tawetee jooni, taa naftirki e jaayngol keertaangol keɓeteengol gila baajo kala kuwdiɗɗaawo fuu.
Ta jannde ethnographic, keɓal ngal ko, hakkunde dogginooɓe huunde, kala darnde fuu (wiɗitooɓe, kalfinaaɓe...) e woodi darɗe senndirdirɗe, laatiiɗum e senndinndirii kala laabooritiri.
Ta raaruki ko wanngata ɗuuɗɗum hakkunde kuwdooɓe, foti en darna ka darnde maɓɓe nder dental.
Ko tokkata ɓaawo dow tokkinol darnde ngeendam nden woni ko Locator e wanngina darɗe ɗuuɗɗe heedi bayaanu, dow bayaanuuji kuwdiɗɗaaɓe e jaangoy maɓɓe.
Tokkinol darnde ngeendam e yahda e aɗɗ ko yahdi e fiiji teknooloji.
misaalu, jaɓɓoowo hoɓɓe raariray baajo-ɗum e nafo, nde laatii ɗum wallay-ɓe heɓtoyki kuwdooɓe nder nyalaande.
Fedde’en e holla soynde nanki belɗum sarde wayluki fiiji jowanaɗi yimɓe, doolɗinaaɗi, teddinaare, tokkinol darnde ngeendam jaɓaangal e ngal jaɓaaka, e goɗɗi ɗuuɗɗi.
“Neesu, e ko ɓuri anndireeki hakkiilo, ko huunde neesuyaakoore, banngal, e maa kare winndere malla adunaaru. ”
Non maa boo innu Aadama’en ko wakkere nder neesu, kuuɗe innu Aadama e faamiree dow neesu feerootirɗum gila neesuuji goɗɗi.
Nufoore neesu ni nde fuu maare, adunaaru gi’eteendu, ko go’o nder maanaaji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi yajjinol asngol maana kan; ɗum fuɗɗirii e raɓɓutuki naftirki helmere nde;e nde φύσις nde filoosofaaɓe hidde Socrates ngaddi (ammaa nde’e helmere e wonnde darnde nden, walaa bana Heraclitus), nden boo heɓii jaɓɓeeki gila nden.
Sikay, ko ɓuri anndeeki heedi yi’eeki dow neesu, ɓadiiɗo jamanu hidde Socrates, fuɗɗitii wannguki e nden sarde, walaa bana ɓaawo kuuɗe Charles Darwin.
“Wonnde sarde nden e ɗum nufoo ““taariindi neesuyankeeri”” malla boo diiraaku—diraaji ladde, kaaƴe, ladde, e ɗin fiiji laatiiɗi inu Aadama waawataa wayluki no ɗi ngontiri, malla caliiɗi ngayloo fuu e haɓdu innu Aadama dow o wayla-ɗi.”
Ɗum fii ko ɓuri anndeeki dow wayleeki weeyo ko kuuje maajum ɗiɗi mawɗe ɗe nokkuuje adunaaru, nokkuuje ɗiɗi njahdooje nannduɗe ɗe nguleenga, e nokkuur marnde nyiɓɓaalo leɗɗe fahki nokku nyiɓɓaayo nguleenga.
Ko lutti hawtii e taƴe e banngaale, e ɗuuɗɗum nder nokkuuje joɗaaɗee wakkere Woylaare Adunaaru.
Ko tawaa nder faa jooni no tawetee, e kadi laral tekkungal ngal rooba e kadi suddaari njamndi laatiiɗum e fooɗa fii jamɗe.
Wakkere kaaƴe woni arannde koo ko joɗɗinaa yalla ta laawol waddeeki to adunaaru malla boo wannguki ta kayri leydi ndin.
Kuuɗe paccol gas e peccol hiite kaaƴe waddiweeyo arano.
Taƴe ɗen tiggaa, nden feccii tagiraa no jaajel adunaaru woni jooni nder duuɓi teemeɗɗe miliyonji, seese-seese e hawtoo e tagitoo taƴe ɗen mawɗe.
Sarde jamanu Neoproterozoic, nguleengi sudidii ko ɗuuɗi nder Lewndu e mallamalooje mawɗe.
Majjuki mawki cakitiiki waɗii duuɓi milyonji 66 caaliiɗi, saede nde reggindirki koode, teema, puɗɗi majjutuki dinosooho e goɗɗi dabbaaji nder karaaciyaaji mawɗi, ammaa ɗali dabbaaji pamari bana musinooji.
Ko tokkiroyi gaɗa nderƴamki yeeso foofaango neɗɗo e ɗum ndemri rokki yimɓe taasiri mawdum ɗum meeɗaka dow adunaaru, ko meemi .
Laral sewngal ngal surungal Lewndu e jogaa e nokkuure wonnde jogaaki semmbe.
Laral ngaɗaarewal e darii darnde mawnde nde ɗustuki semmbe wonnere nde jaayngol fuu ko anndiraa (UV) jottotoonde asaman.
Waylowalitol weeyo e tokkinndiri waylaaki faa yottoo e leesi sanne heedi fiiji weeyo ngon. boo e daranii jokkootiral e caakuki fiiji ɗin.
Non maa, si walaa caakol nguleenga ngan ta laabi canɗi e weeyo jooni, nden aawallaaji ɓuray laataaki ngulɗi, nden boo nokkuuje marɗe peewol ɓuray feewuki.
Aawollaaji ngonɗi nder adunaaru e daranii waylaaki weeyo, nden waylo ngo’o neeɓoowo duuɓi seɗɗa tan warday e goɗɗi fiiji ɗin ngartamme kulniiɗe, fuu dow ɗiɗi ɗum dow aawollaaji e dabbaaji laatiiɗi e tiigii dow mawngu maaji ngam nyaamndu.
Dow koo ko taariiha holli, Lewndu anndiraama e waylaaki yahki nesu caɗanɗum e on duuɓi ɓaawooji, haa maa e duuɓi mallamallooje.
Woodi bana ɗe’e nokkuuje ɗuuɗɗe, fuɗɗuɗe gila nooku ngulngu e nokku caka adunaaru faa nokku peewɗum e ton woylaare e maa fommbinaaje nokkuuje.
Nde’e ciyaa feddaade e waylitiroo bee waylitaaki adunaaru nder piiltol maaru.
Ndiyam ombi ko yaari 71% ɗum ndaɗɗudi adunaaru
Mbuttulli pamari ɗi maayo ɓaleewo noddetee juli, julwiije, teekuuji e innɗe goɗɗe.
ɗum anndaa ko maayooji pamari njarnata maayoji mawɗi, fuu nde maa ley maayooji mawɗi ɗin wurtinaama gila leece maayooji pamari.
Iriiji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi ɓalli ndiyamji senndisenndinaama to beeli, e ko hawti e lambuuji ndiyam ngaɗaaɗi ngam ado, beeli liƴƴi ngam durngol nden kadi e beeli soolaa ngaɗaaɗi ngam resuki gulɗum.
Maayooji pamari mbaaway noddireeki e beeli, wurngo, e goɗɗe innɗe ɗuuɗɗe. Walaa gonngol diidaangol ngurtinngol ko noddetee maayo.
Sifa maaji e ko ɗi kaɓɓikaɓɓini e lorii e ɗabi’aaji adunaaru teerirɗi.
Haala mawka nder ‘ecosystem’ kanka woni tageefooji fuu e ngoodi ko hawtidiɗi e goɗɗi fuu nder jooɗodal maaji.
Foofaango waaway hooƴuki maana sifaaji tageefooji.
Ammaa ni, naa’ maana foofaango fuu yi’ata alfaalu ɗii innaaɗi.
Ta ka raaraama gila teynirde ‘geophysiology, baayosfeyaa woni kawtuɗum tageefooji fuu, ko hawti e gonndal maaji e ko noddaa kaaƴe, ndiyam nden e henndu.
Dabbaaji e leɗɗe ko saalii milyonji 2 anndaama ko waddi hannde. Kiyaasu adadu tageefooji ngukkaama to ko saalii milyonji 50.
Tageefooji tampuɗi adaptin e waylitaaki jamanu nden e dasootiral hakkunde maaji e goɗɗi majjimajjini.
To leɗɗe ngurtini ko noddaa ‘photosynthesis’, jayngol naange waaaway huudeeki ngam wurtinki laabi gadduɗi foofaango ɓurngo lugguki.
Mayikrooganizims ɗi tageefooji ngooduɗi ɓiɓɓe tagan go’o nden laatiiɗi ɗuuɗɗum ngi’ataake sey ley makroskoop, ngam ɗi pamɗanii yiiki hitere neɗɗo.
Dayngol maaji ngol jawngol nden boo ɗuuɗngol.
Gila nden, ɗum laatike laaɓɗum wiki suudu ‘Plantae’ no fiirtaa-no e hawti e goomuuji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi ngalaa ko hawtiɗi e suudu ndun, ɓaawo ‘fungi’ e ‘algae’ so”itaama cuuɗi goɗɗi.
Nder ɗate ɗuuɗɗe tokketeeɗe ngam senndindirki leɗɗeeji e woodi dabbaaji pellere feere, laatiiɗi mbaaway hawtuki faa e luttaano leɗɗeeji gila jamanu caaliiɗum.
Yimɓe eggooɓe gila pellere feere yaaki feere naatinowii goɗɗi nder iriiji “leɗɗeeji wuro” teemeedanɗe caaliiɗe, ɗi’i leɗɗeeji laatike wuttundu mawndu to tawaaɗe e pellere nde ɗe naatoyi nden.
Dabbaaji e ngoondi sifaaji ɗuuɗɗi cenndindirɗiɗi e goɗɗi tageefooji feere.
Kadin e ɗi ferɗindiri e leɗɗeeji e punndi nden e algee ngam ciyaa kokkuwol ɓiɓɓe tagan maaji.
Nden kadi maa e woodii ko anndiraa e suudu piilndi-reedu innaaru.
Nder tewtugol anndal Nature ngol 2020 anndinii fiiji ɗi yimɓe ngaɗi ɓurii tageefooji adunaaru ndu’u fuu, fiiji manaaji (pilastik) tan saalike tedduɗum dabbaaji ndiyam e ɗi leydi fuu.
Fuu e nga’al jaharal yeeso, hoddiroore ɓii Aadama e woodi alaaka keewɗum e waylaaki piilki.
Yimɓe mballitike sanne nder majjutuki leɗɗeeji e dabbaaji ɗuuɗɗi, jooni, e woodi cuudi milyon 1 gonɗi nder haɗaru majjutuki nder kitaale cappanɗe seɗɗa garooje.
ɗu’um meemii coggu jawdi tawaturuuri, nden kadi ɗum waddii soynde wukkuki ceede nder jawle dabii’ankeeje.
Ngomnatiiji haɗaayi ɗii ɓillaaji riiku.
Goɗɗe kuuɗe bana lohaangal e liƴƴaaki liƴƴi e kuudee ngam nyamdu e fijooji fuu to yimbɓe feerefeere.
Wiiki tagdi e nyeenye, fotoogiraafi, gime nden e goɗɗe nyeeye hollii sembee laatiiɗum yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe ngiidata tagdi e booɗɗum.
Sewlo e diraaku laatike waylo mawngo nder jamanuuji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi daartol malla taariha aduna.
Fuu nde maa kaayeefiiji neesu mbeltinaama nder Jabuura e Deftere Ayyuba, wannginki diiraaku nder nyeenyal wanngii sanne nder teemeedande 1800, sakkooma nder kuuɗe yaadu Yiɗdeekooɓe.
Ngam ɗu’um daliila, anndal malla sayinswal ɓurngal mawngu to ɗuuɗɓe woni “jeyli”—innde nde haa hannde e faamiree dow maana “anndal tagdi”.”
Fiiji winndere gi’eteeɗi jooni saalaaki 4.9% nder teddeende winndere nden nde fuu.
Aaɗeji fiiji e semmbee nder winndere yi’eteende fuu anndaama dow tokkuki diidaaɗi jiyle.
Walaa keerol cuuɗiingol hakkunde janjingol aduna e asaman, ngam janjingol ngol e ɗustoto e ɓeydaaki toowndam.
Nden kadin e woodi henndu, biwtol e sollaare nden e kaaƴon pamaron.
Fuu nde maa Aduna ndu’u hayru tan anndaa dow tuugaaki foofaango, hujjaaji kollii ton ndenno duniaaru ‘Mars’ e woodu-no beeli ndiyamji dow ndaɗɗudi maaru.
To e woodi tageefooji foofooji dow ‘Mars’, taway e ɗi uwii nder leydi to ndiyam woodi faa jooni.
Tayaka kannjum woni tefuki kumpital gila ɗaɗol haala.
Huuduki e foondungol ngaɗaangol ngam hooƴuki nden e foondindirki tayaka ngaɗaaka e wakkatiiji e bigineeji feerefeere to yimɓe feerefeere.
Ha foondugo lambaaji dartiidi je laati fotan be ko laarete fu limtete.
Kuujeji fasaaha tafa ma on ngam wallita goddo ha hiisugo, bana foondirgel teddeenga, teleskop, maaikuroskop, tamomita, kemera, be kaset, nden fassara nder no faamirte je terde fotai no laara, sappoojum bana, dayesji, sipektaji, kemeraji infiraret, osiloskopji, infomitesji, jiga kauntas, be rediyo risivasji.
Bana misaalu, wala no a foondira sembe hinde ha tayaaji jamde dillooje sena to hendu sedda wurtake, ko wadata hendu ndun sembe maaru waila.
Bana misaalu, ha nder chewto paradox chewto goto tappan jaahangal yahugo ha jaingol den waarta sare be nderkaaku dou chewto joodiido saare
“Yebre makaniks: ha yebre makaniks, dum do watine hakkilo dou giikku huunde pamardum, je futaai huraa yanaayimum hautaade wailuugo yanaayi maajum, be bo ““horowoo”” bo dolemuduum olaarana yebre yanaayi dum ohuraata”
Nuumo bi adama caaddum, soinde anduugo no badini huutiniirte, wadi habaruuji maardum ma'ana fere maandete denbo siiptiire, denbo gooddi bo yeejjite
"Yeso toh lameji nuumtaama, ngaandi hebbinaan be bayaanuuji ""kemminiidi"" di numo waawata yaadugo be dabare; doodo do jewne hesditingo numo".
Nder saikooloji, ɗu’um noddetee ‘confirmation bias’.
Ngam yeru maaji, faa mbi’en neɗɗo raari yi’ii saaro e fiya ɓinngel muuɗum, ɓaawo ɗon mo waaaway faamuki ngal ɗon kuugal ngal boɗngal koo ngal wooɗaa.
“Tewtuki anndal ɗum ““kuugal kesal ngaɗaangal ngam ɓeyduki rumbuwu anndal””.”
Ngam foonduki goonga kuutorɗe, ɗate, koo jarribooje, tewtuki anndal teema ɓeyda raaruki kuuɗe kiiɗe koo ɓaarol gonngol nder maaje.
Nde’e huunde nde mbaadi hesri.
Nder kuugal jarribeewal, ɗuuɗɗum e ngal raarana tayaka kuuɗe daaraaɗe ɗen, misaalu, nder laabooretori koo nder babal, ɗum resa ɗate tokkaaɗe, nen e ko heɓaa nden tonnge jarriboore koo jarribooje koo boo rokka firo ko heɓaa gaɗa.
Lugguki hesɗuki tewtuki anndal ngal e nder mawɗi nder diidaaɗi wallifaaki ɗereeji nder joonalji ndogginirteeɗi dow ko noddaa rewto soobiraaɓe.
Tewtuki anndal nga’al e rokka bayaanuuji saayins nden e miijooji ngurtinooji ko suuɗii nder sewlo e sifaaji adunaaru.
Tewtuki anndal nder saayins waaway sendeeki gure dow to ngal huudirtee koo boo to anndal maagal tewtetee.
Fannuuɓe anndal gikkuuji yimɓe ɗuuɗɗum ɗaɓɓitataa jaabawol saatungol to ƴamol anndal, sey ni ɓe nganca nder fiiji ɗin e bayaanuuji taariiɗiɗi.
Fannuɓe taariiha e kuuda e ɗaɗi tewto anndal nden e goɗɗi hujjaaji ngam ɓe ɗaɓɓita waylo, nden ɓe mbinda taariiha e sifa kubaruuji ko waɗaa.
Tewto anndal ngal naa hollii taagumaasi muuɗum e jokkuki faayida maagal e annde gooduɗe dow waylo ngon.
Jooɗtorde huudetee ngam hiisaaki ko hamma ɗuum ɗum waawaata jarribaaki e raaruki ƴewtal jarriboore.
Nga’al ɗemngal kiinyungal huudama ngam tewtooɓe anndal faamii wiiki jooɗtorɗe mbaaway laataaki e njaada e tayaka.
No foddugol wattangol hakkille beydata ngeenyal e wakkati, sarhu hakkilanaango jogataako fotugol eendu.
School of Dance and Circus (Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), Stockholm maaninii wiɗitagol ngeenyal banni-”wiɗitagol ngeenyal ko ndaartiiru e foondugol ngam beydoragol anndal nder njannde ngeenyal”.
wiɗitagol ngeenyal ana muuyraa ɓamtugol anndal e faamo nder wanginde ngeenye.
Ngeenyo Hakan Topal wi’ii, nder wiɗitagol ngeenyal, “ɗo anndal ngeenyal daɗri annde goɗɗe woni, njannde nden ana huwiree ɗo yiitude annde ngeenyuɗe goɗɗe ɗe miijiika.
wiɗitagol sabinbinooji ana huuɓi, misaalu, biɗitol dow taariindi e nonɗe.
Mbinndi annde kawtuɗe ana yiita mboofi e luppe nder mbiɗi welliiɗi du ana sellina nden njannde.
Lamdal wiɗital ana fota e sarhu hakkilanaangol.
Nden wiɗuɗo on ndaara tafsira ko hawraaa dow laabi hawrude wiɗo, e ɗun ko annditiraa winɗo feeral.
Kaani wiɗitooɓe woɓɓ ana duntyana huutinirde golle ɗen gaɗ gaɗa: fuɗɗirde hawrude wiɗo e batande ɗe faade e yiitude caɗeele wiɗo yaltuɗe wakkati de wiɗo ngon e mbinndi kawtaaɗe.
Wiɗo gasungo e huutiniree nder laabi wiɗo fuye ngam laato fomre sarhu hakkilanaango mbiɗi keewanɗi.
mbiɗi keewanɗi jokkama e ndarnde filosofaaku e haqiiqaaku nyaame.
Mbiɗi keewanɗi ana hillaa egollirde sarhu hakkilanaangol ittangol ƴiwde e haqiiqaaku naadu laataade ana mooɓa mangu huunde yiɗnere.
So muuyɗe mbiɗi ɗin woni keewal golluɓe, wiɗddddo on huutiniran sikke nder suɓugol huwooɓe.
Secondary data muuyraa ko kubaaruuji kawraaɗe ana jooɗii, ko nandi e limgal kuuje, ko waawi huwireede nder mbiɗo.
Laawol ngol an woodi nafakkaaji ko laatii laawol gootol tan walaa.
wiɗo ngo walaa feeral waawaa taweede kanyum tan darotoo darnde wiɗo ngo feeral sabi eɗi waawi hawreede ngam teengingol wiɗo.
No wiɗo dillinirtee walaa laawol gootol heertangol sabi leydi fuf ana jogii laawol mum ngol anndi.
Gollirde neediiji haqiiqaaku wiɗo nder haalaaji jaajuɗi ana anditiree haqiiqaaji nannaaɗi du neediiji wiɗo ana waawi yi’ireede neediiji nannaaɗi ngam haqiiqa neediiji ana naannee nder wiɗo fiinanuuji winndere.
Neediiji wiɗo waɗaama fannu nder wiɗo nyawtiigu, laabi lelnaaɗi ɗin ana anditiree 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
Meta-research ana hillaa e yiitude ko heertanaa bange gooto, laabi bondereeji and mboofi e jayre.
Anduɓe woɓɓe ana hawra e caɗeele ittugol e ngayngu ɗemgal nder wiɗooji e mbindi annde.
Nder peesagol siyaasa, leyɗe hirna ɓuri ɗuɗgo nder njannde leydi-ngooti, du ɓuri heewde ko leyɗe hirna Erop hano Canada, Australia, e New Zealand.
Njande nde yaajaa waawataa huuɓneede, ɗum firti ko yiitaa nder njande nden fuf waataa huuwireede e nokku feere.
ko ɓuri heewde, laawol njande wiɗitaande ana mooɓi anduɓe nder ngal andal ɓe saatooɓe haaldata ngam hokkude ande e miijooji maɓɓe dow ngal gollal ngal gollidooɓe maɓɓe golli, ɓe waɗɗiraɗun ɓernde laaɓnde wanaa ngam andal ko nannata yiɗnere du gollal ngal dow meere ngal gollirtee.
wiide jooni, ko jaalii e himɓe jeyyaɓe nokku ana dow ndarnde wiide laawol keɓal kabaaru himɓe dogniree dow jeydal.
kuuɓal kuuje ana seedi dow laabi gollirɗe du ana dow waylitagol, kaani wanaa ko yaawi.
mbiɗi yeru ɗii ana heɓee nder mooɓgal golle, ɓuri laaɓnde golle yiɗaaɗe golleede e mbindi njandeeji.
yeru mbinndi jhaɓeteeɗi dow ɓeydaari anndal dow mbiɗi ana seedi nder laabi njande iwde illa mbinndi tappe e dow canye caycayɗowal.
Laabi njaaguuji ana seedi dow canyi caycayɗowal.
Ko heewi e wiɗitooɓe mawɓe (ko nandi e ardiiɓe dente) ana gollira wakkati keewɗ dow ndartiiru mballa dow golle mbiɗi.
Laawol kiimiyya ko laawol feeral non heɓirteengal anndal laaɓingal mangu kiimiyya illu qarnu 17 (e annduɓe anndaaɓe nder qarnuuji saaliiɓe).
Ɗii ko diidi laabi kiimiyya, seedi e laabi laaɓuɗi gollirteeɗi nder gollirɗe kiimiyya.
Sarhu hakkilaangol yo mbi’iile ɗe walaa darorɗe dow annde heɓaaɗe wakkati annde ndaartete.
Caɗeele ana woodi nder laabi lelnaaɗi ngam huutinirki golle, kaani.
Konngol “scientific method” fuɗɗaanaa illu qarnu 19, de kawaral yaaynude kiimiyya waɗaa nden kongi kesi wurtinaa ngam sendude hakkunde kiimiyya e ko lutti ɗum, ko nandi e “science” e “pseudoscience” fu wurtii”.
Gauch 2003 e Tow 2010 yeddi darnde Feyerabend dow wiiki moƴyinooɓe e wiɗitooɓe laatoo hakkilanteeɓender kala wakkati e golleeji maɓɓe wakkati ndartiiru.
Filosofa’en Robert Nola e Howard Sankey nder deftere maɓɓe nde 2007 ɓe wi’ii jeddi dow laabi kiimiyya timmay du yeddii wiide Feyerabend fay dow jeddi o yeddi laabiɗin o jaɓɓanii laabi goɗdi du o holliriiɗum laabi mawɗ goɗɗi.
ko ɓuri jaalaade nder laawol ndartiiru kiimiyya woni laawol feeral.
laawol kiimiyya yeddi laabi ɗi bumnam nder jokkuru siyaasa e diina e neesu e ngonɗinal jokaangal e wakkati firtiraa goonga.
illu qarnu 16 warde, Francis Bacon dognii mbiɗi ɗi Glambattisa della, Porta, JOhannes Kepler e Galileo Galilei huutiri.
hano laabi goɗɗi ndartooji, Kiimiyya (dow laawol kiimiinagal) nyiɓaama dow laabi annde caaliiɗe du nyiɓi annde goɗɗe maɗe dow cuuɗi annde kewɗe.
“Laawol ngol dattini finningol kiimiyya.”””
haala ana warda wiide safaare heyre ana nyawta nyaw nder woɓɓe himɓe , ko laati meeɗudeɗe.
Ko miilaa ana tammaa heɓeede caggal mennude.
ko senni miijo e haqiiqa holli sarhu oye anndinii ko yi’aa caggal mbiɗitol ngol.
Ana haɓɓodii e tiiɗalla mbiɗu ngun, sabi fillitgol golle ɗen ana muuyee ngam heɓɓuki hujja jaabaamuye lamduli e cuusal naadu walla nyiɓde lamduli no laaɓiri, nagam jaabaade lamdal mangal.
No yiite X-ray DNA sakintorii de Florence Bell wangini e nder mbinddi Doktoora makko (1939) e nandi e (kaani wooɗay foti) “Phot 51”, kaani goole ɗen bonnaama de woolde winndere ɗiɗaɓo fuɗɗi.
“Joyaɓurdu 1952-- Watson heɓii nasaraaku heɓuki odooji X-ray mo TMV ana holla sankitagol yiite hawrude e waylitagol helix.”””
Eendugol ngol ko waɗiraama laawol hiisiwal, ko serti e laawol annde yonki andaaɗe.
“DNA wanaa helix.”””
misaalu, kuuɓal cukuli dow caggal helix (Crick miilii cukuli 2, kaani hollii Watson ndaarta ɗum faa wooɗa), nokku ɗo fomre majji tawaa (nder ngi’al caggalaawal naa yaasin maggal) ekn.
“Kaani Wilkins jaɓii waɗdeɗum caggal yawtugol Franklin.”””
kanko e Crick den waɗi laabi mum’en gollirde kubaruuji andanooɗi dow DNA yeru diidi Chargaff dow hawtugol kulle ɗiɗi e fomre.
Ngam sabbabu hayniiɗo e tedduɗo kiimiyankooɓe woɓɓe ana jokkana ko’e mum’en sabaabuuji, hano so sabaabu on ana nder golle maɓɓe.
Saate gollidooɓe haqinqintaa sellugol sabaabu golle ɗen, ko woni hen tan, nder jiile saatoowo on mbiɗe ɗen ana selli (dow sifa mo mbiɗol ngol waddi).
Ɗii laabi kulle e no ɗi fawiraa fuf ana holla laabi e tagu kiimiyya mbiɗi dow kiimiyya ngondal.
Kulle gonɗe dow ana hollitee nder Njande wiide “laabi kiimiinagal”
Misaalu, nde Eintein immini ngonu huunde heertaaɗo e jaajuɗo dow sakikkiraagu kulle, o yeddani nder kala laawol diid Newton.
Nder dabare e hakkilantaaku hawrinde eti naadu limgal kuuje tudduɗi ana heewi ko sendi hakkunde kiimiyya-feno, yeru anndal winndere e kiimiyya, yeru alaaqa kulle e njande yonki.
Goddi di tabitinaaka fuu limtete ngam famuki duudal huunde woore naftitraa’nde
Innde kuuje kuugal don dogiri dow fonditaago woodaaki: Inde kugal teddungal dogiri dow naftiraaki kuuje diidadum bana kiilogiram dun platinum-iridium resadum ha suudu foondo lesdi Faransa.
Burnaa fuu limte kimiyaaku don tindinee be cuudi foondo din naftirtee bawo don ngam labbinki inde cuudi conventional physics yaake dun andinta kuugal ngal
Duubi wadi duubi ujineje hiddeko foo’ndo iga astronomanko’en Chald, India, Greek, Arab’en be nanta turanko’en hepta yaadu duniyaaru
Feerotiral gi’aangal dow waylitaaki piiltol adunaaru Maakuwuri hakkunde miijonteeri Newton e tayaka e nder fiiji ɗi Enistein yi’i mbaaway laataaki jarriboore maako nde Doosre Yowitere.
Sayinskooɓe e ngoodi bawɗe huuduki ko ɓe ngoodi fuu—hakkiilo maɓɓe, miijooji maɓɓe gila fannuuji feere, kisindol, tommbere Bayes, e ko horii—ngam ɓe teyna nden ɓe faama ko ɓe ngukki yeeso nder tewtuki anndal.
Sayinsooɓe ɗuɗɓe e kuuda e ɗi’i kalimaaji ngam inndanki miijanteeri anndaandi tokkundi goɗɗi laabi anndaaɗi ammaa fuu e non e ndi hoyi huudeeki.
E woodi faayida mawɗum nder laataaki ƴewtal jarribaaki tommbere nden anndaaka.
To tommbe ɗen faamataake ta enndol koo tayaka, jooɗtoorde nden waawata foondeeki ngam non wurtoto nder keerol saayins.
Ɗu’um hollata-en wiiki senndo DNA nder X-ray wutoyto e sifa x.
Wonnde sarde nden a taway miijanteeji ɗin ngoni kawtaaka koo ngaɗaaka no haani musamman to ɗum raari manngu jarriboore nden.
Nde’e dabare e huuda e feerotiral hakkunde sampulji ɗuuɗɗi koo tayakaaji, ko adadu, dow sarɗiiji feerotirɗi ngam yiiki ɗume feerotiri ɗume boo woni feerootiraayi.
Dabare woore nder heɓtuki fakto keewɗum faayida kannjum woni ko noddetee kiinyal fakto.
Kay! Eenguki piirowal gila New York yaaki Paris hoore maajum ɗum jarriboore foondoore yirwere piiruki kuudaande nder mahuki piiroowal ngal.
Ɗon e ɗon Franklin faami laru ndaaranɗum ɓaarol ndiyam ngol.
Tampuki saayinskeejo dow hawtuki joodterde woɗnde waaway wadduki firtuki heski ki kuungal daareteengal ngal.
Sayinskooɓe horiiɓe mbaaway fuɗɗuki tewtuki anndal maɓbe nden be naata kuugal ngal e yaɓre nde ɓe naati fuu.
Haala caahiika kanka woni doole woɓɓe sayinskooɓe ɓen mbaawa heɓuki ko heɓaa fuu.
Non no bayaanu wooɗiri nder teyniyki yeeso hollata lugguki alfaalu maajum, non boo ɓural maajum nder firtuki goɗɗi hujjaaji ɗin to ɗum foondidaama e goɗɗi bayaanuuji feere.
Nyemmbieɗe saayins feerotirii dow ɗuuɗki no ɗe kuudaa nder jarribooje nden e neeɓuki maaje, kadin e non no ɗe njaɓiraa nder ummaatoore saayinskooɓe.
To hujja ba ɗu’um heɓaama, miijo heso waaway waddeeki, ɗuuɗɗum boo ɗum taway mo”inki miijo gaɗawo ngon heƴii fiirta hujja kesum ɗum.
Misaalu, diidaaɗi Newton fiirtii duuɓi ujuneeji ɗi anndal saayins dow adunaaji no, fiirtol kiɓɓol.
Gila ni miijooji kesi mbaaway ɓurki gaɗaaji maaji hewuki, ngam non ɗi mbaaway fiirtuki ɓuri gaɗaaji ɗin, miijooji tokkoyɗi gaɗa mbaaway fiirtuki tayakaaji ɗuuɗɗi ko ɓuri gaɗaaji ɗin.
“To ni haa miijooji laatiiɗi timmuɗi, keewɗi bayaanuuji kiisama nden boo njokkaama, e ɗi laato kokuwol taɓɓotoongol ko ferɗinidiri e maaji fuu.
Nasaraaku maajum waaway jelkuki ammaa ɗuuɗɗum ɗum juutataa.
“Nga’al ɗatal kuudoowal e annde kiiɗe ngam faamuki kese—ardinoowal ko jaɓaa nder umaatoore ammaa e darjina miijooji luutuɗi bana nder haalaaji nden e foonduki teyniɗe dow ko noddetee ““jaadoojum e hakkiilo.””
Ɗo’o woni yottaade nden ko waddi, koo ko ɓadii, goonga kan hoore maaka to maaɗa koo to am koo boo to ummaatoore nden nde fuu.
Gila ‘abduction’, Pierce ferɗindirii ‘induction’ dow ko woni dartinaade dow foonduki no goonga ɗuuɗiri nder jooɗtoorde nden.
Ɗuuɗɗum, koo ɓernde eltaande hoore maare a tampa teynuki ko haani nde teyna.
“Pierce, Charles S. (1902), Kuutinirgol Carnegie, raaru MS L75.329330, gila Ɓaarol D ngol Daartol 27: ““Ngam non, jiitol ɗum yawnuki fii gaɗoojum jooni ko yeeso, haa ni en mbannaayi hoore meeɗen dow jiitol ngol.
“Ngam non, waɗuki ‘abduction’ laatiiɗum ɗum ƴamol heɓtoyki nden boo ɗum ƴamol aranndewol ngol heɓtoyki, e dogginiree e raartuki faggudu.””
Jooɗtoorde nden nde laatii timmaayi doole e tefa baasal jaarowal dow foondo ngaandi e hakkiilo, nden e nder saayins yaara ɓe to hujjaaji.
Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) Goɗɗo waaway wiiki ““kaayeefi adunaaru ɗum haa abadan kannjum woni faamuki-ndu.”””
Ɗi’i kaɓɓaaɗi nder ɓernde gila sewlaaku kawti ɗaɗol ngol saayins fuu yowii dow.
Tayakaaji maako dow huuduki saayins nden ɗi mbolwaayi dow no saayins hutinirtee e goɗɗi jamanuuji nden e finaatawaaji.
“Mo omtirii Damal 1 e haaluki dow ɓalli Golgi nden e non no ɗi saloraa-no arannde wiiki ɗi kuutinirɗi dabare tosuki, nden e booliiɗe Brahe e Kepler daarooɓe subaka nden e teyna fuɗoyki naange ““feere”” fuu nde ɗum laawol ‘physiology’ gootol.
Ngam non, mo wi’i dow koo ngale ɗatal koo laawol saayins, goɗɗo waaway heɓa ɓaarol taariiha ton to saalaaki tokkuki ngol waddi nyamki yeeso saayins.
Lincitooɓe saayins ɓe jamanu kamɓe hoore maɓɓe laatake waylo manngo bolweteeengo.
Nyemmbirɗe nder saayins e hiisiwe kaani laato e ɗe tokkindiri nden boo ɗe mbaaway fewneeki (ɗum waaway ɗoofukiɗe).
Misaalu, waylo teknikaleewo ngo wakkati ummike nder saayins, nden ciyaa wakkati laatike-no waylo manngo ngo hiisiwe.
Ɗerewol Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Natural Sciences ngol ɗerewol inndinngol dow fii ɗum gila to jiyleejo nyamɗo dokkal Nobel.
Nder hujjaaji e Fiirtol, Lakatos rokkii diidaaɗi ɗuuɗɗi dow heɓoyki hujjaaji nden e misaluuji fiitooji.
Ɗu’um waaway fiiryuki saayinskooɓe ɗuuɗɓe kollata ɓe ngaɗii saa’a.
Mahwah, NJ: Kawtiiɓe Lawrence Erlbaum
Ɗu’um kannjum woni ko Nassim Nicholas Taleb noddi ““faddo famɗasembeeku””; fuu nde goɗɗe ɗate lincutuki ɗen semmbiɗaa to kawrii e boofal neɗɗo, randoomaaku, ɗatal saayins ngal e naftoroo e ɗu’um randoomaaku e ɓaari ɗuuɗɗi (ngal faddasemmbewaakuwal)”.
Ɗe’e ƴewte ɗe kammaaka ngaɗta ardiiɓe tewtuki anndal e kaɓda dow mo”inki ko ɓe kammii ɗum boofal nder ɗtal maɓɓe.
Miijanteeri Saayinskeeri ɗum bayanu fiiji duniyaaru e winndere laatiiɗum foondaama foonditaama dow ɗate science, e huuduki laabi tayaka njaɓaaɗi, e foondal nden e tokkutuki ƴewte.
Miijanteeriiji saayinskeeji njaɓaaɗi tampinii dimmbol e wancutuki nden e ɗi kaɓɓi anndal saayinskewal.
“Stephen Jay Gould winndi wiiki ”“...ko nodda fact e miijanteeriji ɗi fiiji feerɗindirɗi. naa ɗi njaɓruɗi dow diggol ɓeydotoongol e yakiinu.”
Maana miijanteeri saayinskeeri (ɗusteteeɗum e wi’ee miijanteeri ngam koyɗum) nder fannuuji saayinskeeji e feerɗindiri seɗɗa e non no huudoertee nder yimɓe.
Nder haal
Gpɗɗi miijanteereeji ɗin njaadike tiggake faa ɗum laatike wayluki ɗi ɗum kuungal manngal (misaalu, miijanteereeji bana ebolucin, miijanteeri hiliyosentrik, miijanteeri ɓiɓɓe tagan miijanteeri tektonik nden e ndi nyawuuji, e fiiji bana non)
Miijanteeriiji saayinskeeji ɗi foondeteeɗi nden boo e ɗi ngaɗa hammaaki ki ɗum waawata fewnuki.
Sifa mawɗum nder anndal saayinskewal e miijanteereeji maagal kannjum woni bawɗe teynuki ki ɗum waawata fewnuki.
Ɗum tuugoraama e hujjaaji daraniiɗi koyɗe maaji naa aslu gootum.
Miijanteeri ebolucon saailke “miijanteeri tan””.”
Du’um kannjum rokkata hujja balloojum koo boo fewnoojum jooɗtoode.
Ɗu’um waaway hooƴuki duuɓi ngam ɗum waaway saɗuki koo boo tefuki hujjaaji ɗin jiɓoo.
Ummaaoore saayinskooɓe ɓen foondata semmbee hujja, nden jarribooje ɓurɗe manngu teema keɓaama to goɗɗe dente teelɗuɗe.
Nder Kemistiri, e woodi miijanteeriiji asid e bes gokkooji bayaanuuji ceeliiɗi dow neesu kawtal asid e bes, ammaa e ɗi keewi faayida ngam heƴƴuki sifaaji maaji.
Jaɓuki miijanteeri tefataa wiiki sey fuu ko teynaa nder maaji naa foondaama to faa e ɗum tuugoraa e hujjaaji cembiɗɗi.
Ƴewte teema tefay chanjihon dow miijanteeri, koo boo tefataa ko seɗɗa to haa e woodi bayaanu karnoojum nder miijanteeri ndin.
To faa mo”inki nder miijanteeri ndin koo goɗɗi bayaanuuji keƴaayi ngam tabitinki ƴewtal kesal ngal nden doole miijanteeri hesri tefee.
Ɗu’um boo ngam faa jooni kannjum bayaanu ɓurɗum selluki dow goɗɗe ɗate saayins ɗen, bana ɗum tabitina nder semmbee maajum gi’aaɗum nder kuuje feere.
Ɓaawo canjiiji ɗin, miijanteeri njaɓaandi ndin fiirtay ɗate kese nden heɓa sembee teynol ɓurɗum gaɗajum (sinaa non, canjiiji ɗin njaɓataake); ɗu’um bayaanu kesum omtay nden laabi mo”inki kesi.
Misaalu, hiite lantariiye e magneetizim anndaama dow laataaki fiiji ɗiɗi ɗi dow ɗatal gootal noddeteengal elektiromagnetizim,
Ɗu’um ɓillitaama e heɓutuki senndol nukiliya, yakawere mawnde nden gila naange.
Ta diwuki gila ko nodda yowitere cuɓɓaande, Einstein wi’ii moylaaki wakkati nden e ɓiɓɓaaki pellere to foondaama nder huunde wonnde nder yaadu e ɗon to woni—waato, fiiji ɗin e kolla beloosity jooɗiiɗum, laatiiɗum ɗum jawɗum e kibla to daaroowo ɗum foondiiɗum.
Einstein tefii omta doosre ‘invariance’ nde hawta fuu giiruɗe, dariiɗe koo boo doggooje.
“Ko semmbe ndu tedda ma don fooda dimmbannde teddudum dou huundeeji ta “boyluki” ““fellel”” nder fellere 4D.
Ɓaawo ɗon, diidaaɗi anndal saayinsi no tinndina no neesu wonirta si tawaama ley darorɗe ɗen.
Soynde faamootiral ɓurdungal wannguki ko wi’uki anndal saayinsi ko dogginol gewtaali laatiiɗi e seese-seese ɗi co”oto diidaaɗi saayinsi si keɓal ɗuuɗgal e seeduye hawtaama.
Ɗiɗi fuu gewtaali ɗin e diidaaɗi ɗin foti fewnee ta warduki e seeduye jahduɗum e maraɗum.
maandaare diidaangol aranol ko misaalu ɗemngal jaɓaangal.
Huunde nde gewtaali wanngini, si laatike nde waawataa heɓtireeki ta nanirɗe darnde woore (misaalu, ɓikkoy atom e ɓoggi raadiyo), nden e hoosiree darnde gewtidal.
“Haala ka ““daarɗe heedi gewtaali jaɓaaɗi”” e naftiree ngam tinndinki ngo’ol laawol ngol.”
Goɗɗo foti naftira ɗemngal ngam tinndinki mbaadi; ɓaawo non, gewtaali ɗin ko suura (malla kawtaale suuraaji nannduɗi), boo naa tinndinoore suura kan.
Suura paraamiitaaji, bana, Diidaangol Newton ngol Semmbe, taskitinii no daarɗe e jaawal waylirtoo e waylaaki wakktuuji.
“Helmere nde ““semantic”” e holla no suura darotoo darnde huunde to adunaaru goonga.”
“Kuugal Engineering senndii hakkunde ““mbaadil hiisawal”” e ““mbaadi mbannguɗi””; ɗuuɗgal saakuki mbaadi mbannguɗi foti ɗusteeki ta laawol arannde ni wadduki suuraaji hiisawal ta naftirki e saawdu kompuuta, bana kare wannginki e walliinde kompuuta.”
Goɗɗe tammooje ɗen ko doolɗiniiɗe ngam dartinki bi’ol (bana tammoode wannginnde dow jaati e woodi).
Ɗu’um foti hoya bana hoyuki ki laartuki ka gewtaali ɗin waɗi tiitooɗe laaɓɗe, laatiiɗum ko seeduye dow kala tammoode fuu gila fuɗɗam ko laaɓɗe malla boo ko ɓadiiɗe goonga ley darnde poondol ngol.
Gewtaangol ngol waɗi tiitooɗe laaɓɗe si tammooje ɗen ɗe laaɓɗe, nden ɗe laaɓaayii i tammooje ɗen ɗe wonaa goonaaje.
“Saggitorde Oxford nde Enngiliisi (OED) e online Wiktionary hollii iwdi helmere nden gila Latin assumere (““jaɓa, hakkilanki hoore, jaɓuki, nokkuki””), laatiiɗum ko jokkitol ngol ad- (““to, yahki, at””) e sumere (hoosa).”
“Helmere nden fuɗɗii naftireeki nder gewte diina bana ““ngam naatineeki nder Aljanna”” , walaa maa bana ““jaɓɓaaki paanyo Maryaama nder Aljanna, e ɓnndu hisnaandu gil mosle”” , (1297 CE) ammaa tan ni e ɗum naftiree to ““jaɓeeki nder dental”” malla ““jaɓki gonndal””.”
Tabitineeki tan heɓoto si ɗe laatike ngartamme tammooje; ɗu’um e nufa, si ka laaɓaayi nder ko gewtaangol ngol waddi, min tammoto huunde laatiinde nde yahdaayi e gewtaangol ngol - huunde laatiinde teddinay ka gewtaangol ngol.
gewtaangol laatingol ngol teddinaaka ta wonnde huunde nden faaeteende limtataake nder annde saayinsi.
Goɗɗi gewtaali ɗin tabitinaaɗi, si tawaama ko fewre, foti jogeeki haa ngiɗɓe gewtaangol ngol - bana wannginki hidde huunde (ɓaawo goonga) goɗɗe tammooje maa boo takkaaɗe,malla ta piirtitinki gewtaangol ngol hidde huunde nde no ngol saletee teddineeki.
“Popper rammiɗini ɗi’i haalaaji nde o wi’i darnde saayinsi kam mawnde nde ngol’ol gewtaangol ko ““fewnoore nden, malla tabtinl ngol, malla poondol ngol””.”
“Piloosopaaɓe ɗuuɗɓe e anndanɓe taariiha saayinsi waɗi, sikay, wi’ii kollitol Popper dow gewtaangol ngol ko resaa dow fewnuki haalaaji wonaa dangiiɗum sabu, bana noPhilip Kitcher holli, si goɗɗo hoosii darnde Popper jogike no haani ka ““gewtaangol”” , dartitol ngol Uranus ko heɓtaa arannde e nder hitaande 1781 foti kanƴum ““fewnee”” haala jonnde welwelo nde Newton waddi heedimechanics.”
“Ɓuytitol: ““Gewtaangol mawngol heedi saayinsi, bana ngol Newton, maɓɓitii goɗɗi laabi ɗin ɗi biɗitol….”
Kala sarde fuf, no ɗum wadda ƴami ɗuuɗi ɓurduɗi ɗi ɗum jaabaa.
Bana luttuɗe tinndinooje ɗen ɗe gewtaali, kawtuɗi haa e ɗi Popper, Kitcher laaɓɓinii-ka dow kala gewtaangol fuf naa saawii haalaaji marooji o laartetee.
Foti ɗum joɗɗinee dow ɗerewol bana diidaaɗi, ɗum laaɓay ka dartaaki darnde gewtaangol si haa ɗu tokkitii ɗi’i diidaaɗi ɗin.
“Fiiji hiisawal kertaaɗi ɗi gewtaangol electromagnetic kiiɗɗum tinndiniraama e ““diidaaɗi electromagnetism,”” dow darnde dartaaki maajum e seeduuye tiigiiɗe-ɗum.”
misaalu sekitiiɗum ɗum foti laatoo semmbe jaaynitol.
Saayinsiyaajo ko neɗɗo biɗitoowo ngam yajjinki anndal dow wakkere suɓaande.
Saayinsiyaaɓe e jamanuuji ceertuɗi (e hiddee maɓɓe, piloosopaaɓe dow tagdi, hiisiwankooɓe, taariihankooɓe dow tagdi, anndanɓe tagdi heen, innjiniya’en, e luttuɓe wallutuɓe dow ɓamtuki anndal saayinsi) e mari darjiɗineeki nder ummaatoore, e maa aadiiji jaɓaaɗi, aɗɗe kuwdal, e nuɗɗinre njahdoore e anndanɓe saayinsi - e tammude heede maɓɓe - waylike sanne e waylaaki jamanu.
Ɗuuɗɓe nder ardinɓe annde saayinsi gila jamanu Duuɓi Ɓamtaare Lislaama e raariree dow anndanki kala noone hiisawal, nde laatii walaa wonnde huunde nde tawaaka nder annde saayinsi kese.
Anniyaaji ɗin warii no laaɓiri ta laawol maandoore e hoosiree walaa bana hoosiraa goonga.
Descartes laataaki tan tigguɗo analytic geometry haa e sincuki gewtaangol ngol mechanics e imiijooji mawɗi dow asngol jaljalo dabbaaji e faamuye.
O waddii diidaaɗi koyɗi ɗi asngol mechanics nden o wiɗitii heedi jaayngol e daarɗe.
O heɓtoyii ka caaji ngaɗeteeɗum to ƴiƴal ɓaawol ngal paaɓi foti hawta tuuɗe nder fuka ɓanndu.
Lazzaro Spallanzani ko gooto nder ɓurduɓe anndeeki nder anndal poondol anndal tagdi e maa annde saayinsi asliije.
Sikay, walaa laawol dartinaangol ngam jooɗɗinki moye woni saayinsiyankeejo nden moye woni wonaa kanko.
Seɗɗa nder senndere jaabiiɓe ɓen ngiɗiino heɓa anndal maɓɓe heedi jannga-janngina, woɓɓe nder maɓɓe boo e miijo huwuki to kampaniiji, ngomnati, e nokkuje ɗe njoɓrataa ceede.
Ɓe ngardii e tammeendam mawɗam heedi banngal goonagaaku.
Woɓɓe nder saayinsiyaaɓe e woodi miijo ngo naftirki anndal saayinsi ngam boteendam njamu, leyɗe, adunaaru, malla kampaniiji (saayinsiyaaɓe ɓe jannga-janngina e saayinsiyaaɓe kampaniiji.
Ɗu’um hawtii e cosmooloji, anndal tagdi, walaa bana anndal tagdi heedi molecular e kadi genome innu Aadama.
Ɗuuɗgal hawtii e sowre ɗiɗi nde worɓe dow ngal rewɓe.
Wonnde nde huunde nden hawtii e puttol mawngol, ngurtol ciirwol gamma , guusaaji, bulasaaji, pulsaaji, e dogginol jaayngol heedi ɓoggi adunaaru.
Anndal koode ko go’o nder annde saayinsi kiiɗɗe asliije.
Ton ɓaawo-no, anndal koode hawtii e annde ceertuɗe bana astrometry, laanyool jaajngol, hakkilanol fii anndal koode, e kadi waɗki limlebbiiji.
Hakkilanol fii anndal koode e daranii ka hawtuki keɓal gila hakkilanaare nde fiiji anndal koode wontiri.
Fannuuji ɗi’i ɗiɗi gootel fuu e teddina gootel mum.
“Dow tindinoore nde saggitorde caaɗɗinaande waɗi, ““anndal koode”” e daranii ““anndal dow kuuje e fiiji gonɗi yaasi adunaaru ndu’u e maa banngeeli e kare kuugal,”” nden boo ““astrophysics”” e daranii ka lisal ngal anndal koode kakkilanoowal ka huwduki e ““aɗɗe ɗe kare ɗe mbannginaaɗe, aɗɗe, aɗɗ e mbannginaaɗ, e tokkugol ka kuuje ɗinbe e fiiji goɗɗi””.”
Goɗɗi fannuuji ɗin, bana astrometry, ko laaɓɗum dow ko anndal astronomy naa bana ngal astrophysics.
Gila ɗi’i haalaaji ɗin, miijooji dow woncaaki adunaaji fuɗɗi, e kadi neesu Naange, Lewru e Lewndu nder Adunaaru raarta ta laawol piloosopaaku.
Ko ɓuri saman nder ɓamtaare jahal yeeso arannde ɗum ko fuɗɗoode anndal koode heedi hiisawal e saayinsi, huunde nde yimɓe Babylon puɗɗi, tigguɓe laawol ngol anndanɓe koode tokki ɓaawo nder kala waytaare hesre fuf.
Anndal koode ngal yimɓe Girka gila arannde jongitorike dow heɓuki huunde dartiinde, bayaanu no fiiji ngontiri ngam haala welwelo tammeteengo.
Hipparchus kanko maa o waddii limngal koode laaɓngal kewtuɗe 1020, nden ɗuuɗgal kereli koode ɗen ta wakkere woyla kannje ndasi hakkiilo anndanɓe anndal koode Girka.
Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) e Regiomontanus (1436–1476) wallitii to ɓe ngaɗi naftirɗe njahrooje anndal ngal Copernicus yeeso dow ɓamtuki ka suura heliocentric goɗɗi duuɓi sappooji ɓaawo ɗon.
Nder hitaande 964, Oornde koode nde Andromeda, oornde koode ɓurdunde mawngu e nder koode ngonndaaɗe ɗen, goɗɗo juulɗo anndanɗo anndal koode mo leydi Paasia Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi nder deftere maako Deftere Koode Dariiɗe.
Anndanɓe anndal koode e nden ton sarde ngardii e inɗe ɗuuɗɗ ɗe Aarabre naftirteeɗe jooni dow goɗɗ koode ɗen.
Taarihankeejo mo Songhai Mahmud Kati mooɓtii waktuuji dow koode lilaaɗe nder lewru Ogustaaru 1583.
Kepler woni arano ngarduɗo e dabare nde tinndinki woncaaki Lewndu sera Naange.
Anndanɗo koode mo Tuubankeejo John Flamsteed limtii ko dillani kood 3000, limngal kood ɓurdungal laaɓki ngal heɓaama gila Nicolas Louis de Lacaille.
Nga’al kuugal ngal Joseph-Louis Lagrange e Pierre Simon Laplace laartitiingal, to ɓe ɗali ɗuuɗgal adunaaje ɗen e lebbi ɗin poondiree e no ɗe ngaylirtoo.
Koode kam tabitanaama e laataaki bana Naange Lewndu, ammaa e ɗuuɗgal nguleenga, ɗuuɗeengal, e kadi yaajki.
Gewtidal dow anndal koode waddi ko tammooje dow wannguki kuuje bana gaska ɓaleha e koode neutron, naftiraaɗe ngam sappaaki nde’e huunde no faamiraa bana nde guusaaji, pulsaaji, bulaasaaji, e kadi dogginol oornde koode
Haaluki dow anndal koode foti cenndee no nokkuuje laatii e cenndii dow darnde electromagnetic latiiɗum dow maajum haalaneeki kin daranii.
Nden fahin goɗɗi ɓoogi dogginol ngol e yottinee tan to naftirɗe anndal koode, ɗum nguleenga wurtinta, ɗuuɗɗum nder ko dogginol ngol wannginta ko faamaa ko ngartamme jaayngol synchrotron , nguryonteeɗum ko kaɓɓe electron takkii e fannu mum.
Laasinndol gila Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)laatike marɗum saman to wannginki oornde koode yeesoore e maa oorɗe koode jaɓɓotooɗe.
Suuraaji laasinndeeji ɗin diidiraama juuɗe gila arannde.
Wulwullo heedi anndal koode woni ko ɓurdi to annduki jaayngol nguleenga e wurtinki laabi ɗin gila koode Ɓollojum (koode OB) laatiiɗe e jaayna sanne to nden ɗon tamre nden.
Oornde jaayngol koode ngol Gamma foti laasinnde ta laartirki-ɗi daarɗe juuɗɗe bana ɗe Laasinnderal Compton Gamma Ray malla boo ta telekoopsiwal innirteengal atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes.
Dasidal ɓoggi ɗi anndal koode ko fannu mbannguɗum kuwdiroojum e keɓtoowel dasidal ɓoggi ngam hawtuki keɓal laasindiral dow kuuje ɗuuɗɗe goɗɗuɗe.
Nder taariiha ni, anndal dartiingal dow darnde nde Naange, Lewru, Lewndu, e koode laatike ko huunde ardaniinde tammeteengal (naftirki naftirɗe tammeteengal ngam ardinki laanyo ngon) e kadi waɗki limmlebbiiji.
Foonduki ki stellar parallax dow koode gonɗe haade waddii fuɗɗoode faastellar parallaxuki daayeendam adunaaji naftirteeɗum darnde adunaaru.
Hiimitaare suura kan ka laawol ngol ɓuri laaɓuki dow hokuki ko faametee dow ko woni e dogga jooni.
Laasidinndiral dow huunde nden tiitanaama e suura ka ɗalki anndanɓe koode suɓa hakkunde cuɓaaɗe ɗuuɗɗe malla suuraaji nurrooji laatoo gootum ɓurɗum to tinndinki huunde nden.
E goɗɗi fiiji ɗin, keɓal keɓaangal laatiingal ngal yahdaayii ko neeɓii foti doolɗa mbeedi ndin ɗalee.
Sabu astrophysics ko huunde jaajde sanne, astrophysic’ene ko ɗuuɗi e naftira goɗɗi fannuuji ɗin ɗi physics, kawtuɗi e mechanics, electromagnetism, mechanics ɗum hiisawal, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, wonnanndaaku, nuukiliya e physics cenndiiɗum, e ɓikkoy atom e molecular physics.
“Helmere nde““astrochemistry”” foti naftireeki to ɗiɗi fuu ɗi Solar System e ɗi interstellar medium.”
Non maa helmere exobiology ko gootum.
Laasindal dow darnde jaajeengi adunaaru, lisal anndal anndiraagal e physical cosmology, waddi faamoodiral keewngal dow tagki e wannguki adunaaru.
Tokkootiral darnde huunde nden fuɗɗii gila cenndootiral mintiiji to ɗuuɗgal tenndeengal asaman.
Limngal dasodal kawtiiɗum ɓoggol ngol, nden acci meere e hakkundere.
Fannuuji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi Physics e mari saman to annduki adunaaru.
Haa regare, sekitiiɗum e mari nafu to heɓtuki no darnde jaajeengi adunaaru wontiri.
Bana no innde den holl, oornde koode mutol e woodani noone sarkitol jokkolle ɗe mutol.
Oornde oode mutol e tawee ko ɗuuɗi to mooɓgal koode mawɗe, boo foti wona heɓaama gila hawtaaki oorle koode jaajɗe.
oorde koode nde Spiral kannje laatii koode daneeje kiiɗɗ e taarii-ɗe.
Bana fecco senndere oorle koode ɗe wonaa tokkitiraaɗe, nden boo suuraaji keertaaɗi ɗi oorle koode ɗen foti laatoo ko teddeengal adi-ɗum.
Oornde koode ko koode laatiinde ko e jaayna sanne e wakkere jaayngol ngol heedi wakkere maaje, boo e wanngina jaayngol ɗuuɗgol sanne e maa wurtinki tekke gas.
Daarnde jaajengi adunaaru e luutiree darnde dental e oorle mooɓgal koode.
E caka nokku anndiraangu Laawol Kosam woni mawɗum, marɗum suura tuurol e ko nuɗɗɗina dow gaska ɓaleha mawka nden boo laati e caka.
Taarde nden e taaridiie koode kiiɗɗ jalbooje, koode anndaaɗe II, e maa kadi koode cokkaaɗe anndiraaɗe e oorle globular.
Ɗe’e puɗɗiri e ko anndiraa bana hidde fuɗɗoode mawnde nden boo nebulaae ɓalejum, laatiiɗum e tiitanii nden yaniti (nder ɗuuɗgal ko heertanaa e jaajeengal Jeans) ngam wannginki kawal koode ɗen.
Ɗe’e oorle ɗen e majjita nder hakkiilo, nden koode ɗen jokkoo ɗuuɗal ɗen ɗe Laawol Kosam.
7–18 ɗum nyiɓki koode e wannga nder nyiɓɓaangol nokkuuje ɗe sollaare e gas, ko anndiraa e duule molecular mawɗe.
Kala kuuje ɗen ko ɓurdi fuf e ɓurdi tedduki dow idraaki and helium ɗe tagaama nder caka koode ɗen.
Nder jamanu daayɗum, ɗu’um idraaki ɗum fuu ɗum waylii yahki helium, nder hoodere fuɗɗi wwannguki.
Ittuki lare ngaɗaareeje waddi banngal adunaaru ndu’u.
Ɗoo dum duubi-11 ko doggitinol jaawal to limngal gaheere naange.
Naange kannge maa nge heɓii waylaaki ki jaayngol fotuɗum wanngina huunde tilimnde to adunaaru.
Dow ngal laral ngal ko nokkuure anndiraande e chromosphere.
Dow maajum boo jak ko nokkuure jaayngol, to huunde booyal ngal saawata fiiji semmbe ta laawol jaayngol ngol.
Henndu ngulam naange ndu cenndaali booyal ngal e tokkootiri ka wurtinki kuuje gila Naange ngen naa nde, e ton yaasi ton haade naange ngen, ɗum yottoo nokku heliopause.
Adunaaje ɗen ɗe tagaama duuɓi biliyon 4.6 caaliiɗi nder mooɓidal adunaaje taarungal Naange aranndeye.
Adunaje ɗen tokkitini e laaɓɓitina, maa boo e majjita, huunde ko lutti e sarde ko pettel fettii, bana no ceekaali wanngini seeduye non to Lewru.
Laawol ngol foti wadda wannguki hayre malla boo fii njamndi ɗon, ko taariraa e suddaari e kadi banngal yaasi.
Goɗɗe adunaaje ɗen e lebbi e saawa nguleenga fotunga wadda baylal adunaaru bana tuccam hiite kaaƴe, e darnde maaru.
Astrostatistics ko naftirki limngal yahki astrophysics ngam hiimitaaki ɗuuɗgal huunde nde laasidal dow keɓal dogginol adunaaru.
Cosmochemistry ko anndal ngal kemikal keɓeteengal to Jaayngol Naange, kawtuɗum e asngol kuuje e cenndaali ɗi cenndo ngon.
Dente Astronomy e tawee e kala jaajel adunaaru nden ɗuuɗɗe e mari taskaramji ɗi walluki gonndiɗɗaɓe maɓɓe tigga nden timmina taskanaaki laasindal kawtuɗi e laasidooji kala ɗe’e kuuje nder Messier (110 kuuje) malla Herschel limngal 400 ngal toɓɓe giɗal to asaman jemma.
Ɓe maandaaki kuuɗe ɗen e huwira ko wanngi ɗum ɓoggi ɗin, ammaa seɗɗa nder maɓɓe e foondira ɓoggi ɗin ammaa yaasi taarde ko yi’etee-ɗum.
ɗuuɗɓe nder ɓe maandidaaki anndal koode e naftira yalla teleskoop malla naftira teleskoop sonnyo laatiiɗi nyiɓaama nden maa ngam biɗitol heedi anndal koode ammaa jooni kadi e heɓee to ɓe maandidaaki anndal koodengal (bana teleskoop ɗum aayil gootum).
Jaabuye ɗe’e foti raɓɓita nyiɓki goɗɗum naftiteeɗum ɗum kesum boo tiitaniiɗum fiiji aaman, e kadi to waɗoto ɓamtaare hesre nder gewtidal e poondol ngol anndal physics.
Faamu lugguɗum e tefee dow tagdi koode e adunaaje e raɓɓitee.
Si non kam, ko woni bayaanu dow haala luutoodirooha ka Fermi?
Ko woni neesu huunde ɓaleere e semmbe ɓalejum.
No oorle koode aranndeeje fuɗɗiri.
Astrobiology, anndiraaɗum-no e exobiology, ko fannu anndal naatoodiroowal ngal saayinsi anndoowal ka asngol, fuɗɗoode aranndeere, cenndal, e kadi no ngeendam wonirta ton yeeso nder adunaaru.
Asngol e kadi fuɗɗoode ngeendam ko huunde nde senndataake nder fannu anndal ngal astrobiology.
Biochemistry foti laatoo fuɗɗii wannguki ɓaawo Pettol mawngol, duuɓi biliyon 13.8 caaliiɗi, sarde fuɗɗoode banngal fiiji adunaaru ko Adunaaru ndun saalaaki duuɓi miliyon 10–17 tan.
Fuu e non, Lewndu tan woni nokkuure nde innu Aadama’en anndi to adunaaru to ɓe ndogginta ngeendam maɓɓe.
Helmere exobiology hawtaama e kuugal anndanɗo molecular biology boo keɓɗo dokkal Nobel Prize ngal Joshua Lederberg.
“Helmere xenobiology jooni e ɓuri naftireeki to fiiji saman, e nufa ““anndal biology jonngitiriingal dow goɗɗi fiiji ɗi chemistry”” , laatoo yalla jooɗi to asngol yaasi adunaaru malla nder adunaaru (foti wona ɗum hoyaayi faameeki) origin.”
Ammaa to ni hoositiraama yaasi ko anndal saayinsi darani tefki, nden astrobiology wartii fannu anndal jaɓaangal janngee.
Nder hitaande 1959, hukuuma NASA tiggi taskaram arana ka exobiology, nden e nder 1960, NASA hakkitini ceede ngam Taskaram Exobiology, laatiiɗum jooni ko go’o nder kuuje NASA mawɗe ɗe Taskaram Astrobiology.
Ɓamtaare heedi faanu astrobiology, laasindal ngal anndal koode e kadi heɓtoyki noone tagale ceertuɗe nguurooje ley nguleenga e torra e maa baawɗe keertinaaɗe ɗe wawki foofuki e nokkuuje caɗanɗe nder Lewndu, non ɗum waddii miijo tammeendam dow ngeendam foti wuuree e yaasi adunaaru ndu’u.
Missions nden maa waɗaama ngam heɓtoyki ngeendam nder adunaaru Mars to laatii taskaram Viking nden Beagle 2 naataa.
Nder regare hitaande 2008, jippiiɗo Phoenix tabitini dow taariindi ndin foti hoosa yimɓe ndenno e maa ɓe jooni to adunaaru Mars, nden wiɗitii asngol ndiyam e ton ɗum.
Nder lewru Nuwemmbaaru 2011, hukuuma NASA fampii jollal Laabooratirii Saayinsi Mars ardinoowal Tammeendam yahki yeeso, jippiiɗum to adunaaru Mars to nokku Gale Crater nder lewru Ogustaaru 2012.
Ka anndinaama dow tammoore nde ɗuuɗgal ngeendam to adunaaru men e wuuree ley fiiji kaabon ɗi chemistry, bana kala ngeendam woni e ndu’u adunaaru ndu Lewndu.
Haala ka goonga dow ɓikkoy kaabon atom e takkinndirii e woɗkoy ɓikkoy kaabon atom koy e waɗa boo hoyna nyiɓuki juuɗɗum boo caɗɗum molecules.
Tammoode tataɓre e daranii ka taarɗe adunaaje ɗe koode nanndi Naange ɗe ɗawtuki tammeendam fotuki wuuruki e adunaaje ɗen.
Dow haala ka’a, naftirɗe ɗuuɗɗe ngaɗaaɗe ngam heɓtoyki jaajeenga adunaaru jaɓanaama, ko ɓuri anndeeki nder taskaram NASA ka Keɓtowal Baawɗe Jonnde to Adunaaje Goɗɗe (TPF) e taskaramji ESA's Darwin, laatiiɗi ɗi fuu ɗi wirlaama.
Drake gila aran sincii potuduɗe tan ngam laatoo tan miijo ngo halduki e suudu gewtidal Saggordu leydi Girka, ammaa goɗɗe naftirɗe ɗe foomula kan hoosiraama no woniri boo yahdidaama e hoyeendam maa boo gewte fii saayinsi.
Heɓtoyki tagle nguurooje e nokkuuje ngulɗe boo caɗɗe, orgaanisimji mbaawooji wuura e nokkuuje caɗɗe, laatike nokkuure mawnde nde biɗitol ngam astrobiologist’en, nde laatii ɗum booɗɗum bote maajum ɗe fannuuji nayi anndee: ko hoyi heedi panspermia, e ardina fii wonnaaki huunde sabu kuuɗe nawaare ɗe innu Aadama, jeyuki yimɓe adunaaru, e kadi yurnitol ngeendam yaasi e nder adunaaru.
Haa e ngeendam ton ley caanɗi, to jaayngol naange yottataako, e numanee heɓki belɗum ngeendam halaa gila heɓki fiiji ooganisiji toɓidowooji e toɓo gila asaman malla boo gila nyaamki dabbaaji.
Laawol ngo’ol ngol wurtinki caabon osidait waylitii ka anndal nga’al ngal tagdi e anndal tagdi toye fuf ta laawol wannginki giɗaaɗi ngeendam ɗam maranaayi haaje tiigoraaki naange; tan ko ɗum tefata ko ndiyam e fiiji ngaddooji semmbe ngam wuuruki.
Organisimji sappo cemmbiɗɗi cuɓaaɗi ngam taskaram NGEENDAM, ɗi Amir Alexander Deinococcus radiodurans, Bacillus subtilis, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, aawdi gila Arabidopsis thaliana ('aawdi noppi-ndombru'), e maa kadi marle ɗe ngalanaa ƴiƴal ɓaawowal Tardigrade.
Lewru Jupiter, Europa, e ndu Saturn, Enceladus, jooni e hoosiree nokkuuje ɓurduɗe ngam wuuruki yaasi adunaaru e jaayngol naange sabu wonuki maaje reeta ndiyam caanɗi to aduki sonnyooji e nguleenga laatiiɗum e doolɗina ndiyam wannga.
“Sollaare adunaaru ngulnoore-ndu e saawi fiiji oogaanic ɗi heɓilowtaake (““organic joorɗum ɗum suura mum daartaaki e kadi darnde aromatic-aliphatic””) fotuɗum tagee nden wona goongajum, boo e jaawal ta koode.”
PAHs e hoola bana waɗaama ɓaawo Pettol mawngol waɗaama e seɗɗa to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.
)Poondol astroecology e wiɗitoo dow leydi adunaaje, ta naftirki e naftinirɗe asamana nder naftirɗe kaaƴe e jamɗe.
Dow poodirngal mawngal, anndal fiiji adunaaru, e hakkilana sanne heedi ngeendam nder adunaaru dow no jamanuuji maaru wontiri.
KO ɓurdiraa waawaneeki hawtidii e cosmochemistry, biochemistry e organic geochemistry.
Goɗɗe nokkuuje ɗen e Lewndu, bana Pilbara e Hiirnaange Australia e kadi Ƴoole Njoorɗe ɗe McMurdo leydi f Antarctica, e hoosiree wona fiiji adunaaru nannduɗi e ɗi Mars, nde laati non kam, foti wadda goɗɗi dabareeje ɗin no tefirta ngeendam caaliiɗam to adunaaru Mars.
Tilas, ka hollii asngol ngeendam toye fuu foti woni huunde woore e nden nde adunaaru Lewndu, to kala fiiji ɗin maa boo e nanndu maaji.
Ɗiɗi tan nder neesuyanke atomji, kaabon e silicon, anndiraa e laataaki tiigorɗe ɗe molecules no yottii haaje haa foti jogaaki bayaanuuji ngeendam.
Nayi fotuɗi wona non ɗum to ngeendam to jaayngol naange ko adunaaru Mars, lewru Jovian, ndu Europa, e lewru Saturn e ɗi Titan e Enceladus.
To peewol adunaaru Mars e soynde ɓillere bone, ndiyam foti laatoo lamɗamjam.
“E 11 December 2013,hukuuma NASA anndini ka heɓtoyki ““fiiji nannduɗi luggeeri”” (ɓurdii maa, phyllosilicates), wonnde sarde nden e yahda e fiiji oorgaanic, dow jaajel mallomalooje to Europa.”
Woɓɓe saayinsiyaaɓe numii dow ɗi’i fiiji ɗi ndiyam-nidyam ɗi hydrocarbons foti daroo darnde ndiyam to fiiji ɓikkoy yonki laatiikoy e peerootiri gila gonkoy to adunaaru Lewndu.
Walaa wonngol laawol ngol anndaangol ngol no fiiji ɗi ngalaa yonkingoniri to adunaaru laatiiɗum fotay wannginki ngeendam maajum.
Yamato 000593, njamndi malla hayre ɓurdunde mawndu gila adunaaru Mars, heɓaama to adunaaru Lewndu nder hitaande 2000.
Nyalnde 5 Maarisa 2011, Richard B. Hoover, saayinsiyankeejo e duɗal Marshall Space Flight Center, miilii dow heɓtoyki ko tuumaa ko luttaano ko wuurunoo nannduɗum e cyanobacteria nder CI1 heedi fiiji laabonji ɗi kaaƴe e ƴiƴe nder nate Jaaynde anndal Cosmology, habaru ɗum gure caakol kubaruuji saaki sanne.
Tabitinoojum tawaama nder kala dabare naangewol, ayyiniiɗum ma dow hoodere Mas.
Ɓesduki wakkati leppootirki naa eseko, hokkay dabareeje huncitol koode ɗuuɗɗe e goɗɗe bana ɗe men.
Tiitinaare nden ngam luncita kon koowohon baawoohon kisa sartiiji yaadu hoodere nden, kadin tabitina rimtinaaki baawal.
Ɗii gikkuuji cembiɗinaaɗi mbaaway ɗalaɗe ngeenda to pelle marɗe sartiiji nyaaɗɗi koo nde waylaaki maa e waɗa goɗɗi keeriiji dow naftoraago botee ɗe dow laawol juuɗewol dow ngeedam estiraterestiriyaaliyel.
Tagugo siposhoy e wallita kon yeeɗa to bangeereeje hiɓɓiiɗe jisde kon mbaawata kon fuɗɗita manngu seluulahon.
Dittalle ɗiɗ ɗen yo nannduɗe, ngam non pooduyooje tollitiniiɗe dogginaa to pelle ɗiɗ ɗen dow jihawa hooder Mas anndiraaɗe Viking1 haade diidol eketowol e Viking 2 to daayi haa Woyla.
Nder ilmu lincutuki naange, koode e asmanji, majjitol wonta moɗuki e cankutuki sollaare e gas no llasiɗinirta cemmbe lantarkewuure no wanngirta lincitol koode, naange e lewru hakkunde lincitoowo e ko lincitetee.
To koode laatiiɗe haade babal laawol Milky nden kadin eɗe ɗon bana ko laatii ujuneeje seɗɗa to duniyaaru, majjitol to gi'ol firiikensiiji ɗi huuda ɗin e laatoo bana ko hewtata 1.8 cemmbee njamndi ngordiiri nanɗe to kala kiloomiitawol.
Mboojol e fofa ngam cankitaaki leelewal diga sollaare e goɗɗum pe'otooɗum nder laawol caakol.
E ɗum nder ko ɓurdi naftoraago dabareeje siiwirɗe pootoojiwol daga to maaji ɗum janngata cemmbee lantarkiye daga ɗon ɗum nii ɗum hoosata Laatutiwol e jawwol hakkunde hasaluuji dowdowreeje.
Haala kawtuka, majjutuki intaselulaaji wonta ko cemmbiɗi to caakirɗi dammuɗi, fuh ni lepporii naftoraaki dabareeje daga spectiroscopywol.
Ɗuuɗergal majjitol laatoto cim ɓuri ɗe'e ayyiniiɗe tiitorɗe.
Ngam non, to e hawta daayorɗe ɗe'e, botee e ɓuri yaadu to hoodere data daga ko ɓadii (ngam nii siiworde maabo taɓɓorde Ks yo booɗɗum) to lurralji e ɗuuɗorgal majjutuki e famɗi masin bano R(Ks): 0.49±0.02 e 0.528±0.015 tawaanama nonnon e nokkuuje rimɗiniiɗe.
Nde'e nokkuure leppaanooma nder 1960s, sey nii asngal maare faa jooni heptaakan.
Nder SMC, lurralkallungal yi'aama bana ko hewti 2175 Å e daayorgal masin yaago majjitol UV nder hoodere gaadoore sawru kadin e fottidol boofoowol majjitol ngi'aangol to fecco wonngo.
Heptuki taggooɗe majjitol nder ko foti to LMC e LMC e SMC laatiiɗe nanduɗe e ɗeya tawaaɗe nder laawol Milky e heptol tagguli majjitol nder laawol Milky nanduɗe e tawwaaɗe nder LMC2 e nder diidol LMC e nder SMC wol sabii ɓamtuki firtol kesol.
Ngo'ol majjitol e mari kawte tati: Rayleigh cankitirtee ɗum koowohoy e majjitol Moleekul.
Ɗuuɗal majjitol bano ngol e leesi to haynaare leppotooɗo e towani boo gaaforɗe e ɓuri towuki haade fortolngol.
Hisaabuwol sekiidow wonuki ngeendam Sapiant wol bannye nder duuniyaaru.
Ɗu'um dibbii tefanki jamanu ngonndaangu e ngeendam estarestirialwol saaliingol, kadin e toyɓitinol tefuki anndal ngeendam estarestirialwol.
Duuɓi titaaɗi kiimiiyaaku yeetake dabareeji kiimiiyaaku, huulu bawɗe ɗuuɗɗe, e jaalagal muuyaaji aduna e nufaaji ngeendam estarestiralwol.
Bano no kaa haala ka kiimiiyaaku'en bano, Carl Sagan e Stephen Hawking, nonnon bano yimɓe inndinɓe bana Winston Churchill, ɗum laatoto ko haandaa to ngeendam wona bannye to naato leydi.
Tee ma ngeendam wangii e ndimumun to bigeeje ɗuuɗɗe nder kala duuniyaaru.
To kala darorde kala koowoyel fuh wonay dabareeje to tiwde ngam moyta lurral, tabitina kawtal hoore maabo pampamtiral nden doogina kuuɗe koowoje.
Ngeendam laatiika dow amoniya (battu ndiyam) tammoraama battu, koo de nii kawta ka'a e wannga welira bana ndiyam.
Bana ngeendamji 95% eyo tiggaama dow asliiji joweego'o tan: kabonri (carbon), haydroojinri (hydrogen), naytroojinri (nitrogen), Ossijinru (oxygen), Posforus (phosphorus) e solfurru (sulfur).
Jarrayel kabonri e woodi mbaawal keetinaangal ngam waɗuki tongorɗe kemikal (chemical) e asliiji goɗɗi, e ko hawti aslliji kabonri.
"Nder ko nangi daga NASA's 2015 Dabaree Hoodereekkoowohoy," "Ngeendam dow goɗɗi duuniyaajiiji waaway hawtuki peetoy kala kawtindirol laabi yonkiiji bannye waaway ngeendoy pamaroy."
"Rick Colwell, laatiiɗo membaajo kawtal Lugga Leppaaki Kabonri daga Jaami'awa Jihawa Oregon, wi'ii BBC: ""E mi seka teema ka waɗoto inke ko waaway wanngoy ki goɗɗe koode e lebbi maaje mboowaaɗe, himminiiɗum maa daga en ngi'ii ɗo'o dow Leydi inke koowohon mbaaway kuwa to woɗɗi daga leelewal naange hawtii e naftoraaki powngol keɓeteengol daga kaaƴe goɗɗuɗe nder leydi""."
Seko Panspermia foondii inke yeendam bannye nder dabarewol naangewol laatooma ɗum daga asngal go'ootal.
Nder karnuwol 19th ɗum fu'itii ummitinki nder jamanu daga kiimiiyaaku'en feerefeere'en bano ko hawti: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1834), Kelvin (1871), Hermann von Helmholtz (1879) e, ɓaawoɗon, daga Svante Arrhenius (1903).
"Go'o nder lincitol kiimiiyaakuuji aranol bano ko lartaa wanngii nder mbinndol kiimiiyaaku America nder 1878 anndiraangol ""Lewrundun jooɗaamaa?"""
Poowol kadin e nokkuuje hiɓɓaaɗe nder tummboode lewrundun kadin laatooma e saawi ndiyam
E woodi tabitinoore inke Mas e poowani kadin e soofani nder ko saali: gaɓɓuɗe canɗi joorɗe, goɓe malemalleeje, maasuki malemalleeje e laatiki maaje gasjam, kaaƴe maasuɗe e risku nder lesdiwu titiiɗum hawtii e ndiyam fuh keptaama.
Asaure nden teema heɓaama daga maasuki malemalleere nden wonnde haade dowdowre keeriwol norle meelotooɗe malemalleere nden (ngartirooje ko yooriti yaago gasjam).
Kadin ka waaway waɗaago inke Iropa wallitay arobic makrofawnajum naftoraaki oƴygen tagiraaɗum norngal kosmikjum memoojum dowdowre malemalleere nden.
"Nyannde 11 Dijembaaru 2013, NASA hokii hokkii rafooto heptuki ""minaralje nannduɗe e loope"" (ayyiniiɗum maa, filosiliket (phyllosilicates), nde won kawtindirɗum e minaralje gaawankeeje, dow icy crust ɗe Iropa."
Goɓɓe e ayyina inke ɓe keptii tabitinooje inke ngeendam koowohon e foofa dow Mas.
Nder 1996, rahootowol jiiɓiingol wi'I tagaandi nanndudi e anobakteriyahon (anobacteria) keptaanomaa nder hayre burtinaande daga Mas anndiraande metiriyorayiije ALH84001.
Neeɓaayi, ardiiɓe NASA burtoyii goɗɗitini NASA daga kiimiiyaaku jogiingum mbi'ooɗe ɗe'e kadin daayini kawtal maɓɓe daga wannginoore aranndeere.
Ɗum waafaama gam foonduki ko saalii e ko yahata jooni dow joonnde dow Mas hawtii e naftoraaki tabitinooje daga kare kiimiiyaaku.
Fuh e non, imminiindi faro baawal heptuki nafuye leelewal daga kaaƴe famare haade koode maaje yo himminiiɗum bako bana laabi ɗe sipectiroosicopicje naftore ngam lincitugo koode estiratirasoolawa.
Nder Ogustaaru 2011, kepti daga NASA, bana ko tokkitani lincitol meteorites heptii dow Lesdi, huulii kawte DNA e RNA (anndiraɗe adenine, guanine e ko nanndi nyole moolikuls), ɓoole mahirɗe ngeendam bana anndu ɗen ɗum, laatooma e waɗee to babal to yaasin estiraterestirialjum.
Nder Ogostaaru 2012, kadin nder aranol duuniyaaru, koode'en to Jaamiaawa Copenhagen hokkii rahootowol huncutuki himminiiɗum suga moolicul, glycolaldehyde, nder dabare hoodere ngoɗɗunde.
Nonnon babal telescopewal Kepler kadin luncitaama bana ko nanngii bana ujuneeje koode, daga nder maajue 11% laatooma fewreeje.
Ko ɓuri himminaago hoodere limtaande to NASA Exoplanet Archive woni DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b, bana ko hewti takkindirol 29 ɗuuɗergal hoodere Jupiter, koo de nii ko heɓaa daga cemmbee tinndinooje hoodere, e nde ɗuuɗɗi masin laatoo hoodere kadin laatooma dwarf leydileydiire battu.
Alaamawol go'ootol inke teema hoodere e mari daga ilaa e saawi ngeendam wonta laataaki e woodi jawwol marngol oƴygen ɗuuɗngol, inke gaswol e mari ɗittol ɗuuɗngol ko cemmbiƴi nii ngol laatataako ngol yeeɗay ko neeɓi naa hawtii e doogaaki deye fuh dow waatutuki ngol.
Koo nii e ɗum seka inke go'otan daga nder billiyamre ɗee koode e mari koode tiigoteeɗe ngeendam, wonay goɗɗe bana ko hewti billiyamje 6.25 ngeendam-walliti dabareeje hooderaaku nder duuniyaaru leppandu.
Tammude mbinndi aranooji dow estiraterestirialjum ngeendam yo tawetee ɗi ngeendam ɓii Aadamu yo taweteeɗum nder defte Jainism kiiɗɗe.
Julɓe mbinndooɓe ɓe jamanu Medieval bana Fakhr al-Din al-Razi e Muhammad al-Baqir e mbaawal ɓaawo jaminki cosmic dow tiggooɗe Qur'aaniire.
To nii ɗum wartii laaɓuɗum inke Lesdi ndin laaɓii yo kaway hoodere go'oore hakkunde limtataakooje nder duuniyaaru, dabare nden estiraterestirial ngeendam fuɗɗaaɗe wartii hoore haala nder ummaatoore kiimiiyaaku.
Waawol estiraterestirials laatiiɗum wi'I wi'I ngeendaaɗum to yaaji bana sunnyitol kiimiiyaaku njawɗinteende.
Dabaree ngeendam dow hoodere Mas sabi mbinndoowo British H. G. Wells winndi nobelyel anndiraangel Konu duuniyaaji nder1897, e mo yecca sornaaki daga bonanda'en daga Mas doggooɓe desicationre koode.
"Nuɗɗinki nder extraterrestrial'en doogake yeetee nder pseudosciencenre, dabareeje naafikaaku, kadin banguɗum taali, anndinoore ""Area 51"" e haalallaaji."
Wardre e Brownleere yo omtiingel dabare waylaaki dow goɗɗe koode inke tiggaakan dow himminiiɗum gikkuuji Leydin-keeri (bana DNA e carbonri).
"To nii halluɓeɓen juurake en, bayaanuuji banginooji laatoto ɗuuɗɗum Columbus jippake nder America, laatiiɗum lorataa jamun to Asluen Americans"", o wi'i."
Kadin COSPAR maa e hokka capporɗe ngam taɓɓanaaki hooderaaku.
"Kadin, bano jaabuye, ""huuliri inke e woodi walaa nyamaande kala tabitinoore fuh yo suuɗeteende daga gite huaduneeji.""
To Dow: Dabareeje leelewal cembenirɗe magnituure.
Comet Borrelly, noone ɗen holla yaynaare maare dow geɓe tati jaadooje cembiɗinirdi (booɗɗum).
Foondirgol ngol wonta logaaritmik kadin wanngina bana inke kala gaafol cembiɗinirndi e wayla yaynaare daga wonnde waɓaare e 100, or approsimate 2.512.
Naangenke'en e naftoro tinndinooje magnituure ɗiɗi feerootirɗe: bannguɗun ni magnituure banngunde e magnituure kawtunde.
Magnituure kawtunde nden kadyo tinndinay ko himminii luminositiire cembitinaaɗum daga fiijum kadin tinndinteende laatoo e fottidi magnituure nder inke fii laatot e to nii babal wonnde ngoɗɗeendam daga leydi, bana 10 parsecs.
Ɓamtuki telescoopiyel hollii inke ɗe'e mawɗe ajjitiiɗe yo illusoryel—Koode wanngii pamaroymasin faro telescoopiyel.
Ɓustaaki daraja, ɓeydaaki leelewal huunde.
Koode marɗe magnitudeeje hakkunde 1.5 e 2.5 e noddiree ɗiɗabre-magnitudeereere; e woodi goɗɗe koode bana kanje 20 laaɓuralje ko saali 1.5, laatiiɗe arandeereje-magnituudeere koode (raaru limtol ngol koode laaɓuɗe).
Magnituuje huuɓuɗe gam fiiji laawol naangewol yo nokketeeɗi ndeye fuh dow no goɗɗeengal 1 AU foti.
Kala kiimiiyaaku ɓurngu hoyugo wonta tagugo e naftoraaki kare kuutinirɗe farnuki yeeso.
Ɗum wallitii farnuki yeeso masin to luumookuujumje (ko hawtata dabare sigaago hanndewo duuniyankeewo) kadin hokkii daama ɓamtuki darorde feesitaare.
Misaaluuji hawtii e ɓamtaaki dabare bawka faro dabareeje ɓamtuki darorde ɓiiAdama, e foonduyeeji ɗi bioethicniiji.
"Maana dabareeje ɗe ngaylake nder aranol karnuwol 20th nde kiimiiyanko'en jooɗodal America'en, fuɗɗiraaɗum pirtol dabareeje keɓaaɗe daga kalmaaji Technik German yaago ""juuɗeewal""" ngol Thorstein Veblen.
"Nder 1937, sociologisjo Americaajo Read Bain winndi inke "juuɗewal hawtii kala kuutinirɗe fuh, maasinji, kare kuutinirɗe nder defirdu, balmi, kareeji, maale, kolte, hibaruukuuki jalaaleeji, dabareeje yaadu e basiiraaji ɗi naftortooɗen to waɗukiɗe."""
"Gaa'e ɗoo, njanngooɓe nguƴoyake daga dag Eroopean'en annda gikku'en no yajjinirta maana juuɗeekeekuwal yaago dabareeje feerefeere ɗe daliila kuutinirɗe, bana ko wari nder kuugal Foucault dow juuɗeekuwalji gam hoore mun (bana dabareeje de soi)."
"Gam titugo kujje nafooje maabo wo'ina ngaannuuji e maashinji, cim daga naftinirɗum, dabare, etc.,"
Kalmawol ngol bannye e ngol naftoree gam nufa wonnde nokkuure himminiinde nde juudeewal, maabo nufa juudeekuwal mawngal maabo keɓoowo majjinta tan, battu juudeewaljo fuh.
Naftoraaki ɗum maana, juuɗeekuwal e nufa kare kuutinirɗe nder juudewal e maasinji inke teema naftorteeɗi ngam maaguki gaannuuji duuniyaaru himminiiɗi.
"W. Brian mbinndoowo tinndinii juuɗeeku nder laawol nanndugol huuɓiingol bana nii ""laawol humtuki haaje ɓii Aadama."""
"To ngol hawtaama e wonngol kalmawol bana juuɗeewal hurgooku"" maabo""juuɗeewal babal juuɗeekuwal,"" e ɗum nufa darorde no pelle anndalji mba'I kare kuutinirɗe."""
Ɓeydaari dow ɗum, juudeekuwal woni naftoraaki hisaabuwu, kiimiiyaaku, e lutta kiimiiyaaku nagm nafuye geendam bana ɗum anndiraa.
Injiiniyaaku wonta laawol kuugal himminiingal gaafoowal kadin gazoowal kare e dabareeje ngam botaaki ngeendamji marɗi huweeki to ɓii Aadamaakamakooji , nde won (sey ni naa ndeye fuh) naftoraago saakamakooji e dabareejidaga kiimiiyaaku.
Nder misaalu, kiimiiyaaku laatooma jannguki dogguki electroonikoyhon nder hoosooho lantarkeeku faro kare goodaaɗe e anndal.
Banndiraakuuji hakkunde kiimiiyaaku e juuɗeewal,to goo, lartaama daga fecco kiimiiyanku'en taariihanko'en, e kiitanko'en nder regare karnuwol 20th, to pecco wonngo sabuɗum pooɗootiral ngal kadin ngal hokkay riskinol asngal e huutinirki kiimiiyaaku.
Aranol waylaaki ɓii Aadama tagdiiji kulniiɗi hominidiiji laatinooɗi naanemaa bipedalji, marɗi ɗuuɗal ngaandi bana go'o nder tati daga ɓiɓɓe Aadama jaman.
Hepptuki wuttudu hayre molmaande laatakeno ɓeydaari himminiindi ɗalndi ladde mbuuwaande dow nufa tituki ndeme.
Naftoraaki cembe h enndu ngam heɓugo hiite nder jamanu aranun, laatake laanawal himminiingal; mbinndol aranol dow haalamma kombowal yinotonoongl ɗum inke laanawal saaliingal nder Niiliwo bana ko fofi nder hitaande 8th-milleenniyumre BCE.
Bana ko heɓaa daga taariiha'en, taayawal ngal titaama bana ka hewti 4000 BCE teema tolliniiɗum kadin ko fottidata nder Meopotamia ( ko wonijooni nder Iraki woylaare Casus (aade Maykop) e Cakaare Europe.
Gaa'e ɗo'o, taayawal lekkiwal kiingal anndaa ngal nder duuniyaaru tawaanomaa haa waalooji Ljubljana ɗi Slovenia.
Sumerian'en kiiɗɓe naftorakeno taayawal pottaaje e laatiiɓe teema tituɓe ngal.
amalankeeje ɗe taayaaje ɗiɗi arane, laanyaanoma daga Travois kadin naftoraanoma artuɗum nder Mesopotamia e Iran nder 3000 BCE.
Lootorgel bana ko nanndi e koy jaman iraanoma Faadaare Knossos.
Seewawa mawnga nder Rome laatakeno Cloaca Maxima; hawtukiga puɗɗii nder karnuwol joweego'o BCE kadin faa hannde e nga naftoree.
Juudeewal ngal Medieval naftorake maasinji koyɗi (bana liibawa, sikirewa, e puulewa) kawtaako ngam tituki kuutinirɗe jiiɓiiɗe, bana wilbaaroyel, windmiilahoy e agoogooji, kadin e dabare nde jaami'aaji titi kadin camkiti dabareeje e kuuɗe kiimiiyaaku.
Puɗɗaangu nder United Kingdom nder K arnuwol 18th, Industrial Revolutiongun laatakeno wakkati juuɗeewal sunnyutungal ko himmini, musammanmaa nder fannuuje ndemal, tituki, wasuki, njamndiiku, e eggolji, dibbaaɗi dibboraaɗi paawaaji asawre e naftoraaki dabarhampaniiji.
Ɓamtaaki juuɗeewal laatake sabii skyscrapa'en e jaajol nokkuuje birniwol ɗe jooɗiiɓe to maaje maysitorii riyooji to yaadu maɓɓe e kare maɓɓe hawtii e keɓal nyaamndu.
Karnuwol 20th waddii titooje ɗuuɗɗe masin.
Juuɗeewal hibaruuji ɓaawoɗon ardake to wannginki fiiji nder 1980s ngol Intanetwol, laatiiɗum faa nastii jamanu hibaruukiwol ngonndaangol.
Waɗewaɗeeji kadin e dabareeje wo'inki e waafuki yo giɗaaɗi ngam waɗuki e hakkilanki goɗɗe titaaɗe juuɗeekewalje kese, e kala hampaniiji fuh ɓamtake ngam tiigaago faaki yeeso jamanuuje ngarooje ɓesda kare jiiɓiiɗe.
Yaayaatiro himɓe fuh jaɓii kadin nuɗɗinii inke tiwde nden juuɗeewal laatoo maagi kombooje fuh, kadi laatoo ko mbi'eten en fuh nufoo bana sartiiji Aadamaaku ɗum wonnde homboode ƴaɓɓeteende.
Numainke soynde waawol e fofa daliila bana ummaatoore wonta laatoo ɓurnii bawɗe juuɗeewal inke keɓal ndimu mun e miilooji jamu mun.
E mo yela wankinki himminaare juuɗeewalku nder laawol 'dow kala ɗatal fuh dolɗinii en munyanen dolƴineeki ngam turtoo mbunɗeendam e juuɗeewal maab, ko warirta laawol gootol, ngam honuki soynde walliinde honuki nde.'
Goɗɗe toonye himminiiɗe dow juuɗeewol keɓaama nder ko jogaa jooni laatiiɗum coynde anndal ɓaleere feerootirol bana elewre heptuki duuniyaaru heyru daga Aldous Huxley, kuugal agoogowal nde Anthony Burgess, e Ujuneere goo e teemeɗɗe joweenayi e cappanɗe joweetati-e nayi kuugal George Owell.
"Himminiingal ayboowal ngal woni ngal Neil Postman feerootirɗo kare naftoraaki ummaatooje daga juuɗeewal kadin e daga ko o wi'i ""technopolisje"" ummaatoore nde jaalraaɗe akiidaaku juuɗeewal e faago yeeso kiimiiyaaku e woofeendam maabo aybuki aade woɓɓe, botee, e numooji duuniyaaru."
Nikolas Kompridis maa winndii dow bonondaaji juuɗeewal kesi, bana ingiiniyaarin, naajuɗeewal, synthetic biology, e robotikje.
Goɗɗo himminiiɗo dow aybuki juuɗeewal woni Hubert Dreyfus, mbinnduɗo defte bana dow Internetwol e ko ngaadiiriiji kadin mbaawataa ngaɗa.
Nder mbinndol maako, Jared Bernstein, laatiiɗo Moodibbo Mawɗo to Wuudu Budget e TeddinolTaskaaki, ƴami haalamma layuki dabareeje automationje, e ko ɓeydii ko himminii, juuɗeewal yeesookuuje, laatake wallitii dow mawnuki ngannuuji luumooku ngu'u.
O naftorake pooɗootiralji ɗiɗi ngam taɓɓanaaki toɓɓere maako.
"E goonga nii, automationku e hulna lurtinki kuuɗe seini kuuɗe himminiiɗe yo nanngu ɗe ngam ɗe mballita juuɗeewal e kuuɗe cemmbe laatiiɗe ""e giɗi kiitaaji jolbuɗi kadin e hakkiilooku"" laatike e caɗi batteego e maasinji."
"Juuɗeewal nde won e hoositire miɗɗiiɗum masin; bana to Hughes, ""Juuɗeewal ɗum laawol tituki kawtungal Aadamaaku walaa asngal""."
Nde won e ɓeƴamee boo mballita inke juuɗeewal saɗaa huutinirki ngoo seko ngoo kadin e haanndi lincitee booɗɗum.
Solutionismjum wonta akiidawol inke kala ummaatoorejum fii ɗum waaway wo'itineego yettoore to juuɗeewal kadin ayyiniiɗum yettoore to internetwol.
Nonnon, Benjamin R. Cohen e Gwen Ottinger kadin mbolwii dow haalamma toonye multivalenre dow juuɗeewal.
Naftoraaki asngal juuɗewal kadin ɗum gikku dabbaaji goɗɗi ko lutti Aadamaaku'en.
Mbaawal waɗuki e naftoraaki kare wonno ko joganoo tinndinol gikkuuji genus Homoje.
"Nder 2005, darway noowo yeeso Ray Kurzweil ayyiniino inke yesojum juuɗeewal laatoto e saawi ngartiroojum ""GNR wayluki"" genetihoy, naajuuɗeewal kadin e robotichoy, ɓurɓe himminaaiki."
Aadamano'en yaarigaa waɗii goɗɗum daga nder jaɓle artuɗe yaago heɓuki GNR hoyyorowo.
Woɓɓe nuɗɗinii inke yeeso robotichoy laatoto e hawti e Aadamanko'en ɓurnaaɓe naa-biologicanko'en ilmuuji.'
"Seko Panspermia foondii inke yeendam bannye nder dabarewol naangewol laatooma ɗum daga asngal go'ootal.""
Ndonoy leldaanoma, e Aadamanko'en e heptuki ndonuhoy inginiyaarin yaago wonnde darorde.
Woɓɓe e seka inke injiniyaarin ndonoy naftorteekoy ngam waɗuki Aadamanko'en cembiɗina turtaaki maabo rinɗuki goɗɗi nyawuuji fuh.
E ɗum nuɗɗini to yeeso'en inke juuɗeewalku'en soynde robot ɗalay Aadamanko'en doggina fii daga molekula e foondirɗum.'
"Nder ngol kalmawol, jooni bo obsolet, ""injin"" tinndinirteengel maasin sooji'en, i.e., mechanicelyel naftorteeɗum nder konu (bana misaalu, gofaare)."
Maasinji jowee goo koyɗi anndaa noma to Near East kiiɗɗum.
Dabare liibawa wanngii artuɗum bana duuɓi 5,000 ko saali nder Near East, to ɗum naftoranoo dow foonduye koyka, kadin ngam wosinki kare mawɗe nder juuɗeewal kiiɗngal ngal Egyptian.
Sikiruyel kaɓɓirgel maasin koyngel ngel maasinji tiggeteeɗiɗum, artuɗum nii wanngii to Mesopotamia e jamanu sarde Neo-Assyrian (911-609) BC.
Bana goo nder ardiiɓe Pharaoh, Djosèr, teem o taskike kadin larti hawtuki Pyramidje Djoser (jaaɓol Pyramidre) to Saqqara nder Egypt bana 2630–2611 BC.
Maamiraaɓe Kushite mahii sposwal jamanu Bronze Age hakkunde 3700 e 3250 BC. Bloomeriesje e blast furnaceje kadin titaa nder karniiji 7th BC to Kush.
Goɗɗe tiggooɗe Archimede'en hawtii e dabareeje Antikythera yiɗiino anndal himminiingal ngal feerootirki gearingki maabo epicyclic gearingki, omtirkoy ɗiɗoy dabareeje nder theoriiji maasin inke mballutuɗum waafuki gear jirgiije lesdi ngam hoolowa hampaniiji, kadin e ɗum naftorooɗe hannde masin to babalji kuuɗe bana robotichoy e injinniyaarin automotivere.
Taayawal spinning kadin precursoraama yaago spinning jenniɗum, laatiinooɗum omtirgel ɓamtol sarde aranol Waylaaki masana'antuuji nder karnuwol 18th.
O tinndinii automatonji gimooɓe kanji nayi, hawtii e ɓe bawɗi fiirooɓeɗi baggu-maasinru ayyinaandu nde ndu huwata, to ɗi foondete ɗi piya piyol feere-feere kadin e kala piyi feerootirɗi.
Ko lutti ɗii sana'aaji, jaamiaaji tamaakano keɓii faaleeki faro huwugongal booɗɗum to juuɗeewal.
Maadi Canalwal laatakeno himminiindi kuugal injiiniyaarin sarde geɓe arane ɗe way.
O heɓiino daama waawuki mechanical engineer kadin physicistjo annduɗo masin.
Kadin Smeaton ɓeydii wo'itinki mechanical to injin asawre ngarɗun kesum.
Samuel Morland, mathematicianjo kadin tituɗo kuuɗo dow pamp-pooji, o rootakeno anndinoore to Oofisru Vauxhall Ordinance dow pamowa asawre anndinoore nde Thomas Savery janngi.
Iron luumookuujo Thomas Newcomen, mahuɗo piston luumooku injinwa powɗam nder 1712, anndaakano e mari kala anndal kiimiiyaaku.
Ɗee titaaɗe lestinii ceede njamndi ovasions lestinii ceede njamndi, ngaɗuɗooju laawol jirgiwal e gadaaji njamdi gaɗaaɗi.
E ɓamtuki darorde injinwa ndiyam himminiinga, cemmbee to teddol daraja injinji ndiyam ɗin waɗii huutinirgo ɗi ndiyamm e locomotiveho waɗii.
Ngaylol masana'antuuji wannginii bukaatuuji maasinaari e geɓe njamndi, sabuɗe ɓamtaaki kare maasinji ɗuuɗɗe.
Hawtuki dabareeje precision yo tigganooɗe nder reeta aranol karniwol 19th.
"Limngal census ngal United States ngal 1850 limtii sana'a ""injiiniya"" artuɗum nder e hawtii e limol ngol 2,000."
Nder 1890, e wonndoo injiiniya'en 6,000 to sibil, gasol, mechanical e electrical.
Tiggooɗe electrical engineering nder 1800s hawtii e foonduyeeji ɗi Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm e goɓɓe kadin e tituki pataakewo electric nder 1816 e electric motor nder 1872.
Injiiniyaarin Aeronautical e huwa dow fiirooje waafugoɗe laawol waafuki jisde injiiniyaarin aerospacejum boo yo ɓurɗum hesuɗuki kalmaaji jamanu inke yajjina faa hewta eltudi ko hawti waafuki spacecraft.
To laawol taariiha, injiiniyaarin naval e injiiniyaarin irtuki lesdi laatikeno lice himminiiɗe.
Dow non, injiiniya'en ɗuuɗɗɓe doogake e ekkitoo I fiiji kesi nder kaa sana'aaji.
Ɗum laatake ŋaskuɗum maha himminiiɗum nder nasaraaku, sey nii, e dolɗini ɗum hebbina kala ko yiɗaa.
"Ɓaawo hawridirki dow kuujje ɗuuɗɗe, Genrich Altshuller, huuli inke famfamtiralji wonta ɓernde ""low-levelre"" gaafe injiiniyaarin, jisde darorde townde gaafol ɓurngol wonta ittooowol aslu lurral saboojum ngaannu."
Foonduye tabitinta inke fiiji kuway ko iinaa.
Fuh e non, luumooku kuwiraangu softwareejun e woodi kuuɗe ngaandiiri ɗuuɗe ɗe marɗe laabi mballitooje naftoroondi (juuɗeeji-mballitooji-ngaandiiri) himminiiɗum maa ngam injiiyaarin.
E ɗum wallita injiiniya'en tita 3D modelji, 2D drawinji, e schematicji gaafe maɓɓe.
Heɓugo e cenndidirol ɗum hubaru fuh siryaama e naftoraaki fii kuutinirɗum dogginki softwayawol.
Dow no ɗum wa'I, injiiniyaarin laatake e mari jorkitaali e ummaatoore, al'aadaaji e gikkuuji Aadamankeeku.
Kuuɗe injiiniyaarin laatoto fii dibbotooɗum lurralji.
Injiniyaarin wonta omtirgel dibbtoojum tito e yeesiɗinki Aadamankeeku.
E woodi luumokuuji e fiiji siyaasaaku ɗuuɗɗi mbaatuɗi ɗi ɗu'um waawata saba nonnon e lenyaaku.
Kiimiiyaaku'en maa mbaaway timmina kuuɗe injiiniyaarin bana waafuki naftorteeɗi to foonduye maabo prototypeji maadi.
Aranni, nde won e ɗum laara nokkuuje to himminiiji physics maabo chemistry kollitetee booɗɗum kadin keptee, sey nii ngaannuuji ko'e maɓɓe e jiiɓi masin to sarkutugo nder maana ayyiniiɗum.
Artuɗum ɗun e fottida heptuki nder dabare hisaabuuwal jisde ɓaawowal ngal no foonday fiiji taweteeɗi nder kuugal ngal e titugo juuɗeewal.
Physicjo yiɗay ɓeydaari eltudi njaadoori e fannuwol maako.
Misaaluwol ɗum wonta naftoraaki lambaaji sekaaɗi to Navier–Stokes equationji ɗin ngam tinndina ilol aerodynamicwol dow aircraftyel, maabo naftoraaki dabare hisaabuki songaande ngam ɓustui jiiɓaaki fiijiɗin.
Injiniya'en cembiɗinii wo'itinaaki e tituki.
Daga nii ngaafol no laatoto ngoongawol kadin nafoojum, e haandi ɗum mara geometrwol, keeriiji, kadi e tinndinooje dataaji maangol.
Ngam non ɓe jannga hisaabuwol, physics, chemistry, biology e mechanics.
Maasinji jaman laatot mbattu naftorango gaɓaaje ɓanndu ɗuuɗɗe faro naftoraaki jokke titaaɗe kadin waylay masin battu naftoraaki kuugal ɓanndu ɓii Aadama kare titaaɗe bana, nder misaalu, ngaandi tiggaandi e pacemarkerji.
Dabareeje ɗen fuh ɗiɗ e hokka hurgol to ngaannuuji tabutuɗi.
"Dogginki injiniyaarin maabo ""Dogginol injiiniyaarin"" ɗum fellere mbaaweendam dogginki lartoojum injiiniyaarinku maabo huwuki maabo pecco hampaaniire injiiniyaari."
Injiniya'en mbawtanɓe waylol dogginol e dolɗini keɓa anndal luggungal to naftoraaki hampniiraaku e waafuki dabareeje anndango aade ɓii Aadama.
Anndal nonnonwal (AI) ɗum ilmu kolleteeɗum to maasinwa, bano lurraa to ilmu tagaaɗum kollireteeɗum daga Aadamanko'en maabo dabbaaji.
Lincitol AI habdiino kadin sakkinii laabi ɗuuɗɗi sarde ngeendam maangol, hawtii e ummitinki ngaandi ndin, tokkutuki ngaannuuji Aadamaajo nder maagu ngoɗi logicwol ngerdanande, e mari dataaji anndal e nyemmutuki gikku dabba.
Giɗe kiiɗe ɗe lincitol AI hawtii faamuki, wanngingo anndal, taskaaki, ekkitaaki, naftoraaki wolde usulde, heptuki maana haala kadi e mbaawal wosinki e huutinirki kare.
Kadin AI e heɓoo daga kiimiiyaaku ngaandiiri, psychology, lincitolbolle, philosophy, e goɗɗe fannuuje ɗuuɗɗe.
"Lincitol makaanikansi maabo ""formal"" faamugo fuɗɗirii palsafa'en e hisaabo'en nder ɗuuɗorgal."
Kundiire anndiraande Church-Turing, hawtii e kebtaaɗi kesi nder neurobiology, dabareeje hubaruuji e cybernetics, ɗum sabii lincitooɓe hoosita mbaawal mahuki ngaandiiri lantarkiiri.
Tawaaɓe, Allen Newell (CMU), Herbert Simon (CMU), John McCarthy (MIT), Marvin Minsky (MIT) e Arthur Samuel (IBM) laatake tigguɓe kadin ardiiɓe lincitol AI.
Tigguɓe "AI' laatakeno e mari tammunde boonnde dow ko waroyta yeeso: Herbert Simon sekii, "maasinjiɗin mbaaway, nder duuɓi cappanɗe ɗiɗi, huwuki kala kuugal fuh nga neɗɗo huwata""."
Yaadu ndun ɗaayii kadin nder 1974, nder jaabanaki aybooɓe bana Sir James Lighthill e lincitol ngon ngol dow laawol daga kawtal US hoosii teddeengal kuuɗe nafooje, fuh to U.S. e gomnatiiji British foondii wannginoore lincitol AI.
Nder 1985, luumo ngo AI hewtii bana ko ɓuri billiyamje doolaaji.
Ngaadiiriiji Jaawuɗi, ɓeydaaje algorithmic, e hewtuki ɗuuɗal ceede ɗe data ngam heɓa laawol yeesiɗaaki maasinji ekkitaaki e numooji; relluki-data luginoojum laabi ekkitaaki maabo dabareeje fuɗɗii jaalaare mbooɗeengal ngal benchmarks nder 2012.
Lincitol AI e sennda yaago lice arootirɗe nden ɓurna fuu ɗe tampa hokkindirki habaru hakkunde maaje.
Lincitol ngol wuudorake nder janngille tati: Jaami'awa Carnegie Mellon, Stanford, e MIT, kadin bana tinndiniraa to less, kala ɗume fuu ɓamtay yesɗina kala dabare lincitol muun.
E ɓe noddira kuungal maɓɓe e inle feere: e.g. embodied, situated, behavior-based maabo yeesiɗinki.
Geɗiingu woliinde hisaaboore ɗalii darorde townde nde famfamtiral e omtuki fannuuje ɗuuɗɗe (bana hisaaboore, (mathematics), wallita taskuye (economics) maabo laabi lincitol).
Nder ɗe balɗe, jaabuyeeji lincitolji e ɗuuɗi foonduyeeje kuugal saɗngal, kadin e bannye boo (e saɗarma) layneteeɗum.
"Ɗee logarithmje tabitinii ŋaskeendam wanginki jawaabuuji ngaannuuji ɗuuɗɗi ƴamaaɗi ngam ɓe annduɓe "hawteendamwal": ɓe ngartii mbaawuɓe ɗaayeendam no ngaannuuji ɗin mawnirta."
Nder kujje kawtuɗe hakkiilooji anndal dow no asngal ngal aawi: kare, fiiji, cenndirooji e banndiraakuuji hakkunde kare; yeneyiiji, kumtalji, jihaaji e wakkati; sabuuji e saakamakooji; anndal (ko annduɗen kamun ko himɓe luttuɓe anndi); e goɗɗe kuuje ɗuuɗɗe, goɗɗi licitolji ɗi pelle leesunde.
Nder misaalu, to colel warii dow nder ngewta, hootooji himɓe fist-sized dabba inke gima fiira.
Ɓadiiɗum nii egoonga walaa ko hoyi maabo fewre dow laawol ko loojig ɗum yi'ataake bukaatii.
Kuuɗe lincitol inke foondii mahuki anndal keewungal dow fuɗɗol anndal (e.g., Cyc) e bukaatii leeburaaku ɗuuɗngu injinniyaari ontologicalwu—e dolɗini ɓe mahira, jungo, konsept yel gootel kala sarde fuh.
"E ɓe giɗi laawol ngam raaruki yeesowu—darorde yanayi duuniyaaru kadin mbaawal waɗuki sekooji dow no kuugal maɓɓe ngaylirta ɗum—kadin mbaawa suɓuki inke mawnina nafoore (maabo ""daraja"") keɓotooɗum."
Ka'a e bukaatii agentjo mbllitoojum no jokkortooɗum nokkuure maare kadin wadda sekooji maɓɓe sey nii kadi foonduye sekooji kadin tokkita jaɓle maangu e foonduye.
Cenndireeki naftoree ngam tiitoo ndeme nokkuure goɗɗum wonani, kadin fofa ɓaawo goɗɗum taskaram yi'ii misaaluuji kare daga nokkuuje feere feereeje.
Ekkitaaki dabare ngaandiiriwal wallitay jokkoo ekkitotooɓe faro jiiɓaare ngaandiiriwal, (data noye yiɗaa), maabo daga goɗɗe nokkuuje optimiore daga goɗɗe nokkuuje.
"Ɗuuɗɗi nder laabi ngondaaɗi naftorteeɗi bana kalmawol fofindiroojum ɗuuɗalji to mahuki jimlaajiiku darantooɗum mbinndi. """
Statisticalji jamanu ɗi laabi NLP mbaaway kawtindira ɗi dabareeji fuh nonnon e goɗɗi, kadin nde won keɓa tiitaaki jaɓaaki foondiiki to pellowol maabo darorde pagraphwol.
Robotwa jamanu dimmbotoonga, to hokkaama pamarum, dimbataako yel, e nokkuure ngi'eteende, nder koyram tabitinay wonorde maande kadin diida nokkuurenden; sey dey, babalji ngaylotooɗi, bana (nder endoscopyaari) nder linciteteengel ngel foftaali, sabii kaaluubaleeji.
Maabo misaalu woɓɓe, goɗɗe mballaaje gi'eteeɗe yo taska ngam wolwidirki maabo ngam seyaaku; e ɗum waɗa ɓe wannga ɓurnaa hakkiilo to metteendam ngaylotooɗum ɗum yaayaatirki Aadamaaku, maabo ngam battu non wallita giggootiral aadamaaku–ngaandiiri.
Ɗum waaway tinndinki gikkuuji e basiiraaji naftoraaki koyɗum, dabareeji himminiiɗi (bana logic maabo optimizationku)?
"Maabo en naftorto algorithmje kokkoje'en ""himminiiɗum"" jaabuye (e.g., dabareeje kiilaakuuji) seynii teema yana to leydi wo'oori ko nanndi e synddekisndam mboofi ɗi ɓii Aadama ko tammundeeku waɗata?"
"Stuart Russell e Peter Norvig leppake inke cembee lincitooje AI ""ngaannaa dow cemmbee AI sekuuji—faa hewta bana kuungal taskaram, ɓe ngannaa ko a nodda ɗum yaayaatiro basiira maabo basiira e goonga."""
Basiira kesum laatoo ɓeyda esponentialijum e fijooji aadamaaku.
Banndiraaku hakkunde automationku e kuuɗeeku ɗum arkindirtaa ɗum.
"Subjectivefoonduye aybeeji ɗin feerootirii main ndeer miaalu, Michael Osborne e Carl Benedikt Frey foondii 47% kuuɗe to U.S. e nder ""toonyeendam kalluka"" daga automationku igaaɗum, jisde rahootowol OECD cenndii 9% tan kuuɗe to U.S. "e mari tosku mawɗum""."
Nder long-term, kiimiiyankeejo 'on iinii doogoto optimizinki kuugal jisde minimizinki nonno ndeenol waɗorto dow aybeeji inke ngarooje daga juuɗeewalji kesal.
Nder deftere maako basiira mawɗum, philosophaajo, andiraaɗo; Nick Bostrom hokkii fooɗootiral maako inke basiirawol titaangol basiira laatoto e saba ngonngol kulnol aadamankeejo.
Bostrom maa cemmbiɗinii caɗermaaji keewuɗum koosoojum darja neɗɗaaku to yeeiɗinki AI.
Nder deftee maako, Keewal Ɓii Aadama, lincitoowo AI, Stuart J. Russell ayyinii goɗɗe Bostrom's nangi jisde titayno laawol yeeiɗinki teema maasinji boteteeɗum huccitani focused dow soynde tabitinki e lortanki aadama, teema hawtuki loruki cemmbiɗinki ekkitaaki.
Numo annduɓe nder fannuure basiira titaaɗum yo jilliiɗum, e ŋappitoy foondiikon fuh ɗiɗoy kuccitanaakoy kadin e kon kuccititanaakan daga ayybe daga lamar mawna aadamaaku-waawa AI.
"Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg nuɗɗinii AI ""ommbitii ɗuuɗal mawngal ngam kuuje kaanduɗe,""bana hurguki nyawu e ɓeyduki kisndam ndimaaku mootaaji."
"Musk kadin e ceediɗina hampaniiji yeesitinooji basiira titaaɗum bana DeepMind e Vicarious ngam ""kaway waɗa ka raaruki ko doggintee dow lamar basiira titaaɗum."
Lincitol nder ngol fannuwol hawtii ɗabii'aaku maasin, kollitooɓe hakkiilooji titaaɗi, higoraaku AI e ngewtaa yaago mahuki laawol daamaaji ɓii aadama kanjum maa e ɗum laaree.
Sarde ɓey nduki keeriiji gikkuuji dow goɗɗi maasinji nii warii.
Lincutuki nder lamar aade maasin wonta omtirgel ngam ɓustuki gannuuji faro laabi ndimaaku—ɗum ngam rdabare ndimaaku maasinji naa e ngol tiitowol e to asngal ɗume huletee fuh kawtaangol e lincutuki maasin.
Aadamanko'en taa seka maasinji maabo robotji laatoo memii'en nder mbeleengal ngam walaa ɓurɓindiro daliila nuɗɗinki inke ɓe laatoto jurminaaɓe to dabare meeɗen nder mbooɗeengal, laatiiɗum e mari waylaaki dow laawol meeɗen himminiiɗum kaataaji biology men (laatiiɗum AIs laatataako ngeedoojum).
Taskaaki goo laarii ngam tabitina inke ko himminii lincutuki ɗoo baiira AI woni 'higoraaku AI' e walliinde mbaawoojum hakkilana tokkitoyooji yeeiɗaaki Ais ɓaawooji.
"E mi seka ngannuɗum ƴiwii daga boofol himminii ngol naa ɗum henndirki feerootiral hakkunde aslu tabutuɗum dow yeesiɗinki gaa'eeje wonnde pellere daga AI e enormitiiji e jiiɓiiɗi to maadi jumlaaji boofooji basiiraaji titaaɗi."""
Fottindinol hoosama waajibiniiɗum to fuh ɗiɗum cembiɗinki AI e dogginki kasada to kawtalku.
Trope huumiiɗum to duuniyaaru nder ɗee kuuɗe fuɗɗiraanoma e Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, ɗon to aadamankeewu titaaɗum warti bone to joomiraaɓe maajum.
"Isaac Asimov wannginii kiitaaji Roboticji tati nder defte ɗuuɗɗe e hubaruuji, himminiinde wonta ""Multivac"" serishon dow anndanɗo ngaandiiri nder innde woore."
"Nder 1980s, seriji Robotji Sexiiji atisjo Hajime Sorayama winndaanoma kadin wnnginaa nder Japan tabitinoojum hakiikaaku kawte ɓii aadama e ngeendaakuujumki taƴe lare etallicje kadin ɓaawoɗon deftere ""Gynoidhoy"" tokkoyi naftoraande maabo jaaliinde ngaɗooɓe pijongon bana ko hawti George Lucas e woɓɓe titooɓe."
Biotechnology ɗum fannuure biology mawnde, hawtunde naftoraaki dabareeji ngeendamku kadin e tageefuuhon ngam yeesitina maabo waɗa kareeji.
American Chemical Society tindinii biotechnology bana dogginol biological tagle, dabareeje, maabo laabi daga masanantuuji feerefeereeji ngam ekkitaaki ko nangi kiimiiyaaku ngeendam e ɓamtuki daraja kare e tagle bana pharmaceuticals, aawe, e dabbaaku.
Bioengineering ɗum naftoraaiki dabareeji injiniyaarin e kiimiiyaaku angal dow taƴooɗe, cellji e moleculeje.
Koo de aranum nii biotechnology, ndemooɓe arano'en subtiino kadin dura aawe ɓurɗe mbooɗol, maruɗe nafaari ɓurdudi, ngam nyaamndu ngam wallutuki ɗuuɗal jama'aare.
Ɗii laabi kadin hawtaanoma nder aranol jiiɓugo mbal.
Nder nde dabare, carbohydrateji nder gabbe puaaɗe laatina mbalji, bana ethanolha.
Koode nii laawol bugingoka laataakino anndaangol maaki kuugal Louis Pasteur nder 1857, ngol laatakeno aranol kadin naftorteengol faa jooni to biotechnology ngam wayluki laawol nyaamndu yaago goɗɗum feerejum.
Ɗe'e kepte ɗum ɓeydaari dabare Darwin's nde suɓol asliwol.
Nder 1928, Alexander Fleming hepti ko wi'etee mold Penicilliumjum.
Mohamed M. Atalla e Dawon Kahng titi MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) ɗum nder hitaande 1959.
BioFET aranum wonndoo ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), ɗum Piet Bergveld titi nder hitaande 1970.
Bana caka-1980s, goɗɗi BioFETji ngaɗanooma, bana ko hawti hepta-gaswol FET (GASFET), hepta-ɓillaare FET (PRESSFET), doggina chemicaljam field-effect dogginorwol (ChemFET), daareteeɗum ISFET (REFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) e dinɗaaɗumki mbo'itinaaɗum FET (IMFET).
E ɗun tammii ɗuuɗal yiɗuki biofuelji laatoto hubaru mbelngu to fecco biotechnology, ɗonto yebre Energy sekata naftoraaki ethanol ɓustay yarol nebbam petroleum-derived to U.S. e bana ka hewtata 30% nder 2030.
TCE: Injiniyaajo Chemicaljum, (816), 26–31.
Goɗɗum misaalu kadin wonta waafuki jabbe ngaylotooɗe to ngaylotooɗe les babal keeɓaangal nder tawraaɗum (maabo soynde) chemicalji.
To wonndu wuttudu bo, goɗɗe nafooje haakohaakooku biotechnology hawtii e microorganismhoy ngam moyta kadin ɓusta mbumri.
Bana yeesiɗinki gabbe tagaadi, koowohoy tagdi, antibodiiji, siRNA e test hurguki.
Kuutinirgel gootel woni tituki awdi himminiindi inke juurotoondi babal ngal sarrtiije nyaaɗu ɗe to nokkuuje, narruɗe e titol ngol, titugo dabareeje ndemal e dogginki keɓalji.
Daliila pharmacogenomicji wonta yeesiɗinki daamaaji ngam optimizinki therapy leɗɗe, dow no ɗun famfamtiral genotypeje nyawɗo'on, ngam tabitinol ɗuuɗergal ko yiɗa hurga.
Biotechnologywu jamanu yo naftorteeɗum ngam hawtuki leɗɗe wonuɗe keɓilawtooɗe nder koyram kadin peewuɗe.
Foonduki genetichoy e hokka daama waɗugo diagnosis ko nangi vulnerabilitiiji daga ronuki nyawuuji, kadin ɗum waaway naftoreeki ngam tabitina danyooɓe ɓinngel (genetic inna e baaba) maabo huuɓaaɗum maamiraaku neɗɗo.
Wakkati ɗuuɗɗum, foonduye e naftoree ngam hepta ko waylii njaadoojum e aybeeji ndonaaɗi.
Tiggooɗe Biotechnology mbaaway ɓeyduki dow faddaaki kala nyaandu garooru yeeso waje ɓeyduki nafuye nder maaru (nutrition) e cemmbiɗinki ndemal gelle.
10% ɗum aawe duuniyaaru aawiraanoma aawe GM nder 2010.
Ɗee dabareeje maɓɓitii laawol ngam wannginki aawe kese nonnon ko ɓuri dow taɓɓaaki nyawuuji maale geneticji nyaamnduuji dow dabareeje saali bana suɓuki reenuki/ngaynaaku e ɓustaari durngol.
Ɗii fuh injiniyaama ngam salaaki e faddaaki pathogenji e herbicideji kadin e heɓuki ɓurɗum darorɗe nutrientji.
Ɓurnaa maa, member'en huuɓaare ba'a bana kiimiiyanku'en to heptuki nyaamnduuji GM yo kisndamji.
Fuh e non, waywayɓe salake aawe GM per se dow hujjaaji feere feereeji, bana ko hawti e babalkuuji, maabo nyaamndu keɓaandu daga GM yo jamum, maabo aawe GM e giɗaa ngam humtuki haajeeji nyaamuundam duuniyaaru, kadin ɓeydol risku ko nangi yiiki ɗii organismji e foondee les kiita dabareeje anndalji.
E woodi feerootiralji nder kaa'idaaji GMOs hakkunde lesɗe, ɗon to goɗɗi feerootiralji ɗin ayyinaaɗi e fofa hakkunde US e Europe.
Moɓgal Lesɗe Turanko'en ngal feerootirii hakkunde jaɓugo ɗum rema nder lesɗe ɗen e jaɓugo nastinoygo ndemri e sarrafaaki ndi.
Cuɓaaɓe nder tefuɓe kuugal ngal fuu yo kokketeeɓe ngal kadi boo njoɓee haa yaago duuɓi jowi boo ɓe ɓesdantaake sey to ɓe daɗii tefooɓe luttuɓe.
Tagutugo hanyum woni waɗugo wonndi tagdi e tagirɗi (DNA) nanndi mayri dow no anndiraa nder aadi koo e laawol jamanu.
E ɗum huutiree nder biɗitol tageefooji fuu e maa waɗugo ko nanndi e alaamaaji maandaago tagdi haa e waɗugo mahoojum ɓanndu ɗuuɗɗum.
Arannde ni, ɗum hakkitay tagdi ɗum yiɗi waylugo fota bano ɗuuɗal ko ɗum yiɗi tagutugo.
Nden ɗum tokkina wartirgo ko ɗum hakkiti ɗum tagirɗi.
Laawol waylugo tagdi nafoowol ngol ɗum huutirta ngam tagutugo tagirɗi leƴƴi tageefooji feerootirɗi e huutira e tagitirɗum (cylinders).
"Ngol laawol kadi e wi'ee "biɗitol tagutugo"."
Biɗitol tagutugo no waɗirtee hanyum woni waɗugo tagirɗi kesi ngam nyawndugo nyawuuji diabetes e Alzheimer's e ko nanndi e maaji.
Ko waɗi SCNT e huutiree ngam tagutugo kanjum woni ngam heɓugo tagirɗi tagdi e keɓee kadi boo ndesee nder biɗitordu.
Tagirɗum ɗum hawtoto e tagirɗi tagdi ngaɗaaɗi bano ɗum waɗata nder reedu debbo to waldii e gorko.
Tagirɗi tagdi ɗin mbaaway kuutiree koo boo ɗi ndesee nder biɗitordu ndum maa yeeso.
Non ɗum heɓirta tagdi keyri ndi tagirgol go'o.
Tagdi keyri ndin to mawnii sey ndi waɗee nder tagdi ɗum yiɗi rima, bano nagge koo mbaalu nder jawle dureteeɗe.
Wongu nafu SCNT hanjum woni tagutugo tagle giɗɗe jinnugo.
Tagle tati tan nder tagle kese ɗen kewtata danyeego, nden bo tagdi go'o tan mawnata.
Amma bo nder hitaande 2014, biɗitooɓe keɓii nasaraaku njottiingu joweeɗiɗi warugo joweetati nder sappo kadi bo hitaande 2016, kammpaniire Korea mbi'eteende Sooam Biotech ɗon heɓa tagle kese 500 nde weeti fuu.
Tagutugo ɗum huunde andaande nder tagle ɗuuɗɗe bano leɗɗe e koowoowe.
Misaalu, woɓɓe remooɓe ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe Tuuranko'en keɓi tagle mbaylaaɗe kuutiraaɗe duuɓi ko ɓuri millennia.
Leɗɗe ɗuuɗɗe mawɗe e pamare bana biiwaaje e ko nandi e maaje he'i naftiree ngam waylugo tagle.
Ko wi'etee parthenogenesis haa leɗɗe kanjum woni heɓugo tagdi keyri diga tagirgol ngol humtaaka, nden e ɗum nder laawol apomixis.
Tagitaaɗi ɗin nandataa ngam tagirɗi ɗin waawan sanjugo.
Senndugo tagdi keyri ndi jamanu ɗum laawol heɓugo cewtaaɓe diga tagdi go'o keyri naa ɗum go'o e laabi tagutugo.
Tagdi keyri mbi'eteendi Dolly no heɓiraa kanjum woni hoosugo tagirgol loowani mbaalu.
Ngu tagitaama to Jangirde Roslin Institute to lesdi Scotland. Tagutuɓe ngu ɗum mbiɗitooɓe lesdi Birtaaniya mbi'eteeɓe Sir Ian Wilmut e Keith Campbell boo ngu ruumi joweego'o, diga hitaande 1996 warugo 2003.
Dolly waɗiino togu to yimɓe ngam ngu sabii ɗum paamii dow tagirgol wondi tagdi waaway tagitiree wondi tagdi ndin feere.
Tagutuki arandehi dow marle ndimooje (ki ɗum waɗiri Dolli) heɓii nasaraaku 29 nder pondalli 277 ɗi tagdi keyri, boo dow non ɗum heɓi njawɗi tati, go'oyri nder maaji mawni.
Haandi ɗum paama dow, ko arti tagiteego ɗum paaɓi, amma walaa faaɓru meeɗundu tagitiree e tagirgol tagdi mawndi.
Nden kadi mbiɗitooɓe luttuɓe haa e Ian Wilmut mawɗo taguɓe Dolly nder maɓɓe mbii waatiloygo Dolly ngam nyawu foftaango, naa ɗum tagiteego sabi ɗum.
"Mbiɗitotooɓe Lesdi Soviet Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, e Nikitin tagitii domru mbi'etee ndu ""Masha"" cloned."
Non ɗum nanndiri e tagugo ciwtaaɓe ɗum jamanu.
Kutiiru: Snuppy, ɗum kutiiru worjooru ndu fiɗfiɗɓe nder Lesdi Afghan kayru woni kutiiri arandeeru tagitaandu (2005).
Ngari ladde: Samrupa kan arti tagiteego nder na'I ladde.
Ngeeloba: (2009) Injaz, kanga arti tagiteego.
Mbe'a: (2001) Mbiɗitooɓe Jami'aare Northwest A&F keɓii nasaraaku tagutugo mbe'a diga tagirgol tagdi mawni rewri.
Ɗum waɗaama to China nder hitaande 2017, boo habaru maajum waɗaama nder Lewru Janeeru, 2018.
Muujuyel: (2020). Nder hitaande 2020, moɓgal mbiɗitooɓe tagiti muujuyel ndeyel mbaatunoongel nder hitaande 1980 alaayi koo ɓingel, mbi'eteengel Willa.
Naa ɗum hooƴugo e rimogo ciwtaaɓe bano andaa.
Haa warugo joni, mbiɗitooɓe ngalaa aniya tagutugo lenyol boo ɓe tabbitinii ko ɓe mbiɗitoy ɗum waɗay himɓe ndaarta dookaaji duuniyaaru dow haala tagutugo.
Numooji ɗii keɓii asli diga dina, haala tagutugo boo waddataa dina nder maajum.
Yimɓe ɓe ngiɗaa tagutugo yo kulay yi'ugo bano fasaahaji jamanu kewtaayi ɗum waɗa ka tagutugo ngam e ɓe numa dow tagitaaɓe mbaawataa joddaago e yimɓe luttuɓe nder gure.
"Ɗum wi'etee "" Nganyaandi tagutugo""."
Nasaraaku keɓaangu sattini yimɓe jokke dow laabi nannduɗi bana ngo'ol mbaaway tokkeego ngam tagutugo tagdi diga luttaano mayri.
Nder hitaande 2002, marɓe anndal tagle haa nokkuure siga taariiha nde Australia mbi'I dow ɓe naftirii polymerase chain reaction dow tagutugo tagdi sirgu mbi'eteengu thylacine ɓaawo duuɓi 65 e jinnugo tagdi ndin.
Ko meeɗaakano sam, nder hitaande 2003 ɓe tagiti ndabbawa jinnunga mbi'eteenga Pyrenean ibex to janngirde mbi'eteende Centre for Food Technology and Research wonde Aragon, nde ɓe kawti lare jo'orɗe sigaaɗe diga 2001 e tagirgol mbe'u.
"""Когда вернутся мамонты"" (""Nde diwri ladde nandi nyiiwa warti""), 5 lewru Faburiiru, 2015 (keɓaa ɗum nder intanet nyalnde 6 lewru Saatummba, 2015) Ko torrata nii kanjum woni no diwri ladde nanndi nyiiwa ndin mawnirta: ndabbaaji ngaccooji e ngoodi kuje ngonɗe nder ndeeɗi maaji ngam heɓa ko ɗi nyaami fuu tokka ƴiiƴam maaji."
Ngam maajum, woɓɓe mbii ngu hiiɗilawi naa boo mbaali luttuɗi boo ngu waatilawii e ngu duuɓi joweego'o tan.
Ammaa ɗum tabbitinii rufugo ndeeɗi e waabi e ɓuri heɓeego nder ko tagitaa ɓuri no ɗum heɓirtee to tagdi usulol.
Haala tagutugo, bano ɗum raarani tagaaɗo wartii boo taalol nder kuuɗe kiimiiya.
Kuuɗe ɗuɗɗe kollii dow neɗɗo waaway tagugo neɗɗo bo mum diga tagirɗi wonndi tagdi ɗum heɓa neɗɗo on ɗon e ɗon koo bo o mawnira laasam nder reedu tagdi o saawa.
Taskaramji fim kiimiiya bano The Matrix and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones kollii no ɗum sigirta tagirɗi boo ɗum tagita yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe nder tankiiji.
Caryl Churchill hollii ko nanndi e ɗum nder taskaram tiibi ɗum BBC e HBO kolli.
Haa o mawni e mo seka yidde Inna maako waɗanta-mo, raa bo ɓe nanndaa kadi boo o maayiino duuɓi joweenayi saaliiɗi.
Josef Mengele huutirii e tagutugo tagiti Adolf Hitler nder deftere binndaande to hitaande 1976 mbi'eteende The Boys from Brazil binndol Ira Levin, ngartiraande fim nder hitaande 1978.
"Nder pargal kesal ngal tagle njamɗe mbi'aangal Doctor Who, tagle konoojembi'aaɗe Sontarans tagaa-ma nderwhitaande 1973 to taskaram mbi'aa-ɗum ""The Time Warrior""."
"Numo tagutugo sooja'en eltetee-ɓe ngam konu rartaa-ma nder hitaande 2008 nder taskaram ""The Doctor's Daughter"" nde ɗum huutiri tagdi Doctor ɗum tagi debbo konoowo mbi'aaɗo Jenny."
Deftere Kazuo Ishiguro mbi'aa-nde Never Let Me Go binndaa-nde e hitaande 2005 e fim ngaɗaa-ɗum diga deftere nden e hitaande 2010 ɗum hollugo tariiha yimɓe tagitaaɓe ngam kokka pecce ɓalli maɓɓe ngiɗɗo fuu boo ngam maajum ɓe ndesanaa boo e ɓe anndi.
"Nde deftere ƴeewa-yeesoore 'Cloud Atlas' e fim ngaɗaa-ɗum diga mayre, e woodi habaru ndaaran-ɗum tagitaa-ɗum diga tagdi baylaa-ndi mbi'aa-ndi Sonmi~451, kadi bo e ndi nder nanndi mayri waɗii miliyonje mawnu-ɗe nder "reedu tanki" ngam kuutire diga to "danyaa-ma."
Nder fim inndaa-ɗum 'Us' ngaɗaa-ɗum wojje hitaande 1980, e woodi nde Ngomnati Amirka tagi tagitaaɗi nanndi koomoye nder lesdi ndin ngam ɓe kuutiree dow waylutugo goonga'en nanndi maɓɓe, bano doodooji.
E jamanu ngonɗen, e woodi tagitaaɗi yimɓe mbukkii-ɗi yimɓe goonga'en nanndi maaji ɓe anndaa, ɗi mbardi-ɓe.
Tagdi e hokkitire hakkunde tagle nanndu-ɗe haa maa e ɗe nanndaa (ɗum waddata tageefooji ɗi vi tagdi baylidiraa-ndi).
Injiniya'en anndan-ɓe tagle sey to kakkitii tagdi ɓe ngaɗanta tageefowol jaɓoowol boo ɓe kawta e goɗɗe kujje mawninooje e timminooje deydey no haandi.
Herbert Boyer e Stanley Cohen kamɓe feni waɗugo tageefooji baylaa-ɗi e hitaande 1973, tageefowol salorngol lekki kanamycin.
Tageefowol mbaylaa-ngol fenu-ngol sooreego nder dabbaaji ɗum linngu inddaa-ngu 'GloFish' nder hitaande 2003, kadi tageefowol ngol ɗum arti jaɓugo nyaamee nder dabbaaji ɗum AquAdvantage salmon nder hitaande 2015.
Tagle mbi'etee-ɗe Fungi kammaa ngaɗiraa-ma ngam nanndi nihi.
E woodi aniya ittugo wonndi tagdi nder tageefowol viruse ngam faddugo nyawuuji.
Ɗuɗɗum nder maajum waɗaa-ma ngam narrugo e lekki nyuu'I e kadi bo salorgo nyuu'I ɗin.
Dabbaaji ɓurii saɗugo wayleeki bo ɓurnaa ko raarani ɗum e ɗon wiɗitee haa jooni.
Dabbaaji duretee-ɗi e baylee ngam ɓesdango-ɗi ngeendam bano mawnilowgo, booɗal kusel, ɗuuɗal kosam, salorgo nyawuuji e ngurndam.
Ko dee nyawndugo nyawuuji faande tagdi yo kesum, ammaa ɗum huutiraa-ma to nyawndugo ndaaran-ɗi tagdi tageefooji ɗuɗɗi.
Nder ko ɗum walaa haa e tiiɗal hukuumaaji kakkilanay-ɗi kujje, e wonnaago nyamndu baylaa-ndu naa diga tagdi-mum, e ɓustugo ko ɓesdugo nyamtee-ɗum, e le ɓesdugo ngurndam e kadi sifaago anndal.
Lesɗe burtinii dookaaji maaagay-ɗi ɗee kujje.
"Ko anndal faande tagdi raarani haa e ngurndam cuɓaa-ɗam e cuɓaali luttu-ɗi jamanu."","
Misaalu, nafaari mbi'etee-ndi triticale nder biɗitordu waɗanoo haa mawni e hitaande 1930 nde ɗum tokki laabi feerootirɗi ngam sanjaago tagdi mayri.
"Fasaahaji anndal tagaale ɗum jamanu kanjum woni ""to laabi waylugo tagdi e loowugo sinaadari acid nder tagirɗi, koo hawtaago tagirɗi ha ɓura semmbe."""
Bayaanu ɗum ɓurdii dow laabi waɗugo ammaa naa ko heɓrtee. Ngam maajum, ɗum heɓay tageefooji baylaa-ɗi e ɗi baylaaka nanday-ɗi semmbee.
Ɗum kadi waaway waduugo masalaaji to laabi kesi keɓaa-ma.
Injiniya'en anndal faande tagdi sey to kakkitii tagdi ɓe ngiɗi loowango tageefowol jaɓoowol.
Sey tagdi ndin hawtee e goɗɗe kujje mawninooje e timminooje deydey no haandi.
Tagdi cuɓaa-ndi yo loowetee-ndi nder tagirɗi dabbawa caka ɓernde bano baate tufirtee, koo bo ndi loowiree roobaaji.
To leɗɗe e ko aawatee fuu bo, no ɗum sigay tagirɗi ɗin nder biɗitordu.
Ndenno ton, tatirɗum yo loowetenoo-ɗum no heɓiraa fuu nder tagdi jaɓoori.
E woodi ɓerɗe tagaale tagutugo: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), e Cas9-guideRNA system (ɗum yo hoosa diga CRISPR).
E hitande 1972, Paul Berg hawti waadere tagdi kawtitetee nde o hawti tagdi keɓaa-ndi to waandu e goɗɗum mbi'etee-ɗum lambda virus.
Tageefowol keɓu-ngol hawtii no haandi sey heɓi salori sinaadari mbi'etee-ɗum kanamycin.
Nder hitaande 1974, Rudolf Jaenisch surki tagdi wonndi nder tagdi peƴooru keyri sey ɗum heɓi tagdi dabbawa aranndeeri ndi tagirɗi jillootirɗi to duuniyaaru.
Ɗum tagii peƴooji ɗi tagdi ittaa-ndi nder hitaannde 1989, (sey ɗi inndaa 'knockout mouse').
Nder hitaande 1983, Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell e Mary-Dell Chilton tagi ko aawwetee aranndeejum ngaɗanaa-ɗum tagdi wonndi.
Nder hitaande 2000, ɗum wurnii maaroori aranndeeri ngaɗanaa-ndi Vitamin A.
Hukuuma hakkilango ko nyaametee e ko nyawndirtee jaɓii dow ɗum huutira sinaadari humulin, e hitaande 1982.
Nder hitaande 1994, kampaniire Calgene yerdinaama fuɗɗa soorugo tumatur mbi'eteeɗum Flavr Savr, kanjum woni feno nyamdu mbaylanaandi tagdi.
Nder hitaande 2010, andanɓe kiimiyya to janngirde J. Craig Venter Institute mbi'I ɓe kuutiri kiimiyya ɓe tagii tageefooji.
Ɗum naatinaama luumo Amirka nder hitaande 2003.
Tagdi e bayaaniiji ko shaafi ndi ɗi tageefooji feerootirɗi waaway hawtee e sinaadaru plasmid nden loowee nder tageefowol ngam ngol wayleego.
To sinaadaru Plasmid ɗum yo ɗuɗɗum, sanjugo tagdi tageefowol ngol saɗataa.
Sanjugo tagdi tageefooji ngam raarugo ko ɗum waddantaɗi saɗantaa andanɓe kiimiiya.
Tageefooji Bacteria neeɓii e huutiree ngam hawtugo ko nyaametee, bo goɗɗi maaji cuɓaama ngam waɗugo nyamdu ɗuundu.
Tageefooji ngaɗirɗi nyamdu cembe maaji ɗum lactic acid bacteria, bo hedi ɗoo biɗitol waylugo nyamndu hakkilani.
Cemmbe maajum nder Amirka waɗaa, ko nde ni e woodi dookaji ngaɗaa-ɗi nder lesɗe Turanko'en luttuɗe ngam waɗugo ɗum, haa warugo hitaande 2015 ɗum waɗaaka nder lesɗe ɗen.
Sey tageefowol bacteria ngol hocce waɗiree sinaadari tefetee-ɗum.
Sinaadariiji ɗuuɗɗi nder maaji kemataake nder laabi tabitiiɗi bo ɗi bonniloytaako.
Ɓaawo nyawndirgo, e ɗi kuutiree ngam waɗugo nebbam injiiji.
Woodi numo sanjugo tageefooji bacteria ɗi nder deeɗi ngam warugo kalluɗi nandu maaji koo naftirgoɗi ngam ɓesdugo sinadariiji ɓandu ɗi keƴaayi.
Mooɓugo tageefooji bacteria ɓuray waddugo njamu tabitiingu amma bo wadday illaaji ngam ɗi ɗuuɗaa narrugo e ɓandu naa bana leɗɗe nyawndirɗe.
Tageefooji bacteria neeɓi e kuutiree e faannde ndemal e ndurngol.
Paamu anndal tagdi waɗii tageefooji bacteria ɓe sanjii ngam ɓesdango ɗi nafu e mawnugo.
Lise tageefooji bacteria e wadda peewol ngaɗayngol ndiyam waɗa kankara.
E ɗum nder nafu tageefooji bacteria mbaylaa-ɗi maagango ɗum yonki fuu ngam ɗum ustay hallugo nawnoojum fuu.
Wojje hitaande 1980 Jon Davis anndan-ɗo diidaali e Dana Boyd anndan-ɗo tagle mbayli alaama ndewaaku ɗum Germanic (ᛉ) warugo cendii-ɗum ɗiɗi nden ɗum wartiraa ko wi'etee Escherichia coli.
Biɗitooɓe mbaaway huutirgo ɗum ngam sanjaago nokkuure ngiɗi, ko maangu to waɗantee koo maa neeɓugo tagdi.
E ɗon no nasaraaku keɓaa-ngu sanjaago tagdi ngam nyawndugo, koo dee haa jooni e ɗum nder foondol.
Haa wargo hitaande 2018, e ɗon no biɗitol asibiti ngaɗeteenongol dow ɗum, nder maajum haa e nyawndugo rufugo ƴiiƴam, e nyawuuji glioblastoma e granulomatous, haa e ɓuutataral e maa kansa.
Tageefooji virus mbi'etee-ɗi Herpes simplex ɗum laabi booɗɗi mbaawayɗi hoosugo ko ɓuri 30kb bo ɗi ngadda neeɓugo huunde koo dee ni ɗi ɗuuɗaa nafu to tagdi bano laabi luttuɗi.
Tageefooji virus luttuɗi kuutirtee-ɗi boo laabi haa e tageefooji alpha e ɗi flavi e ɗi petu e ɗi nyawu Newcastle e ɗi pox e kadi ɗi picorna.
Ɗum shaafaaki janndugo tageefooji virus ɗin e semmbuɗugo maaji boo ɗi mbaawataa heftugo semmbe to ɗe soptake bano ɗum heɓirtee to goɗɗe leɗɗe faddo.
Lekki faddo ɓurki nyawdugo fuka kanki woni Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), amma bo ki nyawndataa nyaw ngum fuu.
Leɗɗe faddo luttuɗe nandi e maaki yerdinaama huutireego bo woodi goɗɗe kadi dow laawol waɗeego.
Nder hitaande 2004, biɗitooɓe mbi'I tageefooji virus baylaaɗi mbaaway nyawdugo nyawu cancer ɓuutaral.
Tageefooji virus ɗin loowanaama leɗɗe leemuuje ngam nyawdugo nyawu citrus greening kaɗungu rimo leemuuje masin (70%) diga hitaande 2005.
Tageefooji virus mbaylaaɗi kaɗooji rimo e mawnugo dabbaaji ngaaɗaama nder biɗitordu.
E ɗum yiɗi huutirgo tageefooji myxoma virus baylaaɗi ngam ɗum fadda majjutugo mboje ladde Tuuranko'en to Iberian peninsula e hakkilango ɗe to Australia.
Ɗum waaway huutirgo tenɗi tageefooji bacteria ngam hollugo sinadaru proteins baylaaɗi no wa'i e no hawtirte (ngol laawol wi'etee 'phage display').
Sinaadari mbi'etee-ɗum yeasts hawtii ko nanndi e tagdi bacteria ɗum saɗaa sanjeego ngam waylugo sinaadari protein keɓetee-ɗum nder ko wi'etee eukaryotes kuutirtee-ɗum nder kampaniiji.
Go'ootum nder sinaadariiji ɗin e ɓesda jiggingo huunde, go'ootum ɗum bo e fadda kawtal kallungal ngal ethyl carbamate wakkati jigginngo.
Sinaadariiji ɗin bo mbaaway fiɗigo koowoowe meemuɗe ɗi fu, amma bo sinaadariiji chemical mbarooji koowoowe ɓuriiɗi, naa boo tageefooji bacteria e ɗi virus.
Nder ko yiɗi muttineego kanjum woni ɓowɗi ngaddooji nyawuuji mbarooji bano paɓɓooje e saawara e nyawu dengue fever.
Wongol laawol kangol woni ɓesdugo sinaadari protein nder tageefooji fungi ngam haɗugo paɓɓooje ɗen koo boo ittugo ngaddoojum paɓɓooje ɗen ɗum fuu.
Leɗɗe ɗuuɗɗe e futtita, ko ɗum hollata, tagdi maaje woori waaway finta.
Tuppugo leɗɗe ɗuuɗɗe yo heɓa diga no ɗum aawirta taaba.
Wongol tageefowol foondirteengol waylugo tagdi kanngol woni Arabidopsis thaliana.
E ɗum wiɗitoo tagdi leɗɗe waylee ngam heftugo nafu mayri.
Waylugo tagdi e waɗee naa maa ɗum meemi tagdi tegeefoowol fuu.
Nder laabi luttuɗi haa e hawtugo tagdi ndin e semmbiɗinoojum-ndi ngam yi'ugo ko fofata to ɗum ɗuuɗɗinaama, ɗum waɗay maa tagdi ndin foondaama to nokkuuje ɗuuɗɗe koo to mataakiiji feerootirɗi.
Pawndirɗum aranndeejum baylaaɗum kadi bo sooraaɗum sanjake kala.
Nder pawndirɗum baylaaɗum e woodi Chrysanthemum e Petunia.
Tageefooji virus ɗi dukuuje mbi'etee-ɗi ringspot mbonniino leɗɗe dukuuje to Hawaii hakkuunde hitaande warugo sey ko leɗɗe dukuuje ɗen ngaɗanaa sinaadari salorgo.
Fuuɗngo baylaango fuu tagdi mum yo wayla ngam ɓesdugo ngeendam maango.
Fuuɗngo baylaango fuu yo wayla ngam ngo salora koowoowe boo kadi jimra maango e sinaadari ngo heɓretee ɓesdoo.
Semmbe Fuuɗngo baylaango fuu yo wayla ngam ngo salora lekki mbarayki huɗo, bano ngaɗiraaki glyphosate koo glufosinate.
Woɓɓe seɗɗa e kuutira tagle bayliiɗe ngam semmbiɗingo mbaroojum ɓuɓɓi leɗɗe.
Seɗɗa nder fuuɗngo baylaango ngoodi semmbe salorgo tageefooji virus e haɗugo hiiɗiloygo e sanjaaki tagdi leɗɗe.
Leɗɗe e tagirɗi maaje baylaama ngam waɗugo maaganiije gargaajiya feerootirɗe, ɗum wi'etee pharming.
Maaganiije Nasaara ɗuuɗɗe e ngoodi sinaadari leɗɗe nder maaje boo no ɗe ngaɗirtee ko ki ɗuuɗɗinirtee maa e shaafi huutirgo leɗɗe ɗen hedi laabi feerootirɗi.
Bo kad ɗe mbonniloytaako.
Lekki faddo e saɗi taa sooday ki koo a hoosay ki koo bo a hakkay ki njarooɓe ki, ngam maajum to ɗum heɓayno waɗgo ki haade daa ki hoyanay talaka-en e yimɓe leyɗe ɗe semmbiɗaa.
Resugo ki nder leɗve ɗen e waɗay ki neeɓa ki wonnaaki bo naa sey to ki wo'itinaama ba ko ki yaree, ɗum bo e usta mbarol ceede dow maaki.
Haa warugo hitaande 2018 dabbaaji baylaaɗi tati tan njaɓaa nder duuniyaaru fuu, boo ɗi fuu nder Amirka.
Canada: Dabbaaji mbi'etee-ɗi Brainwaving kanji peni waɗeego nder dabbaaji musinteeɗi nde ɗum waɗani tagdi maaji keyri tageefooji virus boo ɗum wattiti tagdi ndin nder inna mayri.
Waɗugo sanjirɗum tagdi CRISPR-Cas9 ngam yaawugo waylugo tagirɗi tageefooji ngaddooji nyawuuji ustii senndere wakkiti waɗugo dabbaaji musinteeɗi baylaaɗi.
Peƴooji ɗi tagdi baylaandi kanji ɓuri huutireego nder dabbaaji musinteeɗi ngam biɗitol leɗɗe nyawndaago ngam sam, ɗi saɗanaa.
Nder hitaande 2009, anndanɓe kiimiiya mbi'i ɓe keɓii nasaraaku waɗango tageefooji mbi'etee-ɗi marmosets wondi tagdi, ko meɗaakano sam.
Ɗum heɓii dartaago huunde nden to mbaali e aladeeji e peƴooji e goɗɗi dabbaaji ɗin maa.
Sinaadari protein ɗum yimɓe mbi'etee-ɗum alpha-1-antitrypsin waɗaa-ma diga be'i ngam waɗango ɓe ngalaa-ɗum.
E ɗum miila fuɗɗugo waɗango yimɓe fuufuuje aladeeji ngaɗa-ɗe diga aladeeji baylaa-ɗi.
Dabbaaji baylaama ngam ɓesdango ɗi njamu e mawniloygo e cemmbe haɓdugo e nyawuuji.
E woodi aladeeru baylaandu mbi'eteendu Enviropig ngaɗanaa ngu bawka sarrafaago sinaadari fuuɗgo ɗum phosphorus ɓurii aladeeji anndaa ɗi.
Ɗum wallitay rewɓe ngiɗɓe ɓiɓɓe mum musina ɗum ammaa bo ɓe ngalaa kosam ngam heɓgo-ɗam, naa sey to ɓe ndaɓɓitii ɗam gongooje.
E ɗum miila dow tagutugo waaway wartira dabbaaji muttu-ɗi.
E ɗum huutiree ngam nyawndugo soynde cemmbe haɓdugo e nyawuuji e soynde ko wi'etee amaurosis nder ko wi'etee Leber.
Waylugo tagdi tageefooji ngaddooji nyawuuji e wadda sanji ndonetee-ɗum, kanjum waɗi anndanɓe kiimiiya njoofanaaki ɗum.
Ɓesdugo ngeendam dabaaji nder ndiyam e nder nyamuki yeeso jooni ngam kanjum senndere liƴƴi nyaametee-ɗi to duuniyaaru jooni keɓirtee.
Yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe ngaɗii liƴƴi mbi'etee-ɗi zebrafish ngam heftugo wonnaago ndiyam e ko wonnata ɗam.
Arannde ni no ɗi ngaɗano ngam haɗugo wonnaago ndiyam, ammaa bo jooni e ɗi nder liƴƴi pawnirtee-ɗi, kanji goni dabbaaji baylaa-ɗi aranndeeji mburtinaa-ɗi e soore ngam pawndaango wakkiti ɗum wurtinano to Amirka nder hitaande 2003.
Liƴƴi mbi'etee-ɗi Zebrafish yo tageefooji kuutirtee-ɗi ngam kuuɗe farnugo lesdi yeeso e fintingo ko muttunoo e faande annango tagdi e ɗabii'aaji e nyawnugo nyawuuji e maa foondugo guba.
Liƴiƴi baylaa-ɗi yo ngaɗirtee-ɗi sinaadari mawninoojum to lumooɓe faande ko nduretee nder ndiyam ngam nyamgo yeeso lesdi e ustugo nangol liƴƴi ladde.
Ɗum woni dabba baylaa ɗum aranndeejum jaɓaa-ɗum sooree to dooka e hitaande 2015.
Buubi mbi'etee-ɗi Drosophila kuutiraa-ma to faande anndango tagdi e ndongu e manngu tagdi keyri e tefugo anndal e ɗabii'aaji e maa hiiɗugo.
Ɓowɗi ɗi ngaddataa paɓɓooje ngaɗaa-ma nder biɗitordu nde ɗum loowani ngorjooji maaji tagdi kaɗayndi ɗe nde laawol mbi'eteengol gene drive huuiraa.
Wonngol laawol hangol woni wartirgo ngorjooji ɗuuɗɗi ɗi dimataa ɗi ɓura dimooji ɗin ɗuuɗal ngam hustugo ɗuuɗal maaji.
Laawol ngol e nanndi e kaɗayngol danyal, ammaa kangol no ɗum wartiray ngorjooji ɗin to ndimii ndewi, ɗi mbaatay bako ɗi kewta rimugo.
No ɗum warri kanjum woni, sawdu balki mboɗe-mboɗeeru kayru wojjinaa coloy ngam ɗum hoyana biɗitooɓe hakkilango baylol ngaɗetee-ngol nder koyɗum.
Ɗum waaway kadi huutirgo ko waɗirtee siliiki ngam waɗugo sinaadaru protein ngeetum.
Nder hitaande 2015 hukuumaaji Amirka ngerdii dow geroogal baylaangal ngaɗirtee-ngal nyawndirɗum mbi'etee-ɗum Kanuma fuɗɗa kuugal.
E ɗum yiɗi fuɗɗugo huutirgo baylol tagdi ngam hakkilaango goɗɗi paaɓi to Australia.
Waɗugo tageefowol dartiingol ngol nematodes marngol tagdi sarkootirndi saɗaa boo kadi ɗum to hawtaa-ma e RNAi kanjum ɓuri huutireego dow najaru tagirɗi maangol.
Tageefowol ngol tagdi sarkootirndi ngol nematodes huutiraanoma ngam biɗitol dow tageefooji viruses e guba e nyawuuji e heftugo fuu ko wonnata mahalli.
Tagirgol balki mbi'etee-ɗi Flatworms e waawa huutireego ngam fintingo balki ɗin ɓawo ɗi muttii.
Baalki ndiyam mbi'etee-ɗi bristle worm baylanaa ma tagdi.
Nder hitaande 1975 ɗum fuɗɗi tiggugo dookaaji dow no tagdi waylirtee to Asilomar nder California.
Ɗum wonngal gerdootiraal ngal leyɗe duuniya kakkilanay ngal no tagdi baylaa ndi jogortee e no sendirtee hakkunde leyɗe ɗen.
Lincitaaɗe nder biɗitordu ɗuuɗɗe kammaa sey to jaɓanaama nder dookaji lesdi bako ɗe ngaɗee.
E woodi laawol go'ootol kuutirteengol ngam heftugo masala tageefooji baylaaɗi ngaddanta kuwooɓe nder biɗitordu e maa yimɓe luttuɓe.
Koondiye lesdi e no wi'ata laawol ngol to mataaki ngol hewti fuu boo kadi koondiye e sarɗiiji mum dow yottaago kooɗume mataaki ɗum.
Misaalu, hukuumaji kakkilanayɗi ko nyaametee kakkilantaa fuuɗngo ngo nyaamataake fuu.
Cemmbe leyɗe kaɗuɗe remugo tageefooji baylaaɗi e kuutira e maaji ngam wiɗitaago.
Ko nde ni tageefooji baylaaɗi seɗɗa tan ndemetee nder Kawtal Leyɗe Tuuranko'en (EU), ammaa ɗum jaɓii iri maaji ɗuuɗɗi nastinoyee ngam sarrafaago kujje.
Dookaaji Amirka ɗuuɗaa faalugo dow maajum bano goɗɗe leyɗe, ammaa e ɗi ɓuri faalugo illaaji ɗum waawata heɓgo.
Nder ko wannani ngaɗooɓe dookaji e woodi haala winndugo ngam ɗum hefta dow tageefooji baylaaɗi yo bayla.
Huunde nden e raarani soodooɓe e remooɓe e kampaniiji wiɗitaago dow kujje ɗe yonki engaɗooɓe dooka ngomnati e kawte moɓgal naa ɗe ngomnati e anndanɓe kiimiiya.
Ko ɗum ɓuri hakkilango kanjum woni ko tageefooji baylaaɗi ngaddanta jamu yimɓe e ko filiiɓe.
Ɓurnaa maa, member'en huuɓaare ba'a bana kiimiiyanku'en to heptuki nyaamnduuji GM yo kisndamji.
Hawtaago tagdi fuuɗngo baylaango a leɗɗe luttuɗe e kadi ɗuɗɗingo huutirki mbaroojum geene waaway ustugo ɗuuɗal geene salorayɗe mbaroojeɗe.
Ngam maajum e woodi tageefooji baylaaɗi ngaɗaaɗi ngam haɗa ɗe ɗuuɗal.
Nder ko wannani yimɓe dow ɗum e woodi ɗum waaway ustugo ɗuuɗal geenee feerootirɗe to ladduɗe e ɓesdugo ngato e maa kadi waddugo ngato ngo anndaakano bo salorayngo maaganiije.
Ko fuuɗngo Bt waddanta tageefooji naa ngannanaa ɗii fooɗi hakkiilo gaɗa ko ɗum 1999 wurtini biɗitol kollungol dow no waaway waddugo guba to tageefooji buulo-lootooɓe.
Koo nde ni jooni ɗum waaway waylugo tagdi neɗɗo, e ɗum miijo waɗgo non ɗum ngam haala ko raarani tarbiiya.
E lewru Oktoba, 2006 waɗgo dookaaji cemmbiɗi, hakkiilo hoora dow iri nyamndu kampaniiji baylayɗi tagdi e soora ngaɗta, ɗum wavi ka yeeyugo boɗɗi waylugo tagdi kadi ɗum fuɗɗi hulugo mbaroojum geene ngaɗiraaɗum e sinaadari glyphosate.
Tageefooji baylaaɗi mburtowake deydey wakkati kulol fotootirgo e nyaamnduuji ngaɗanaaki nebbam aladeeji e ko nanndi e maajum ngam soynde hakkilango ngomnati to leyve Tuuranko'en ustii.
Waylugo tagdi ɗum huutirgo fasaaha anndal tagdi ngam sanjaaki tagirɗi tageefooji.
No ɗum loowirɗum ngam loowugo tagdi ndin nder tageefowol ɗum yiɗi loowango ndi.
Koo tagdi ndin waɗee kootoye ko boo ndi waɗee to fecco tageefowol ngol ngo ɗum niiyii.
Rudolf Jaenisch kan feni waɗugo dabba baylaaɗum nde o loowi wonndi tagdi nder peƴooru nder hitaande 1974.
Nder hitaande 1994, ɗum fuɗɗi soorugo nyamndu baylaandu nde ɗum wurtinoy timaatir mbi'etee-ɗum Flavr Savr.
Liƴƴi salmon bayliraa-ɗi tagdi manngu sooraama e hitaande 2016.
Baylol tagdi waaway waɗgo ɗum waɗa dabbaaji nyawayɗi nyaw lenyol.
Fuɗɗugo soorugo fuɗngo baylaango wallitii remooɓe to leyɗe ɗuuɗɗe, ammaa bo kadi ɗum waddii ngeddootirol dow fasaaha ɗum.
Goɗɗum nder masala maajum kadi hawtii e ilugo tagdi e raaɓugo wonndi tagdi ndin e sanjaaki ɗuuɗal nyamndu nden e ko raarani anndal faande nden.
Ɗum ɓurii yaawugo boo e ɗum huutiree ngam loowugo kooɗiye tagirɗi diga koondiye tagdi nden kadi ɗum haɗa tagdi ndi yiɗaaka ɓesdeego.
Leɗɗe nyawndugo e faddo e ko lutti keɓaama diga tageefooji baylaaɗi ngam waɗgo ɗum.
Faande anndal tageefooji (synthetic biology) ɗum faande keyre cemmbiɗinde baylol tageefooji ngam kanjum wardi e loowango tageefowol ko tagaaɗo tagi.
To ɗum waɗanii tageefowol wonndi tagdi nder mum, ngol wartii tageefoowol ngol tagirɗi feerootirɗi.
Nder hitaande 1973 Herbert Boyer e Stanley Cohen peni waɗgo tageefoowol ngol tagdi feerootirndi nde ɓe loowi tagirɗi calorayɗi lekki nyawndiigu nder ƴiiƴam tageefoowol bacteria mbi'etee ngol Escherichia coli.
Nder hitaande 1976 Herbert Boyer e Robert Swanson maɓɓiti kampaniiru waylugo tagdi mbi'eteendu Genentech, boo nde dunngu ngun yalti ndu waɗi sinaadari protein ɗum lenyol mbi'eteeɗum somatostatin.
Hukuuma hakkilanngo nyamndu e leɗɗe nyawndiingu yerdake ɗum huutira e sinaadari insulin ngaɗiraaɗum tageefooji bacteria e hitaande 1982.
Lesdi China kan feni fuɗɗuki soorugo laɗɗe e ko awawetee ɗum tagdi sarkootirndi nde ɓe ngaɗi taaba salorayɗum tageefooji virus e hitaande 1992.
E hitaande 1995, hukuuma hakkilanngo mahaalli yerdake e njamu dukumaaje Bt ɓaawo ɗum hukuuma hakkilanngo nyamndu yerdake e maajum, kanjum woni fuuɗngo aranndewo ngaɗiraango lekki mbarohi nyuu'i to Amirka.
Ɗum waaway seɗugo tagirɗi boo kadi ɗum foondi-foondina ɗi ngam tabbitingo ɓurayɗi welki huutireego.
Ɗum waaway huutirgo ko wi'etee gel electrophoresis ngam ittugo kuujum ɗum.
To ni hennditaama ɓinngel tagdi ngel peɗeteengel nder pilasmiɗam nden ngel loowee nder bakteeriyum.
Ɗum hawtii haa e nokkuuje ɗiɗi: fuɗɗaynde e timminaynde binndi.
Ɗum waaway waɗanee tageefooji bacteria to ɗum huutirii hiite lantarki kadi bo non ɗum e ɓesda jawɗum nastugo tagdi ngiɗaandi nder tagirɗi bo ɗum waaway nastineeki nder tageefoowol ngiɗaangol fuu koo bo ɗum alee dow tagdi extrachromosomal.
E ɗum huutira e tageefooji bacteria bayliraaɗi faande ngesa ngam loowugo ɗum ngam e ɗi mari tagdi koytinayndi loowol tagirɗi ɗin nder leɗɗe e ko aawetee fuu.
Ko wi'etee tissue culture kanjum huutirtee ngam heɓgo nihi to leɗɗe e ko aawetee.
E woodi alaamaaji sennditayɗi tagirɗi baylaaɗi e ɗi baylaaka.
Poondi ɗi mbaaway hollugo nokkuure tagirɗi xngoni ngam ɗi ngaɗanee tagdi ngiɗaandi fuu.
Tagirgol kesol ngol waaway looweego nder tageefoowol ɗum yiɗi fuu boo to fecco ɗum yiɗi fuu ko boo to ngol heɓi fuu.
Ɗum waaway sanjaago tageefowol ngam ɗum ɓesda heɓugo tagdi ngiɗaandi.
E TALEN e CRISPR kanjum ɓuri huutireego boo kooɗume nder maajum e woodi ko ɓurdi banndum.
Semmbe tageefooji baylaaɗi sooretee-ɗi yo fuuɗngo ngo koowoowe nyamtaa koo boo ngo maagani geene warataa.
Tagirɗi kawtaaɗi ngam waylugo tagdi wo'oyri ndi peƴooji e kuutiree to laawol waylugo tagdi ngam waɗugo ko neɗɗo waylirtee.
Waylugo tagdi e huutiree ngam tagugo dabbaaji ɗi nyawuuji lenyol nanngata.
Ɗum waaway huutirgo peƴooji poondirɗi ngam heɓoygo nyawndirɗum.
Nder hitaande 2015, wonngol tageefowol virus huutiraama ngam loowugo tagdi yamri nder laral goɗɗo suka mo nyaw laral mbi'eteeɗum, epidermolysis bullosa, ngam ngol mawna ngol mahitoo 80 laral suka on nyawungal.
E ɗum hula dow ɗum waaway huutirgo anndal fasaaha nga ngam goɗɗe waylugo tagdi faande booɗal koo anndal ko ɗabii'a lenyol gaɗa nyawndiigu.
Owi'I siwtaaɓe mbi'eteeɓe Lulu e Nana, danyaama asaweeje seɗɗa ƴaɓɓiiɗe.
E jooni, waylugo tagdi goddooji nyaw haɗaama to leyve 40.
Tageefooji bacteria yo koyɗi, e mawnilowa, e sanjiree tagdi, saɗaa ɗuuɗugo, e sanjilawoo kadi e mbaawa ndesee to feewi masin (-80 °C) haa illaa maashaa Allaahu.
Ndi waaway shaafaago ko tageefowol ngol waɗiraa, koo to ndi huutiraa ko ndi hawri fu.
Nde ɗum yiɗunoo ittugo wonndi tagdi, sey ɗum wartiri ndi huwataa.
Nihi waɗta biɗitoowo faama kuugal tagdi ndin e ko soynde mayri waddata.
"Laawol mbi'eteengol""alanine scanning" kanngol ɓuri hoyugo nder laabi kuutiraa-ɗi", no ɗum sanji sinaadariiji ɗi ittanaa amino acid alanine."
Laawol ngol e nanndi e fasaaha ittugo sinaadariiji, sey dey kanngol ngol waɗaama ngam ɓesdugo kuugal tagdi e ɗuuɗal mayri koo bo ko ɗawtata ndi.
Ɗum waaway sanjaago wonndi tagdi e wonndi nanndu ndi e mayri to ɗum huutirii goɗɗe kujje bano lantarkiiji haako-haakooji (GFP) koytinayɗi yi'ugo ko waylaa ɗum.
Najaru wolwugo e waɗee ngam heftugo toye e kadi ndeye sinaadariiji protein ngaɗetee nder ɓanndu.
Wonndi tagdi ndin narraa e tageefooji bacteria, ngam maajum sinaadari yeast e tagirɗi nyuu'i koo ɗi dabbaaji musintee-ɗi mbaaway kuutiree.
Goɗɗi tageefooji baylaaɗi mbi'etee-ɗi microbes mbaaway kuutiree to irtoygo e hoynugo ko mari yonki fuu ngam e ɗi mbaawa ittugo jamɗe tedduɗe nder lesdi ɗi ngartira ɗe no ɗe keɓtiroytoo.
Fuuɗgo salorayngo tageefooji naaman gara e ɗi virus ngaɗaama koo bo e nder waɗeego.
Nder hitaande 2016, liƴƴi salmon baylanaama tagdi ngam ɗi ngaɗa ka mawnilowgo.
Nyebbe sooya e ko wi'etee canola fuu baylaama ngam heɓugo nebbam njaman.
Ɗum miili huutirgo roobaaji ngam waylango tagdi tageefoowol heɓa ɗum waawa warugo geene to ngese e faddugo nyawuuji ndemri.
Haa jooni ɗum fuɗɗaayi huutirgo waylugo tagdi ngam hakkilanngo tageefooji ngiɗɗi muttugo, sey ni to defte.
Kawral ngal Asilomar kokki saawara dow goɗɗi sarɗiiji ɗi hiddeeko dow ko raarani fasaaha hawtirdinki.
Leyɗe teemeere e cappanɗe jowi e jeeɗiɗi ngoni nder kawtal ngal, boo e ɗe kuwtinira ɗum ngam tabbitinki kuuɗe e njahinee no haani.
Leyɗe ɗuuɗɗe ngerdaaki e ndemri jamanu ndi GMO cultivation ammaa njaɓii dogginki biɗitol.
Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: Diidaangol Hakkilanki ka Nyaamnduuji e Demitirle Bo"itinaaaɗe nder Leydi Ameerika, 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003) Mooɓgal Leyɗe Yurop ɓurdii nder jogitiiɓe dookaaji demitirle jamanu nder duuniya.
Go'o mawɗum nder ko suklaniiɓe ka dookaaji ɗin ngelii ɗum koo kuuje bo"itinaaɗe ngaɗanee innde.
Geddi dow maaka fooɗii kiitaaji, e soynde narral luumaaku hakkunde leyɗele, e wankooje, e maa haɗuki luumaaku kuuje nder leyɗe goɗɗe.
Koo nde woodi seko dow maaka, ammaa biɗitol hollii dow ndemri jamanu bo"itinaandi e nyaamndu bo"itinaandu woodi bote ngam remooɓe.
Hoosay duuɓi ɗuuɗɗi hiddee yimɓe paama bote demitirle jamanu ɗe GM crops dow leydi e ko taariindi, boo ɗum bannguɗum nder demitirle ɓoymaaje.
Fimji seɗɗa faamtinii ummaatoore dow ka genetic engineering ko luuti fimwol ngol hitaande 1978 ngol Boy from the Brazil e ngol hitaande 1993 bi'aangol Jurassic Park, ɗi fuu maaji ɗi naftirɗi kollitol, gemmbitol e boo fim ɗum kiimiiya.
Kalimawol Nanotechnology, dammitiniraangol nanotech, e ngol nufoo naftirki kuuje dow foonduki atomic, e molecular, e maa supramolecular ngam tagugo kuuje naftorteeɗe.
Nde'e anndinoore faamtinii dow batte quantum mechanical woodi saman e dow poondirɗum quantum-realm, ngam non kollitol ngol waylii gila kuumtol kiimiiya faago yeɓre biɗitol hawtaade e kala biɗitol kiimiiya fuu ko laarani kuuje pe"otooɗe deydey maɓɓirde.
Yeɓre biɗitol e apilikeson no yaaji sanne, ko hawti e kuwtinirteeɗe fiijik faago dabareeje kese ɗe hawtuki tamel molikul, non maa tagugo kuuje kese dow poondirɗum nanoscale e dow aynugo kuuje ɗe atomic scale.
"Kalimawol ""nano-teknooloji" "ɗum Norio Taniguchi nder hitaande 1974, arti huwtinirki-ngol koo nde ngol anndaaka no boɗɗum".
Wannguki fasaaha ka nano-teknooloji dow yeɓre dariinde darnde hoore mum nder hitaande 1980s heɓaama bee hawtuki kuuɗe binndol e anndinol Drexler, ko tabbitini boo wanngini kuuɗe nanoteknooloji, kannjum fooɗi hakkiilo ummaatoore dow waylitanaaki ka fasaaha aynuki kuuje.
Tituɓe jurnorgel kuuje ɗe gite ngi'ata Gerd Binnig e Heinrich Rohrer to yeɓre biɗitol IBM Zurich Research Laboratory heɓii teddineego e Nobel Prize nder kuuɗe fiisik nder hitaande 1986.
Binndol C60 arannde huwniraaka ngam nufaago nanoteknooloji; kalimawol ngol naftoraama ngam nufoo kuuɗe ɓaawooje daaranɗe ka carbon nanotubes (sarde wonnde e noddiree graphene tubes walla boo Bucky tubes) ko ɗuuɗi naftireego nder apilikeeson kuuje laatirooni.
Duuɓi cappanɗe ɓaawo, jahal yeeso fasaaha wallii nder fooduki kuujefield-effect transistor (MOSFET) jippingo yottoo nano-scale ko leestani 20 nm fuɗɗirgo e finFET (fin field-effect transistor) ɗum jaɓruɗe tati, non planar, double-gate MOSFET.
Yimɓe ngeddinfirii dow ko nufetee e fasaaha nanoteknooloji ko ciimtol Royal Society holli dow nanoteknooloji.
Kuuje ɗe'e kaaɗinaama dow apilikeesonji ɗi'i, boo ɗum hawtaayi e aynol daaranngol ka kuuje atomic.
Laatakeno dow fasaaha ka gate-all-around (GAA) tekmooloji ɗum FinFET.
Du'um hawtii kuuɗe jontaaje e kuuɗe mawɗe miijaaɗe fuu.
Ɓurɗum famɗugo dow poondirɗum tamel atom (haydrojin ɓurdii famɗugo nder tamel atom, ko foondirtee e reeta feccere kayneetik daymeta) nde fasaaha nanoteknooloji e nyiɓee gila kuuje atom e molikul.
Ngam foondugo kuuje ɗen e wakkere wonnde, foti foonda mawnirka nanometa e meta ba foondugo mawnirka tapaare mawnde e njaajirka duuniyaaru.
"Fuɗɗirgo gila ley yaago dow", kuuje e nyiɓee gila ko heɓetee to molikul e hawtee bee kemikalji dow faamugo kuuje molikul.
Go'o nder ko hollata ɓeydaago kuuje dowraaje e njaajirka maaje dow mechanical, ƴuufugo thermal e kuuje catalytic.
Kuuɗe catalytic dow kuuje nano woodi batte hawrinndirgo e biomaterials.
Miijo dow faamugo ka kuuje molikul woodi saman: Waaway jeera molikulji ɗin ngam walla semmbidingon non-convalent intermolecular.
Naftoraago dabare nde fuɗɗa ley wa"itoo dow ɓurdii hoyugo dow natoraago gila dow jippo ley ngam tagugo kuuje, ammaa foti wadda ɓilla mawnugo e sarginaago wakkati kuugal.
Tagugo kuuje bee laawol nanosystems hawtataake, boo haandi feerinndira e teknooloji huwtinirtee hannde e jaango ngam tagugo kuuje nano ba carbon nanotubes e nanoparticles.
Ɗum yelaa dow jahal yeeso nanoteknooloji hoytinay tagugo kuuje, ba naftorteeɗe alaama hoondu ɗum biomeetirik.
Ɓurnaa fuu ɗum saɗii ngam jeera na'uura dow poondirɗum atomic, ngam doole jeera atom dow atom ngam foonfugo mawnirka e botee tamel atom.
Kannjum waɗi alkule ACS ngaylaa nder apilikeeson ngam kubaruuji Chemical & Engineering nder hitaande 2003.
Ɓe tagii molekulhoy peerootirkoy e yahdu ayneteendu dow semmbe voltage: kadi nanotube nanomotor, e molecular actuator, e maa nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
Kuuje Nano mari yahdu ion ko foondetee e nanoionics e maa nanoelectronics.
poondirɗum kuuje Nanoscale ba no nanopillars wakkati go'o e naftoroo solar cells ko haɓata e silicon solar cells.
Ɓurna fuu, miijo kuuɗe molekul e naftoroo supramolecular chemistry, kadi faamugo ka molekul ɓurdi e nder, e ko hawti single-molecule boo e huwa bee hoore mum.
Sigorde kuuje Giant magnetoresistance-based ko woni nder luumo jonta hanndinee e tinndinoore nde'e, ba dabareeje maasingo (ALD)
Tiitingo tiigorde waaway itta kuuje, non maa to ɗum waɗaama wakkatiire woore foti fiirnugo henndu gas.
Foti naftoraago molekul go'otel nder kuuje nano-elektiroonik.
Fasaaha nanoteknooloji waɗaama ngam huwtinirgo molekul go'otel nder dabareeje boɗɗe, e laabi kaanduɗi.
Woodi tammunde ngam tefooɓe huwtinirgo nanorobots nder fiiji nyawndorɗe.
Ngam ɗum sendinndiri (i.e. tamre atam) ban npo kuuje mba'i e yela jahal yeeso, juɓrude nde'e yiitiree dow bayi indostiriiji.
Bee ɗustaaki njaajirka, kuuje tammay ɓeydaago dow babal e teddeenga.
E taguki mikuroyel daarirgel kuuje ɗe gite ngi'ataa gila Marvin Minsky nder hitaande 1961 e mikuroyel pilmirgel akostic (SAM) ngel Calvin Quate e huwdiɗiraaɓe maako tagi nder hitaande 1970s, kesoy ɓurdukoy semmbe tagaama, nde koy dakkinaaka dow wavelength e sawtu koo jaayngol.
Haa fahin, kuuɗe ɗen e ɗaayi ngam semmbe velocity ɗum mikuroyel jurnorgel kuuje pamare.
Yeɓre wonnde nde fasaaha nanoteknooloji hawtii e naftoraaki nanotubes e nanowires, ko tiitinaa dow semiconductor fabrication ba no deep ultraviolet lithography, e electron beam lithography, tiitinaaɗum dow tiigorɗe jamɗe, e nanoimprint lithography, e nyolugo, e molecular vapor deposition, e hawruki dabareeje ɗe huwtinirgo di-block copolymers.
Sikaanugo probe microscopy ɗum dabare woonde ngam nannditinteeku e synthesis dow kuuje nano.
Misaalu ba huwtinirgo laabi filmugo ɗi feature-oriented, tame atom maa boo molekulji waawii egginee dow babal filmugo probe microscopy techniques.
Laabi e dabareeji ɗen kawtii e chemical synthesis, e self-assembly e maa positional assembly.
Wiɗitooɓe to Bell Telephone Laboratories ba John R. Arthur.
MBE e hokka yimɓe kiimiiya no njippinirta tame atom deydey no tokkootirta, boo nyiɓa kuuje kuuɓuɗe.
Yimɓe e caloo banndeeji ɗi silver nanoparticles ngam yamɗitinki nawnere nder jaawal.
Fasaaha nanoteknooloji woodi baawɗe wallugo e apilikeesonji koyɗi wakkere yeɓre njamu to nokkuuje ba oofis e saare.
Pilaatinum e naftoree ba diesel engine catalyst nder injiiji.
Ko tokki, ɗum jillindirgo catalyst oxidize faago hydrocarbons e carbon monoxide ngam heɓugo henndu carbon dioxide e maa ndiyam.
Kampaniwa Danish InnovationsFonden wukkii ceede keewtuɗe miliyonji DKK 15 dow waɗugo biɗitol kesol ngol kuuje Katalis huwtinirgo e fasaaha nanoteknooloji.
Toni hoore katalis towtinaama nden wanngina to gurtinirɗum curɗe kuugal katalis ɗum ɓeyday towtugo.
Kadi, tagugo kuuje nano ɓamtay kuuɗe ɗen boo wallay diesel engine catalyst— ngam non bo wallitay laɓɓaingo curɗe - non maa hoytinay no ɗum huwirta.
Nde ɓe tagaynoo tiigorɗum, wiɗitooɓe kaɓdi ƴembugo poonɗirɗum nano ko hawti e cell's microenvironment ngam feerindirgo kuuje no tagirte.
TSMC fuɗɗii tagugo kuwtiniɗum 7 nm nder hitaande 2017, e Samsung boo fuɗɗii taggugo 5 nm nder hitaande 2018.
Ngam ɗi'i hujjaaji, dente haajanooɓe fiiji fasaaha tefirii ngomnati ayna ka fiiji nanoteknooloji.
Goɗɗum nder kuuje nano woodi batte ɗe anndanaaka.
Foofugo henndu jillindirndu e kuuje nano poti fooɗana neɗɗo nyawuuji poofɗe, misaalu ba nyawu fayburoosis.
"Biɗitol dow fiiji nanoteknooloji gurtinaangol nder neeɓaayi hollii dow henndu carbon nanotube – koloojum ba biɗɗo" "bayli nano teknooloji"" – ɗum tammay torruki to ɗum foofaama waani."
Davies (2008) kanko wurtinii laabi ɗi o yi'ata haandi tokkee ngam hoytingo batte ɗen.
Ngam non, mallum'en ƴownitii dow no haandi apilikeesonji ɗin njogitoree, e ɗaaynugo luumaaku, wo"itinaago maanditorde e hawrutugo limngal no yaadirta e kuuɗe fasaaha nanoterknooloji.
Fasaaha Nuukiliya ɗum fasaaha ka heɓaa gila hawrindirgo tamoy nuclei.
Kanko, Pierre Curie e Marie Curie kamɓe puɗɗi wiɗitaago dow fiiji ɗin.
Goɗɗum nder raadiyeeson foti fooɗa ɓilla nder kuuje goɗɗe, boo fuu maaje poti pooɗa batte masin.
Seɗɗa ɗum faamii dow radiation ɗum iwii gila nyolugo njamɗe, e boo ɗuuɗii nder maajum to wulaama neeɓay e fooɗa batte masin.
Nde yimɓe paami laaɓɗum ka atom, ɗon ni yimɓe ɓeydi faamugo ka batte raadiyeeson.
Nyolugo Alfa woni to nuukiliyus sankitii kuuje alfa, ko hawti e protons ɗiɗi e neutrons ɗiɗi, ko fotata e helium nucleus.
Batte radiyeeson ɗe'e woni ɓurduɗ saɗugo faddeego.
Seɗɗa nder kuuje niwtiron kannje sankitoto ngam tagugo nuukilus boo ɗum hawtinndira e nukilusji goɗɗi ko anndiraa e k. Mawnugo maajum ɓurii 1 ko nufii ɗum sankitay nukilusji goɗɗi ko ɓuri ko ɗum moɗata, kadi kannjum woni ko wiyetee self-sustaining chain reaction.
To wakkati ɗum walaa ko nyolnata ngam hawrinndirgo ɗum, kannjum waddata caɗeele, boo semmbe maajum waawataa aynee nde foti fooɗa futtugo.
Nder taskara kan, kuuje fiisiyon ri'aktooji artii tageego, koo nde ɗum tagaama ngam waɗugo balmi naa ngam nyiɓugo yiite laatiriye.
Non ma, to kuuɓal ngal ɗaaynaama wakkati newturon hawtaa, nden kam huunde nden waawii ayneego, misaalu ba ɓeydugo koo ɗustugo njaroohoy newturon.
Wakkati nde nukilus towtani jamɗe, a taway ɗum woodi semmbe; nden bo to nukilus ɓurii jamɗe teddugo, nden kam a taway no ɗum yartoto semmbe.
Luttuɗum nder kuuje semmbiɗɗe, gila nickel yahgo yuraaniyum e ko lutti, ɗum ngam supernova nucleosynthesis, kadi ko wi'aa R-process.
Puttoojum ɗum hawtiraa e silbuɗum ɓurii wonnugo masin to ɗum hawtaama, ammaa yimɓe mbaawataa aynugo ɗum.
Haa fahin,na'uurahoy koy fuu cooya semmbe koy naftortoo.
Arannde ni balmol nuukiliya fuɗɗaama nder miijo tan yaake konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓu, sarde nder kiimiiyaaɓe taskaram Manhattan Project (ka Edward Teller ardanii) waɗi biɗitol dow maajum ngam tagugo puttoojum.
Koo puttopoyel nuukiliya pamarel foti sankita galluure e futtugo, e yiite, e maa raadiyeeson.
Balmol ngol doole ngol mara tiigorɗum ɓoɗɗum ngam fiɗugo, e yeɓugo ɗum bee semmbe (wurtina jooɗorde maajum boɗɗum) ngam futtingo.
Isotope ɗum yuraaniyum go'o, kadi yuraaniyum-235, fe"oto e hoore mum boo ɗum dartataako, amma a taway e ɗum jillindiri e isotope yuraanyium-238.
Wakkere wonnde, kuuje puluutoniyum kawtuɗe isotope wallay dartingo nder jahargal kuuje ɗen.
"Ɓe puttinii balmol nuukiliya aranol ngol foondugo inniiraangol ""Tiriiniti"", haade Alamogordo, New Mexico, nyalnde 16-ɓre lewru July nder hitaande 1945."
Nde ɓe pindi e nawnaaɓe e mbaraaɓe ɗuuɗɓe masin gila balmol gootol, ngomnati leydi Japan hokkiti hoore, ko waddi ragare konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓu.
Nder duuɓi nayi tan, nyannde 29-ɓre lewru August nder hitaande 1949, kawtal leyɗe Soviet wurtini balmol sankitotoongol.
Balmol raadiyo ɗum balmol nuukiliya gaɗaangol ngam dogginki bonne mawɗe ɗe nuukiliya.
Konankooɓe sooje'en ngi'iraay balmol ngol saman, ammaa ngol fooɗii hakkiilo ummaatoore dow teroristeeku nuukiliya.
Narral ngal yerdake ka doggingo poondol nukiliya ngol nder leydi.
Ɓaawo wattugo junngo dow ɗereewol Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty nder hitaande 1996 (ko heewti hitaande 2011 fuɗɗaayi naftoreego) diiwe fuu ngerdake acca foonfugo balmi nuukiliya.
Sarde haɓre geddootiral hakkunde leyɗe, kala leydi fuu mari balmol nuukiliya semmbiɗngol ngam mbarugo yimɓe miliyonji.
Wargo jooni, semmbe nuukiliya kannjum hokkata leyɗe duuniya yiite laatiriye ko heewti daaɗe 15.7% (nder hitaande 2004) non e ɗum huutiniree ngam doggingo piirooje, e laanaaje tokkooje nder mallimallooje, e laanaaje tokkooje ley teeku (wargo jonta luumaaku e kulol haɗii yimɓe kuwtinra semmbe nuukiliya mgam kuuɗe doggingo laanaaje).
Hoosooɓe footooji nyandugo e nyiiƴe kuwtitiri cobalt-60 e guɗɗum koosirɗum footooji nyawndugo goɗɗi.
Ɗum fuu ɗum saawi seɗɗa nder 241Am ko towtinta semmbe laatiriye.
Laawol wonngol ngam faddaago buubi ɗum dabare mbarugo ɗi, haa ɗum mbarata buubi bee laawol radiyeeson, heɓa haɗa ɗi ɓeydaago.
Laabi radiyeeson hawtii e radioisotope gamma ray sources, e X-ray generators e maa electron accelerators.
E ɗum naftoree nder kuuje ɗe nyaamataake, ba poondirɗum nyawuuji, e roobaaji, e paayipji henndu gas, e kuwtinirɗum ngam wulnugo suudu, e kuuje sigorɗe nyaamndu, ekare ba"atenteeji,e woyaaji yiite, (senndirɗi), e taayaaje, e maa safaayaaje.
Ɓikkoy oogaanisim famaroy ɗawtataako boo tokkitina e ka saatinki e maa fiiji ɓuytuki nyawu.
Aawullaaji tokkitintaa ka ɓennduki boowaaki alla boo laawol hiiɗuki.
Wawki hakkilanki nyaamndu ta laawol yoornuki ko huunde goongaare, no laatiri baawɗe semmbe dow kala dogginol ɓikkoy atom e semmbiɗi, e ɗum sennda ɓikkoy molecules nden wadda no koy senndidirtee (ɗo'o innd nden) ɗum heɓirtaake tan wulnuki.
Sikay, naftirki kalmawol ngol, foownuki feewndi, ngam holluki no nyaamndu ɗum wontiri ko huunde nde faamilowtaake, sabu foownuki e soynde radiotion no fiiji ɗi wonaa huunde woore, ammaa boo ngartamme ɗen wonnde sarde nden foti laatoo huunde woore.
Marie Curie maayii daliila nyawu aplastic anemia laatiiɗum daliilaɗuuɗgal soynde faddaare maako.
Ko ɓuri senndere maayɗe ngaɗaande gila Hiroshima e Nagasaki maayɓe duuɓi ɗiɗi malla jowi ɓaawo ɗon maayii daliila ɓadaaki radition.
Maauki nuukiliya e holla balaa'u kalluɗum ɗum ɗaluki fiiji nuukiliya naata nder taariindi.
Sooji'en ngiiduɓe kala ka'a musiiba resaama to leydi Birtaaniya e SL-1 nder leydi Amerika.
Woɗngol biɗitol transhumanis'en daranii dow no innu Aadama'en paddortee gila kala nawaare ngonndaande, huunde bana nde'e ko konu nuukiliya malla fiyoodiral asteroid.
Haala kan wardii e haalaaji ilmu to non waɗi piloosopaajo tuubankeejo Max More o fuɗɗi wadduki diidaaɗi transhumanistaaku ko laatotoo anndal yeesowal nder nduuɓu 1990, nden e taskuki to California janngirde anndinki miijo ngon laatiinde gila ɗon yaaji faa yottii gonndal transhumanistaaku ngal adunaaru.
Nder kuuɗe Discourse, e Descartes ɓe anniyike wadduki lekki kesi tabitinoohi haɗuki maayde e semmbiɗinki ɓerɗe fuu.
St. Leon foti kan waɗani ɓiyum Mary Shelley laabi foofɗe arane ɗe Frankenstein.
Ko ɓurdi maa, no o woodani yiɗde ɓamtuki anndal saayinsi heedi eugenics, e ectogenesis (sincuki e dogginki ngeendam to taariindi ndi innu Aadama'en tagi), nden boo naftirki e ɓikkoy donu tagdi ngam hiɓɓinki fiiji innu Aadama'en, bana njamu e hakkillo.
Miijooji ɗi'i laatike ko kaɓe ngiɗɓe saayinsi e teknooloji ɓurdani paalaaki gila nden sarde.
"Nder wakkere Kare e Gorko dow manifesto, Noboru Kawazoe raɓɓitii ka: Ɓaawo duuɓi ɗuuɗɗi ɗi kewtaayi teemerre, e ɗawtaaki jahal yeeso heedi teknooloji maatootiral moye fuu heɓay ""kuutirgel wave jaɓonoowel ngaandi"" nder noppi maako, mbannginoojum darnde woore boo jak ko yimɓe numata dow maako e ko kanko maa o numata dow maɓɓe versa."
"Nder nduuɓu 1966, FM-2030 (anndiraaɗono F. M. Esfandiary), hiimoowo dow ko warata jannginoowo ""miijooji kesi dow innu Aadama"" e The New School, nder galluure New York, o fuɗɗii heɓtoyki yimɓe jogiiɓe teknooloji, laabi ngeendam e no waylaaki adunaaru yahki posthumanity laarirtee, laatoo ""transhuman""."
FM-2030 e Vita-More ilaa ɓe puɗɗi waɗki moɓtorɗe ngam transhumanist'en nder Los Angeles, kawtuɗum e fukaraaɓe gila FM-2030 darasiiji e keɗitaale gila kuuɗe Vita-More ɗe wurtinki fiiji.
Hakkilanki keewki kan woni ko yahdata e jokkuki innu Aadama e wonnduki e teknooloji e kala janngirɗi e maa keeri fuf.
Ɗu'um ɗaldii Dental Transhumanist'en ngal Duuniya laatii dental ardiingal to duuniya heedi l transhumanist.
Dental Transhumanist'en ngal Moron tiggii nder nduuɓu 2006.
"Transhumanistaaku yaajnii haala asngol fiiji, wonnde sarde nden aa faa e haala taguki noone dabbaji marɗi ƴoyre ta laawol waɗanki-ɗi no ɗi faam irta no fiiji ngontiri (bana ɓamtuki tagdi maaji), ammaa e tiigii dow haala ""darnde posthuman yeeso"" laato iijo sekitiingo ngo ɓamtaare tagdi."
"Nden boo ban ɗum "posthumanistaaku mboowaaɗu"" foti wadda faaoodiral nuooji hakkunde innu Aadama'en e maasinnji mawɗi, transhumanistaaku e ko nanndi posthumanistaaku ko huunde, e nder ka'a haala, ko accaayi haala kanɗaa'e ka ""Tabutunde hoyeenda tagdi"", ammaa e ɓe njajjina-ɗum fii ""koytinoohoy"" yahki fii goongaaku heedi posthuman."
Sikay, woɓɓe kalfinaaɓe jahal yeeso yeddii dow posthumanistaaku, foti darnde maajum dow no ɗum faamiree malla boo no kaɓanooɓe-ɗum tawaa, ɗuuɗgal waylaaki kin gila haɓanki hllanki innu Aadama'en, gila laaɓɓinki jooɗodal adune nde gila goɗɗi fiiji Famtinaare nden, yahki yiɗde hoore heedi ko innu Aadama yiɗi ngam heɓki goɗɗi laabi ɗi nguurnda laaɓɗa.
Ɗuuɗɓe nder transhumanis'en e haɓda heedi tefki hoyeenda dow jahal yeeso teknooloji e laabi sincuki huundeeji mballooji innu Aadama'en ngam ɓamtuki darja adune, to tefki ko waɗirta ko faamaa dow ngeendam adune ngam tabitinki alkawal fotoodiral ngal sariiya e siyaasi ta laawol ittuki dariiɗum gila dayngol e hakkillo e maa ko yi'etee.
Woɓbe nder ngaddooɓe gewte bana Ray Kurzweil e numa dow sincuki e yajjinki fiiji teknooloji e yaaja sanne sabu non ɗo'o e duuɓi 50 ngarooji wardataa e tan e yajjinol fiiji teknooloji, wonay fiiji teknooloji tan heɓetee, laatiiɗum foti wayluki no innu Aadama'en wontiri.
Misaalu, Bostrom winndii sanne dow nawaare nde innu Aadama foti yi'ida ɗo'o yeeso, kawtuɗi e ɗin keɓeteeɗi daliila wannguki fiiji teknooloji.
Ngam luuranki ka'a, Hawking teddinii haala dow yalla taskanaago hoore dow genome malla boo ɗawtuki keɓal fiiji kemikal (bana, kompuuta faamoowa no huunde wontiri) ngam ɗawtuki hakkillo innu Aadama e ɗustuki metteendam, si walaa ɗu'um o hollii finnde innu Aadama wartay nde yinnaande ngam hawtuki foofa dow huunde nde dartaaki, laatiinde halkay ummaaoore nden maa.
Ɓe'e hirlitooɓe kaalii dow baawɗe haaluki dow huunde nde wonaa goonga kan waddata timmoode nde salantaake laatiinde fooɗay kala innu Aadama haalana hoore mum a laawol ngol jonngitiraki dow wonnde huunde nden nde yaalaayi nde'e nden.
"Ngam wonnduki e ka'a, ɗuuɗɓe nder kaɓanooɓe transhumanistaaku inndinɓe, bana Dan Agin, hollii dow haalaaji dow transhumanisaaku, heedi laamotooɓe e ngeddooɓe laamu e hawtii, bana ""njogiiɓe fiiji naane tan"" malla ""ɓe ngida jahal yeeso teknooloji"", sekitiiɓe ɓen e sappoo wakkati wolaandu 19 nganyuɓe jahal yeeso ttigguki kampaniiji caliiɓe wayluki kuuɗe ɗe innu Aadama'en ngaɗata yahki naftirki maasinnji."
Huunde bana nde'e fuɗɗitii sarde ko ngaandi yimɓe uulani-ɓe ka bote keɓeteeɗe to kuuɗe maɓɓe e to fiiji jannde maɓɓe.
Soynde maayuki, nuɗɗinre nde ɓernde saawi dow ngeendam foti daaytinee ta laabi teknooloji nden boo hisuki maaynde yo huunde fotunde waɗeeki boo ko huunde giɗaande, e teddinki ka wiɗito e maa ɓamtaare nga tabitinki non ɗu heɓaaa.
Anndal Hiisawal (gila ɗemngal Greek: ) hawtidii e jannguki tiitooɗe bana ɗuuɗgal (gewtaali heedi limaro), darnde huunde (aljebra), yaajde (geometry), e baylal (himmitaaki).
Si darɗe hiisawal no laaɓii boo yahdii e no huunde wotiri, nden hiirlitaade dow hiisawal foti naftireeki nga wadduki laawol dariingol naftirteengol heedi wannginki tammeteendam heedi neesuuji.
Wiɗito ngon e yiɗani ka laaɓɓinki caɗeele hiisawal foti hoosa duuɓi e waɗee malla balaaɗi e ɗaɓɓere jaabuye e waɗee.
Hiisawal heɓii ɓataare e seese-seese naaki nde Heɓtitaare, sarde ko sinncaali kesi ngonnduɗi e aa annde kese heedi saayinsi keɓtowaaɗe to non waddi jahal yeeso nder yaawnde heedi heɓtoyki annde kese ɗe hiisawal tokkitinaaɗe faa ko yottii hannde.
Bana no hujjaaji ɗi limngal keɓaaɗi dow ƴiƴe, ɗawtaare dow heɓtuki no fiiji ngi'eteeɗi limirtee, yimɓe neeɓuɓe tuuy foti kamɓe maa ɓe anndiino no ɓe limirta ɗuuɗgal fiiji ngi'eteeɗi e nden sarde, bana wakkati—balɗe, fasluuji, alla duuɓi.
Fuɗɗoode wolaandu 6-ɓre bako dayngol Annabi Iisa e wannguki anndal e tokkooɓe Pythagoras, e hiisawal yimɓe Greek hiisawal yimɓe kiiɗgal fuɗɗii jannde dartiinde heedi hiisawal e laataande maajum darasiwol darnde hoore maajum.
Annadanɗo fiiji hiisawal kiiɗɗi wonnde sarde nden e hoosiree Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC) mo Syracuse.
Laabi lingal ɗi Hinndu–Aarabre e maa diidaaɗi naftirki-ɗi, e naftiree kala jaajel winndere fuf jooni, heɓtowaama bana ko dillani ujuneere aranndeere ɓaawo dayngol Annabi Iisa nder leydi Inndiya boo yahraama faa leyɗe Hiirnaange adunaaru taa laawol hiisawal diina Lislaama.
Jaalaaaki ɓurduki mawngu heedi hiisawal Lislaama ko ɓamtaare aljebra.
E fuɗɗoode sarde hesre boo, hiisawal fuɗɗi ɓamtaaki nder jaawal e lesɗe Hiisrnaange Erop.
Halaa anndanɗo anndal hiisawal aranndeejo ɓe wolaandu 19-ɓre kan woni anndanɗo hiisawal onɗon neɗɗo German bi'eteeɗo Carl Friedrich Gauss, ngadduɗo walliinde ɗuuɗnde wakkere annde ɗen bana aljebra, hiimitaare, geometry seertuɗum, laaɓɓinki gewtaali matrix, gewtaali heedi numbaaji, e maa limngal.
Heɓtuki annde kese ɗe hiisawal e tokkii waɗeeki faa hannde.
"Ɓurnaa maa, mathēmatikḗ tékhnē meant ""fannu hiisawal ngal."""
Nder ɗemngal Enngiliisiire, innde hiisawal nde mathematics e hoosa darnde gollal keewal.
"Sikay, Aristotle hanƴum fuu hollii ka waatanki ɗuuɗgal tan hakkiilo waɗata hiisawal senndee gila annde saayinsi bana anndal physics; haa ngiiɗe maako, limki yi'etee e maa jannguki ɗuuɗgal huunde darnde huunde nden ""e senndii nder numooji"" gila fiiji goonginɗi ngaɗaaɗi nga hiisawal tan."
Wonnde huunde nden ko hakkilanaa e nde'e wakkere ko no ɗum salii goɗɗi nder miijooji hiisawal ngerdaaɗi e goɗɗi fannuuji ɗin.
"Haskell Curry tinndinii anndal hiisawal dow tan ko ""anndal no haaani fiiji ngonira""."
"Popper boo anndinii dow ""mi tabitinii mi jaɓay ka laawol laatiingol ba tabitinaangol malla boo dartinaangol tan to ngol waaway foondeeki ta fiiji ngaaɗaanoɗi."""
Fiiji heedi faamre e laawol ppondol kanƴum maa e walla sanne ta wadduki diidaaɗi naftireeki to fuf annde ɗen ɗiɗi anndal hiisawal e maa annde (goɗɗe) ɗe saayinsi.
misaalu, anndanɗo anndal physics Richard Feynman hanƴum sinci laawol keertiingol heedi anndal quantum mechanics ta laawol hawtuki anndal numooji hiisawal e kadi naftirki e numooji heedi fiiji mbannguɗi, e kadi goɗɗi gewtaali ɗin ɗi jooni, gewtaali saayinsi laatiiɗi e ɓamtee faa jooni maranɗi haaje hawtuki ɗi fuu danngarle awɗe ɗe neesu, non ɗume ɗawta teddinki annde hiisawal kese.
Cenndal e waɗee wonnde sarde hakkunde anndal hiisawal laaɓngal e annde tiigoriiɗe hiisawal.
Bana ni nder jannde ɗuuɗnde, yaajuki anndal to duuɓi ɗi saayinsi jokki waɗii maandaare heɓaama: jooni e woodi laabi maandeteeɗi ko saalii teemerre jonngitiraaɗi anndal hiisawal nden Cennde ɗen nder Darsiwol Hiisawal kesol hewtii kelle 46.
Ɗuuɗɓe nder anndanɓe anndal hiisawal e haala dow mawngu hiisawal ngal, belɗum maangal e maa laaɓeendam anndal ngal.
G. H. Hardy nder A Mathematician's Apology wannginii nuɗɗinre dow belɗum maangal e daranii, to kanngal anndal ngal, ɗu'u heƴii tabitina ka anndal hiisawal laaɓngal.
Gewtaaaka do hiisawal wannginii dow darnde darasiwol ngol ta ɗi'i fiiji mbannginaaɗi ko darja non.
Euler (1707–1783) kan taskanii ɗuuɗɗi nder laabi naftirteeɗi hannde.
Naa bana ɗemɗe ndonaaɗe, to yimɓe foondirta helmere wonnde sarde nden (bana nagge) e huunde ngi'eteende nde innde nden yahdi e mum, alamji hiisawal ko huunde nde yi'ataake, nde walanaa wonnde huunde fotootirnde e maare.
Ɗemngal hiisawalkan fuu e daranii ko hawtii e bayaanuuji anndal bana homeomorphism e goɗɗi ngerdaaɗi e ngalanaa maana si naa nder anndal hiisawal.
"Anndanɓe anndal hiisawal e sappoo nga'al ɗemngal e laawol dabare ngol e ""rigor""."
"Ɗu'u ngam daɗanki boofol ngol ""anndal"", dow miijooji ɗi goongɗinaaka, laatiiɗi misaaluuji ɗuuɗɗi mbanngii heedi taariiha darasiwol ngol."
Soynde faamuki ɗemngal hiisawal ngal rigor laatii sababu goɗɗi nder ɓillaaji soynde faamuki darsu hiisawal.
Ta wonnde wakkere nden boo, wallooɓe heedi seeduye yerdii ka dartaaki kala bayaanu seeduye ɗe waawataa winndeeki ta binndol juuɗe , nden wanngina tabitinaare dow laaɓeendam seeduuye juuɗɗe bana ɗen ɗe anndal Feit–Thompson.
Ɗawtaare dow ka'a ɓurduka raarteeki kan, e woodi kadi goɗɗe lise ɗen kokkitaaɗe tan ngam heɓtoyki jokkirgal gila nder anndal hiisawal fa'aki goɗɗe annde ɗen: yahki maandaare, ngam tigguki gewtaali (daartaangol), yahki anndal hiisawal foondangal ngal annde saayinsi ɗuuɗɗe (jonngitoriiɗi hiisawal), boo e jooni kadi jannde ngaddaande tilimnde dow soynde tabutungo.
Goɗɗe nurre ɗen dow dartaangol annde hiisawal tokkinii faa ko waddi hannde.
Sabu non, ɗu'um ko wuro non to gewtaali Gödel dow soynde keewal laatiiɗum (naa no yerdanaa) hollii dow kala laawol nafoowol ngerdaangol saawungol hiisawal koyngal, si ko waddaaɗum (maana kala gewtaali laatiiɗi goongɗinay ko tabutuɗi), ɗu'um ka tabitii heewaayii (maana woodi gewtaali googɗinɗi ammaa ɗi tabitintaake ta ngola laawol).
maandeeji kesi cenndaama yahki gewtaali recursion, gewtaali model, e gewtaali proof, boo e ɓadii ka gewtidal anndal kompuuta, fahin ɗin maa boo e gewtaali category.
Gewtaali Computability theory e raartoo keeri ɗuuɗɗi ɗi gewtidal nooneeji anndal kompuuta, hawtii e noonre ɓurdunde anndeeki—nde Turing machine.
"Hakkilanki nummbaaji njahdooji waddi ka nummbaaji ɗi timoode mum timmataa, ngadduɗum ka haala anndal ""infinity""."
Ta non goɗɗo foti jannga dental, tarɗe, fannuuji e laabiɗin ɗi ngi'ataake; e ɗe'e annde ɗen (ngam dartaaki huunde bana kuwdal algebra) waddi ka noone algebra ɗum yi'ataake.
Trigonometry ko lisal hiisawal kakkilanoowal gonndal hakkunde soɓɓuɗi ɗi kaataneehaaji e kadi kuuɗe trigonometric.
Taarɗe e kadi geometry cenndiiɗum sincaama ngam laaɓɓina caɗeele ɗe nder gewtaali nummbaaji e kuwgal hiimitaare ammaa jooni e ɗum naftiree ta daarɗe heedi raɓɓutuki fii ɗustuki saɗki huunde e anndal kompuuta.
Wakkere nummbaaji Lie e naftiree ngam annduki njaayri, are used to study space, canyu, e baylal.
Kuuɗe ɗen ɗo'o e wannga dow darnde ardiingal tinndinoore nden nde wayluki ɗuuɗgal huunde.
Go'o nder kuuɗe hiimitaaki kuugal ko quantum mechanics.
"Anndanɓe limngal (huwooɓe bana senngo nder biɗitol porojee) ""waddu keɓal arngal jaɓeteengal"" ta noone suɓaangal e kadi poondol suɓaangol; bannginol ngol dow noone limngal ngal malla poondol ngol darnii ka hiimitaare keɓal ngal (hidde keɓal ngal laatoo e heɓee)."
Anndal hiimitaare nummbaaji ngam perge limngal to hiimitaare ta naftirki e hiimitaare kuwgal e maa gewtaali ɓadital miijo; hiimitaare nummbaaji hawtidii e annduki gewtaali ɓadital miijo e cenndootiral jaajngal e maa waatuki hakkiilo sanne dow laaɓɓinki boofi.
Dokkal Chern Medal fuɗɗaaa nder hitaande 2010 ngam heɓtuki jaalal keeɓaangal nder ngeendam.
Doggol ngol heɓii wannginki ɗuuɗɓe nder anndanɓe hiisawal, nden ko famɗaayii perge joweenayi laaɓɓinaama.
Darja Pi ɗum kanko fuɗɗi limuki-ɗum.
"Anndanɗo hiisawal Pythagoras kanko sinci innde nde'e nde ""mathematics"", boo e daliila maako annduki anndal hiisal darnde hoore maangal fuɗɗi."
Sabu kaɓe siyaasi, tokkooɓe diina Kirista to siire Alexandria torri-mo, e tammude no o nder fitina kan, ta ɓortuki-mo kolte maako jurak e ɓartirki laral maako ta koohoohe dildowa (woɓɓe boo bi'i waafirɗe cuuɗi).
Rokkuki fiirtooɓe defte saayinsi yahki goɗɗ ɗemɗe ceede tokkii waɗeeki nder lamuuji woɓɓe laamɓe ɓen, non waɗi woɓɓe moodiɓɓe ɓen ngarti mbaawɓe sanne nder ɗe'e kuuɗe ɗe ɓe piirti ɓawo ɗon maa ɓe njaɓi walliinde wonnde ngam tokkitinki ɗawtuki goɗɗ annde ɗen.
Anndaaɓe ɗuuɗɓe nder moodiɓɓe golluɓe ley laamuuji diina Lislaama nder wakkati caaliiɗum e holla no ɓe ngoni woonnde sarde nden anndanɓe kala anndal hiisawal.
Sarde nde'e nde so"aaki gila duuɓi feudal e aadi ecclesiastical yahki sarde inniraande secular nder Enngiliisiire, anndaaɓe ɗuuɗɓe ɓe anndal hiisawal e mari goɗɗi filuuji ɗin: Luca Pacioli (sincuɗo anndal dogginol luumaaku); Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (Innjiniyaajo anndaaɗo kadin maa kakkilanoowo defte); Gerolamo Cardano (fuɗɗuɗo sincuki probability e binomial expansion); Robert Recorde (anndanɗo Physics) and François Viète (lawyaajo).
Jaami'aaji Birtaaniya dow laawol ngo'ol jogike goɗɗi laabi ɗin anndaaɗi to jaami'aaji Itaaliya e ɗi German, ammaa nde laatii ɗe jahdike ɗe keɓi jeytaaki e dawranki hoore non waɗi baylal fuɗɗaa e Duuɓi Famtinaare, bana non kadi hoositi miijo Humboldt.
Fukaraaɓe foti waɗa biɗitol to seminaaji malla labooritiri nden fuɗɗa wadduki biɗitol jannde ɓarnde tataɓre saawunde saawdu saayinsi.
Anndanɓe hiisawal e annde njonngitiriiɗe hiisiwal e hoosiree ɗiɗi nder STEM (saayinsi, teknooloji, innjiniyaaku, e hiisawal) kuuɗe.
Actuaries hanƴum maa e ardini ƴami heedi faggudu, kawtuɗi e ɗin darnde walliinde pension ɗaɓɓoojum wanngina goɗɗi laabi keɓal ɓaawo timmoode gollal e kadi laabi ɗi kampani naftira ceede ngam ɗawtuki no heɓirta ceede e kadi wartirki keɓal heedi ɗustuki nawaare.
Laawol hieroglyphic ngol limngalyimɓe Egyptian, bana limngal Roman'en ɓaawo ɗon, ƴiwoy gila alamji diideteeɗi ngam limngal.
Nummbaaji limngal kiiɗɗi kawtuɗi e bayaanu darnde maaji ɗi daraaki dow toɓbere, kawtuɗi e sexagesimal (tekkere 60) laawol ngol limngal Babylon'en, e maa vigesimal (tekkere 20) laawol kaalungol dow limngal yimɓe Maya.
Hidde kuuɗe Euclid bana duuɓi 300 BC, yimɓe Greek heɓii anndineeki hiisawal kawtungal e maa haala piloosopi e yerdaake fiiji ɗi faailowtaake.
Yimɓe Greeks hiiɗɓe ngalanaa alamre hoonde naaki sarde Hellenistic, nden no ɓe naftira diggi tati cenndiiɗi darnde limngal ngootal: go'o e daranii darnde suudu, go'o boo e daranii darnde for the sappooji, nden go'o ngam darnde teemeɗɗe.
Laawol maɓɓe ngol cenndol fii algorithm no go'o, nden boo diggi ɗin e tokkootiri sukoyawal fuɗɗoode ngal algorithm, e ɓuri anndeeki jooni bana nder wolaandu 20-ɓre, e innde mum e anndiree dow Archimedes (fotuɗo laato kan sinci-ɗum).
Yimɓe Sinwa ngardii e laabi anndal limngal fuɗɗoode gila jamanu laamu Shang nden tokkitini faa sarde laamu Tang, gila nummbaaji koyɗi yahki limngal algebra jaajngal.
Dillani nokkuuje teemeɗɗe, nden ɓe tokkitini naftirki alamji heedi cuuɗi limngal, e ko nanndi non.
Yimɓe Sinwa hiiɗɓe ngoni arannde'en to heɓtoyki laaɓki, faamaaki, nden e naftirki nummbaaji luutooji.
"Daraniiɗo-o jooni, laatiiɗo ko Bishop mo Syriac anndiraaɗo Severus Sebokht (650 AD) wi''ii, ""Inndiyanko'en marii laawol limngal ngol walaa helmere keewnde ngol manire."
Arab'en kamɓe maa anndii ngo'ol laawol nden ɓe noddiri-ngol hesab.
Ɓamtaaki limngal algebra e duuɓi ɓamtaare diina Lislaama, e kadi Heɓtitaare leyɗe Erop, woni ɗuuɗki e hoytinki laabi limngal e bayaanuuji toɓɓere.
Kollol limle lattan raarta be anniya kuude tokki'ndirde.
Yeru komputaji jamanu naftiran besdari-tardudi di woni iga naane ngam doggingo ittaki bana naftiraago laabi didi ballotirdi ngam darana'go kawtol kippol.
Sowuki jokkan limle didi lattidi go'o, keebangal cowuki.
Limle to numtete bana didi baaliidi, sowuki be limgal burngal 1 bana x fotan be fortuki ko woni fuu ta latta 0, non lattan datal limgal 1 jokkama be jodirde x wonino
Denndiigu ngu seernda e how'nde fuu wala inde.
Carl Friedrich Gauss hanko arti andingo theorem burdum bote dum limle.
Babal inde (andiraama Inde babal-bote) don nufa daranaago limle cuudiide naftirde alaamaaji fere di mari ooda (yeru babal go'to, babal sappo, babal temerre) e na babal radix ngam alaamaaji darana pecce (yeru babal sappowal, ""babal temmerewal"")."
Naftiraago 0 ngam alaamaa nden non naftiraago babal inde hokkama aran nder bindi Jain di India, inniraadi Lokavibhaga dun hitaande 458 AD, iga karnuwol 13th sappo e tatiy dun andaa heedi jangirde arab'en, dun fuddi to be limle hindu e na arabiyya to Europe be fibonacci.
Wattam don do lime fudditaano bedduki limgal gotal joodiingal to babal go'o fuu, fuddaki jungo nyaamo yahugo nano.
Limgal jungo nyaamowal dun bote babal ngal joodi, wattam bedduki limle heedi nano besdan bote limgal didabal ngal jungo nano ngal lattan (to naa how'nde kam).
Teeburuhi sowuki dum mari rowji e columnji sappo don limta wattam limle go'to fuu.
Woodi datal nanndungal ha ittuki e seernduki.
Ha ko larani karfeje limle, dum do noddire be mabbuki, limtal saalingal.
Mobgal pence to yebre muudum dun 25.
Kuugal fudditaama, dun naftiri bote wakkere shillings, e na beddaki bote yesojum iga wakkere pennies.
Deftel ngel marngel buuli 150 mari teeburuhi sowirgal iga go'o yahugo ujineje sappo to bote fere iga farthing go'o to pound go'o""."
Jangirde do andirama algorism wakkati fere.
Non ma modibbe Islama don jangina be arithmetic ha ko larani diidadi zakka be Irth.
Hawtuki lattake go'o nder kuude limle nayi, luttude kanje wooni ittuki, sowuki, e na seerndude.
Ha yebre fere nde mathematics, andira'nde algebra, dum don naftira be beddari ha kuujeji fere di latti di wala yi'e bana vectorji, matrices, subspaceji, e na subgroups.
Naftiraago fuddano gurundiveje be wattam ha besdaari, kuuje on je hautuki""."
"""Sum"" be ""summand"" fuu iwi on iga harfere demgal latin nde summa, on ko buri maunugo, be harfere nde kuugal nde summare."
"Chaucer hanko andini kalimaji turankore bawo bawoji do di adden be adding."
Bana yeru kollol a + b + c handi innire bana (a + b) + c ko bo a + (b + c)?
Dabbaji wala baude masin ha besdari, wala ma bana primateji.
"Be beddaki andal, bikkon ekkitan beddaki be jawdum ngam be don lancha nandaaki beddaki limgal iga limgal burngal duudaki, be don fuddira tatiy yahugo nayi, joy."""
How'nde: N'de ni how'nde lattake kawtol andaa'ngol kam, besduki famdi.
Go'o fotidi be tobbere fecce didi buurdudi, tobbere fuu ha fellere woore.
Besdari din to lattake yiilaki yawki dum gebe didi, besduki dun lattan ferdudi.
Dun naftiri e na laabi hosuki gravity-assisted.
Kuuwoowo naftiriy limgal Pascal ngam ittuki, non do mari haaje laabi bedduki duuddi.
Laabi XOR e na AND fuu boosudi ngam haptaaki limle de andal ngam heptaaki circuitji beddaki kewdi di lattan jillotiral kuude sarginide e na kuude andal.
Dogginirde dudde kam dum jillotiral non'nde tatiy baawoji.
Duudal limle don nder ko buri waddugo boofe de tamminaka.
To dun hosi no woni, labbinki arande naftiran be theorem bawoji dow kuuje tokkindirde N2.
A be b to lattake how'nde kam, sai hositira fuu go'o.
Haa do kam, kawtal ngal timmidai kam ngal do tagire be lambaji asliji, nden kawtal bo dum beddari lambaji di senditaka.
Nandotiral e na gondal bedduki goonga lattan jonta, labbinki limle goongaje de 0 ngam latta kuuje yidaaka lattan dun beddari andaadum.
Wajibi dow neddo fuu o hokka hujja no kuude den hebri inde ha jillotiral maaje be co-Cauchy tokki'ndirdi.
"Kuuje kewdum dun modulo 2 do mari gebe; kuude beddaki don rona andal boolean andaadum wala bana muudum ko bo dun kuugal."
Dun do hokka inde didi ferotirde ha sowuki dun buran besdaki.
Woodi in'de dudde de multiplication buran beddari.
To limle jabaa'de didi woni a be b lattake fere-fere, kawtal maaji fotan be burdudi duudaki.
Dun hawti e kawtal limgal gootal dun latti kawtal wala merewal e na how'nde.
"Nastotirki dun kawtal jun'ngal, ko bo tabitinki nasdinki to kuugal fere."
Jillotirde guuride don mari bote sanne ha bindi mari besdari dardiidi sabani diidadi, bana jillaago laabi bindaangol pijirle ko bo babal mangi'ngal dun quantum machanics.
Seerndude lattake go'o nder kuude nayi dun limle, kanji woni laabi di limgal jillotirta ngam hebaaki limle kese.
Kanji mardi seerndude euclidean be luttano don noddire joodorde euclidean, hawtaade be kalagaaje polynomialji di labbini cowuki e na bedduki dow lawool senditiingol.
Alaama seerndude don darana kuugal seerndude, yeru alaama mabbitirgel dow nyo'igirgel limowa.
Sankitaki kuuje den ha wakkati fere to dun sendi yebre fuu don wada dun heba jillotirgo to seerndude, seerndude fuu ittan sowirgal iga denndiigu ndeni fuu.
Neddo wawan nafitiraago table logarithm ngam seendaki lambaji didi, ko bo ustago lambaji din di woni haa logarithm table, nden bo tefaago result antilogarithm dun.
Limle godde de komputa bana C don naftira limle kewde seerndude bana no en 5 yi'I ko saali, wattam dun dun kewdude.
Ha ko nandi non bo, seendaki heedi nyaamre b ha ko windama dun burtorgal y on ha equation dun.
Yeru din, hanji woni aljabra e na aljabra quaternion.
Nasdinki kolle ko nandi banni nder limigal waddan wattam boofe.
Nde no lornitaaki ustan limgal burngal mawnaaki nder limle didi fudditaago kuugal ngal hokkan limle famarde didije tokkindirdi haa to limle didi fotidi.
Dun andiri haala ka wi'I GCD do wangine be andangal Bezout.
Nasaraku do holli algoritm dun wala haaje ko buuri limle joy (tekkere 10) iga kewdi buurdi famdaaki.
Algoritm nga euclidean woodi kuude dudde de bindi e na huwuuki.
Euclidean algoritm dun teema naftirtee ngam wo'ina pottudi diophantine, bana heptago limle de ke'I sowirde pottunde no woni to luttano Chinese theorem ngam habaago pecce tokkindirdi nden bo heptaki limgal goongawal dun limle goonga.
Seernondiroowo burngol mawnaki don winde gcd(a, b) ko bo ko buuri hoyugo (a, b), ko ngam bo inde didabre dun sarginidun, dun do naftira kalimaji kaandudi ha kalagaaje kewdude, non bo batti GCD.
Yeru 6 ko bo 35 woni limgal keyuungal ngam didi fuu woodi dokkal keyuungal: 6 = 2 × 3 be 35 = 5 × 7.
Senduuki limde kewde sadi sanne, nden ma rento cryptographic protocolji di naftirte ndeni fuu lattataake.
Kawtal kebe marde daraja de a be b fotan be sowirde g (mg, bo m dun limgal kewngal).
Heedi goddum bo, sowirgal limle famarde rk-1 ittama iga limle mawde rk-2 haa luttano rk latta buri rk-1 famdaaki.
Ngam non seerndaki c be luttano arande dun r0, ngam r0 = a − q0b = mc − q0nc = (m − q0n)c.
En foonda senduki soorooruha be sukoya b-by-b, ko non fuu soorooruha r0-by-b luttan sendaaka ha dun hebi r0<b. En foonda senduki soorooruha be r0-by-r0 be sukoya senditadum.
Theorem dun labbini seerndude euclidean ngam tabbitinki wattam be luttano haptaama nden bo fere.
Ha ragare fudditaano, b jogi luttaano rk, a bo jogi ko artuno, rk - 1.
B. L. Van der Waerden maskido heedi limle hokkowo tariiha wi'I defte VII iwi iga deftere nde limle bindaade maskibe limle de jangirde Pythagoras.
Euclid algoritm heptaama wakkati fere ha India e na China, ngam bo'inol pottude de iwi iga astronomy be waduki limlebbiwol potungol qarnuji saalidi.
Euclidean algoritm labbinama on aran be limle nden bo andiinama ha Europe wakkati piyal didabal ngal Bachet's Problemes plaisants et delectables (Ferge belde de 1624).
Euclidean algoritm lattake datal mawnaago limle kese bana Gaussian kewde be Eisenstein kewde yaake karnuwol 19th.
Dun do yi'a Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet lattake arandejo mo labbini algoritm euclidean no dun latti tekkere limle diidade.
Yeru Dedekind hanko woni neddo arandejo mo hokki hujja theorem sukoya didi, o naftiri sennduki fere nde Gaussian kewnde.
Kuude godde de euclid algoritm mawninaama ha qarnuwol 19.
Limle kewde kese de algoritm mawninaama, algoritm din bana di Helaman Ferguson be R.W. Forcade (1979) be algoritm LLL.
Fijoobe itti sowirgal m dun jugaare femarde iga maunde go'to bawo go'to.
To dun acci u serndi dow limle kewde, lenyol bo'inol hebete iga bo'inol gotol (x1, y1) ngol wala keerol.
Ha datal ngal do, wattam kuugal limle ko ngalewal fuu (bedduki, ittaki, sowuki, sendaki) modulo 13; ustama, kanjum woni sowirgal 13 besdete ko bo ittete ha wattam latta hakkunde 0–12.
En wi'a bote N yahugo M − 1 no foti don nder wattam.
Hollaki wattam 1, 2, 3, ko bo 4, teema dun 41.5%, 17.0%, 9.3% be 5.9%, do tokkindiri.
Gotol nder laabi heptaki GCD dun limle didi aslije di a be b di he'aka lattan limaaki seernondirooje nandude no foti; GCD lattake seernondiroowo nandugol bur'ngol dudaaki.
No dun andiy haa ko saali, GCD fotan be kebaangal cowol ngal pecce keyude sendiide hakkunde limle didi a be b. Laabi pecce keyude naftirtee joni he'ay, ngam cryptography di jamanu ko duda doogi dow soi'nde ke'al ngal bolwuno'den.
Algoritm Lehmer GCD naftiriy diidaadi andaadi bana algoritm di binary ngam yawdinki limgal GCD dow tekke gidaade.
Algorittm Euclidean naftirtee ngam wo'inki pottunde guriide de diophantine be luttano ferge Chinese ngam polynomialji, pecce polynomialji footi labbinee.
Jodirde euclidean lattan ferotiri e na jodirde rokkude (UFD), ko ngam bo naulum na dun goonga.
Jodirde euclidean lattan jodirde mawde kaandude ndeniy fuu, (PID), jodirde mawde kaandude lattan jodirde marde daraja.
Limoowal e na lesje don naftiree ha pecce de nannday, haa be pecce jayde, be pecce sarginaade, be pecce jillu'de.
Senndi'ndirki fecce bana dii lattuno asungol naftiraaki innde den, iga fecce sexagesimal naftiraadi ha astronomy.
Dun labbinama nder defte diidi wakkati qarnuwol 17.
Kebaangal cowol feccere be ko nandi dun 1, ngam cowi kippudi di feccere nandi.
Luttano lattan limowal ngal yebre feccere.
Ngam 5×17 (=85) buri 4×18(= 72), wattam dun nan'ndi.
Yebre woore nder tatiy di sappo e jowi dun go'o nder gebe sappo e didi, gebe didi nder tatiy di sappo e jowi dun didi nder sappo e didi.
Dun woodi haaje tobbere fudditaande nde wala keerol yaakego ngam jokkago tobbere fotu'nde.
Himbe lesdi Misra naftiriino pecce BC dun Misra.
Jawabu be hebi heedi laabi mabbe go'o be laabi jamanu.
Kollol pecce de jamanu andiiraade bhinnarasi woodi asungol kuude Aryabhatta be Brahmagupta be Bhaskara de India.
"Nder limngal , limngal moodula ɗum dabare limuki nde intejaaje, to limɗe ""taarinaa "" to hewtii saman goɗɗum , bi'eteeɗum mooduluji."
Ko waɗetee laaɓuɗum woni limta raartakawte hakkunde keɓtooje limngal tokkootirgal .
RSA e Diffie–Hellmannaftirii juuɗnuki moodula.
Naftirki maagal ɓurduki e ɓuri taweeki to senndiigu ngu ɗuuɗa buttuli , aljebira dariika e fuɗɗoode algooritim Gröbna to dow intajass e kadin limɗe ɗe hakkiilo.
Jahargal moodula ngal , bano nagal tokkira to nder puroogiraamuuji ɗuɗɗi ɗi bolle e limtooɗi, ɗum dabare limngal moodula ɗuɗka nafitireeki nder huunde nde'e.
Datal wurtinki joweetatiiji e hokka jaawal to limngal toɓɓire ngal junngo huuwata.
Ɗum waaway ɗum huuwa kuugal fotootiro nder wakkatiire ɗuuɗa buttuli dow laawol burtinol Gawsiiku, to a yiɗi keɓa laaɓka raaru darorde fotootiro.
Sowuki intejaaje (hawti e limɗe negatifje ), limɗe hakkiilo (guttitaaɗe) e limɗe anndaaɗe e faamiriree koosirol kumnungol ngol pirtol anndaangol ngo'ol.
Ko wanngi nder poondi ɗiɗi ɗum foondo wonngo heso.
Kippol nder jahargal ngal cowol boo ɗum cenndol.
Senndoode limngal to naa 0 e hoore maagal woni 1.
Naftirki kin to nder ki sowuki waaway wadda jiiɓaare to peerootire gaylliɗe fotootirii e innde goɗɗe ŋakke, nde innde ŋakkere nder yeeso cawon waaway jiiɓina e innde kuugal, malla nder anniya goonga ka kuuɗe tokkootiro.
"Limɗe soweteeɗe ɗen e ɗuuɗi wi'eeki ""faktooji""."
"Kadin no wattam sowuki daraaki dow tokkootiro faktooji, peerootiral hakkunde ""suwaangal "" e ""suweteengal"" e woodi bote tan to fuɗɗoode e kadin nder goɗɗesowe algooritimji, bano sowuki juutuki."
Wattam sowol ngol e wi'ee puroodak.
Keerol ƴara a acca limɗe sowee nder jaawal yahude nder goonga nde tati.
Ko jaɓa fuu dow maajum woni raartirki buttuli.
Limɗe ŋasawɗe ɗen ngalaa gonngal ɗatal tokkootirngal.
Ɗo'o doole keɓten 1, naa bano cuuɗi gonɗi les hawtuki to anndaagal ngal laati laaɓka 0.
To yi'ay nga'al, foondu setji limngal sukoyaaji ɗi kippataako ɗi foondon wonngo to njayri ngonndi.
Ngokka haala kaanduka maandee woni intejaaji gonɗi les cowol naa ɗum suudu—to laatke en mburtinii hoonde.
"Nder limle , nder teemerre (gila Laatiner paa sentum ""dow teemerre"") ɗum limngal malla reesiyo holliraango taƴoode nde 100."
Limirki taƴooɗe ɗe'e fottidi e limirki teemeɗɗe.
To ni e ɗum yewta dow teemerre , e ɗum haandi wi'a ko ɗum haandindiri (maana, ɗuuɗal nagle yaadata e 100%).
"To e yewta dow ""ƴoorol 10% "" malla ""yanuki 10% l"" nder gonngal ɗuuɗal, ko nihi firtirtee woni nihi e yahida e bote ɗuuɗal ngal."
Jiɓaaki kin ki go'o hakkunde numooji feere maaji ɗi dow teemerre (duuɓi) e teemerre toɓɓe mbaaway ngadda lurral manngal nde jariidaaɓe mbi'i habaru dow wattam cuɓi, misaalu, wurtinki wattam kesi e peerootiral e wattam bi'aaɗe arannde bano nder teemerreeji.
Innde nden to ƴiwoy woni Laatinre paa sentum.
Nahawu e daabare binndi ɓurna fuu e holla no teemeɗɗe mbinndirtee.
"To ɗuuɗal riiba ɓustake masin, limngal 0 nastinte nder to ni ɗuuɗal riiba kan hewtaayi 1%, misaalu. ""% sitok Tireejori "", naa ""% Sitok Tireejori "".)"
Non kadin, teemerre nder suudu nyaamuɗe, taƴoode fijooji ɗe kulob nyaami, kayre nden e nde holliree limngal toɓɓere to fotootiro ; suudu woondundu nyaamuki teemerre nde .500 e mbi'ay nyaami 50% ɗuuɗal fijooji maaji.
Ittuki kadin e tokki keeri sekaaɗi dow jaharle jaaduɗe, bano hawtuki e sowuki.
Ituuki dow limɗe anndaaɗe e nder kuuɗe ɓurɗe hoyuki to limuki.
Ndenno, limngal itteteengal anndiraakano subtiraahend, nden limngal to ngal itta woni minu'en.
"sabtirason"" ɗum wolde Tuubankoore ƴiwoynde to Laatinre huuwu boo subtiraahere, laatiingol to ragare sowo sub ""gila les r"" e tiraahere ""dibbool""."
Gila darorde 3, nde hoosaayi jaaɓille faade nano nden daroo to 3, ngam.
To hollay kuugal nga'al, doole diggol ngol fooɗee.
"Digitwal ardiingal ngal ""1"" wattam ɗam nden hudinee."
Nder nokkuure sappo, 0 hewtaayi 1, ngam non 0 e ɓesdiraama 10, e kadin peerootiral e 1, kanngal woni 9, e winndaa to nokkuure sappo.
Ittuki kin nden fa'a nder cuuɗi teemerre , to 6 hewtaayi 5, ngam non peerootiral ngal e winndiree nder wattam nokkuure teemerre.
Amma ngal ɓesda subtirahen digitwal teemerre fa go'o.
Nooto ngon woni 1,kadin e ngo winndee to nokkuure wattam teemerre.
Artuɗo tabbini narral nga'al woni Pierre de Fermat nder 1637 nder hakkundeere winndaande Arismetica, to o holli e mo woodi seyda mawka ɓurka ka nastataa nder hakkundeere nden.
Narral ngal noone jowi, goodungal seyda koyka , hollii dow noone jowi heƴii joojoo taswiira kadin ka tabbitinaama nder ragare hitaande teemrre 19; amma , tabbitinki noone nayi keƴii warti huunde nde waɗataako.
Kanngal woni narral mawngal tabbitiniraangal seyda kampita.
Ɓesdaari haala woni, taswiira fuu laatotooka teema nafataa doole heɓanee njayri ko nanndi taswiiraaji ɗi'i kanji 1,936.
Ton arannde ka tagano nder 1908, taguɓe ngoni Steinitz e Tietze.
Ɗum tagdi V dow njayri ketiraandi kuukon q e woodi limngal ketaangal ngal toɓɓe hakkiilo, hawti kadin e toɓɓe dow kala njayri ketaandi woodundi kuukon qk tawaakon nder njayri ndin ɗon.
Arannde Henri Poincaré fuɗɗi-ngal, narral ngal e dow nokkuure laddeere nanndunde non tan nokkuure nde buttuli tati amma e nde jokkindiri, njaajirka potuka, kadin ka walaa keeri (kowaangol buttuli 3-sowaangol).
Ɓaawo ko ɓadii duuɓi teemerre nder tiiɗal dow laawol limngal , Grigori Perelman waddi tabbitinirde dow ko seka nder binndi tati kokkaaɗi nder 2002 e 2003 dow arXiv.
Perelman timmitini fecco ngo'o ngo tabbitinki.
Bano wi'ugo, ɗum ƴamii kala gacce fuu gooduɗe laawol hurgeeki waaway hurgiree law kampita; e ɗum seka nooto ngon yo aa'a.
Ɗum tabbitinaama ɗume woni naa goonga, amma ɗum fuu ɗum nuɗɗinii dow seko aranndewo ɗum goonga kadin seko ɗiɗaɓo ngon yo naa goonga.
Bano misaalu, seko kollatz, ngo ɗon dow goɗɗi fiiji tokkootirɗi ɗi intejaaje ndarotoo, foondaama dow fuu intejaaje faa hewta 1.2 × 1012 (ko ɓuri tiriilliyon).
Inke seydaaji ɗin laatoto feere, bano tabbitinki wattamji maajum malla hawto semmbiɗngo hakkunde wattamji anndaaɗi.
"Ɗatal go'ootal ngal tabbitingo, kuuwayngal to woodi tan limngal fiiji ngal keerol ko waddata misaaluuji ɗi njaadataa, non e wi'ee ""semmbe dooleeje"": nder ɗatal nga'al, fuu fiiji nannguɗi e ndaaree kadin e ɗi kollee ɗi kokkataa misaaluuji ɗi njaadataa."
Ko jogaa tokkuɗum, laatiiɗum e goonɗina jahargal ko laatii semmbiɗɗum fiiji goɗɗii ɗi ngalaa keerol, hollaama to ɓaawo e ɗum darii darnde maajum gila ko narral jaɓaangal ngal danrange Zermelo–Fraenkel.
Narre seɗɗa koolaaki inke kaɓɓe Riemann yo goonga.
Taswiira sokootiro yo diidol soɓɓuli ɗuɗɗi, e ɗuuɗi anndireeki misaalu saahiiɗum no ngikku mettungu heɓirtee gila nanndallaaji koyɗi ɗi tokkaayi diidol diggol.
Kepler tabbitinii ɗum keerol reesiwo ngo limɗe tokkootirɗe ɗe Fibonacci.
Ngam daliilaaji ɗiɗi kawte ɗe'e ngaddata gacce.
Misaalu, kawte ɗiɗ ɗe'e 0.999... e 1 e pottidi ngam boo e ɗe ndaranii limngal go'ootal.
Naftirki kampitaaji e kampitaaji nyaaɗɗi, goɗɗi nder limle dariiɗi, hawti e π, e, e kadin sukoya rut ka 2, yaadakeno limaama faa hewtii ko ɓuri dijitji biliyon teemerre.
goɗɗi dariiɗi e peerootiri masin gila ko woowaa anndaa dow nootasonre hesre heɓaama daranooɗe no haandi.
Sarde wonnde, aaya daraniika dariinde yo kalimawol go'ootol.
0 (hownde) yo limngal, kadin dijitwol limngal naftirteengal dow darnde limngal nder limooɗe.
"Inɗe limngal 0 nder Tuubankoore ngoni zeero, nought (UK), naught (US; ), nil, malla—nder wolde boo e woodi bano dijitwol go'o peerootirɗum-ngol gila harfeere ""O""—oh malla o."
Ngam tan holla huunde walaa, kalimaaji nothing e none e naftiree ɓurnaa fuu.
E nde ɗuuɗi noddireeki oh nder wolde limɗe telefol.
Aaya nfr, maana wooɗii, e naftirtenoo holla dunngal fii to diidi genaale e piiramiije, e woɗɗuki e foondiree yaada e diggol dunngal ngol dow malla les diggol ngol.
Naa to hownde goonga annduɗo nokkuure Baabilooniya ngam nde naftirtaake kayre sarde fuu, kadin naa boo nde naftiteende keerol limngal ngal.
Nder hitaande AD 150, Ptolemy, ngam anndal Hipparchus e Waabilooniyanko'en, e naftira aaya hownde nder binndi maako dow limle annde koode ko wi'etee Syntaxis Mathematica, kadin e ngal wi'ee Almagest.
"Nde'e fuɗɗita nder AD525 nder alluhal nanndungal, ngal ɓe pirtiri ɗatal Laatinre nulla malla ""none"" ngal Dionysius Exiguus huuwii, hawti e limooɗe Ruumanko-en."
Lokavibhāga, deftere Jaayin dow anndal asungol duuniyaaru tawaama nder pirtol hakkundeere binndi Sanskrit ɗi asungol Pirakirit, ngol nder muuɗum hitaande AD 458 (Saka era 380), e naftira toɓɓere to dabare, hawti e hownde.
"Nder 813, al-Khwarizmi naftirii limooɗe Hindu nder allooje anndal koode maako."""
Deftere nde'e to ɓaawo nde firtira Laatinre nder hitaande teemerre 12 nde inndira Algoritmi de numero Indorum.
Mi janngi janngirde am luggunde nden mi ekkitii geddi ɗi hokka -kadin-hoosa.
Mi tiiɗii mi hawta deftere nde'e nde fuu maare bano keeerol no paamir-mi-nde, mi senndi-nde baabuuji sappo e jowi.
Limɗe Indiyankooje ngoni: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.
254–255 hawtii e 0 dow limngal anndaangal, nden laatii kanngal tan woni limngal anndaangal laatiingal naa poositif.
Nde laatii woodi bote malla limngal, hownde naa fottiday e dijitwol hownde, naftirteende nder ɗate limngal koollooje darnde nooteson.
Limngal 0 naa holliree limngal anndaangal, amma nde intejaare, e nden nde limngal ngal raasonal e kadin limngal goongawal(kadin fota e limngal alajebira e kadin limngal cukkungal ).
Nde laatataako firimre ngam e nde woodi faktooji ɗi limngal ngal walaa keerol, e kadin nde laatataako sukkunde ngam nde wanngintaa nde rima firimre limɗe (bano 0 doole sarde fuu go'o nder faktooje ɗen).
Keeri ɗi'i e kuuwa dow limngal goongawal malla sukkungal ngal x, maa ni ɗum hollii ngoɗka.
Kuugal semmbiɗngal ngal, kuuwaangal dow setwol meere, wartira setwol meere laatoo e woodi bote, nden hokka-nde fiiji 0.
Nder aljebira ka yi'ataake , 0 e ɗuuɗi naftireeki ngam holla fiiji ɗi hownde, laatiinde fii hakkundeere nder hawtuki (to hollaama dow tagdi ndaareteendi) e fii jaroojum ɗum sowuki (to hollaama).
Goɗɗi ɗuuɗuɗi, darnnde hownde e senndiraa nder tagdi gila fuu darorɗe goɗɗe, amma to goɗɗe ɗi ɗon bano ɗum subta non tan.
Ɗum hollii njusɓudi niwtironji nayi teema laatoo e nde''itii no yiɗaa faa hewta atomre nder hoore maare.
Misaalu, elemenji ɗi caakol e limtaa gila 0 nder C, heɓa nder kala caakol ngol kuuje n tokkootiro caakol ngol doggay gila 0 yahugo.
Nder deetabesji, ɗum waɗoto to njayri laatoo walaa bote.
Ngam binndi jaaje huunde nde'e naa nde meere naaa boo ɓoggol ngol walaa goɗɗum.
Kala limngal fuu hawti e ko walaa bote e wurtina wattam ɗam walaa.
Nder Foomulaa Go'o, to Ardiiɗo Duuniyaaru haɓɓiii darataako nder Foomulaa Go'o nder hitaande tokkunde nyaamuki maɓɓe nder arooriro ngon, go'oto nder direeba'en yo kokketeeɗo 0 nder ɓe o nyaamiri mawngu ngun.
Tappirɗe binndi ton arannde peerootiniraayi hakunde mbadi O e 0; goɗɗe tappirɗe ɗen ma ngalaa yayre wonnde nde digitwol 0.
Dijitwol 0 hawti e toɓɓere nder caka nanndi fuɗɗu e bannye dow IBM 3270 e holla e non yahida e kampitaaji kesi ɗi geese feere bano Andalé Mono, e kadin nder hampaniije piirooje no ndesirta babe.
1 (go'o, kadin e wi'ee yunit, e yuniti) yo limngal kadin yo dijitwol limngal naftirteengol darorde limngal nder limooɗe.
Nder kollooje aaya to hownde hoosira naa poositif naa negatif, 1 woni arannde kadin ɓuri famɗuki to poositif intejaare.
Ɓurna malla fuu tinndnooje 1 waaway wurtiniree to ɗo'o.
Kayre woni intejaare ɓaawo hownde.
Nde wardu Eroba laawol Maghreb e Andaluusiya sarde kitaale Cakaaje, heɓira binndi annduɓe mawɓe winndirɓe Aarabre.
Ɗate ɗe naftiraayi ƴaral juutngal ngal dow dijitwol 1 ɓurna ɗuuɗaa naftirki ƴaral baaliingal tokkira dariingal ngal dijitwol 7 no nanngi.
To firtay, 1 woni ƴoororde, bote laaɓɗe, malla ko rona dow limngal yunitwol sukkuungol, yunit bekta, e kadin yunitwol maatirik (ɓurii anndireeki tinndinoore maatirik).
Nder narral yebre, 1 sarde wonnde e naftiree holla darorde yebre .
Nde ni dunngal 1 kuugal kolloowal (1x) sarde fuu fottidi e 1, hippo maagal walaa (kanngal innirtee loogaarithm ɗum dunngal 1 to ni e ngal woodi).
Non kadin, bektaaji e ɗuuɗi fottidinireeki yahuki bektaaji yunitji (i.e., bektaaji ƴoorol go'o), ngam ɗi'i ɓurna fuu e ngoodi marle ɓurɗe yiɗeeki.
Kanngal kadin woni limngal aranndewal e ɗiɗaɓal nder tokkootiro Fibonacci (0 woni howndere) kadin kayre woni limngal aranndewal nder tokkootirooji limngal ɗuɗɗi.
Fuu e non, aljebira ka yi'ataake waaway maandoroo njayri ndin e elemen go'o, laatiingol naa ngol go'otol kadin naa ngol setwol sam.
Bayinarii kod yo tokkootiro ngo 1 e 0 naftirteengo nder kampitaaji ngam holla darorde kala deeta fuu.
+1 yo semmbe lantarkiye ɗe poositironji e pirotonji.
Palsafaajo garɗo ɓaawo paytagooriya bi'eteeɗo Nikoomakus mo Gerasa tabbitinii go'o naa yo limngal, amma heɓirde limngal.
Minon Ngoni Limngal Go'o yo gimol ngol hitaande 2014 to fijo TV sukaaɓe ngo LazyTown, nanaangol toye fuu laatiingol bano pulaaku.
Nder kawtal fijo lato (sooka) limngal 1 e ɓurna fuu hokkee deenoowo.
1 woni limngal lestungal naftirteengal ngal fijooɓe ɓe National Hockey League (NHL); kawtal ngal harminii naftirki 00 e 0 nder ragare kitaale 1990 (limngal ngal taa saaloo 98).
Kala tokkootiro non tan ngo dijitji e woodi sorkel tokkootirooji juutɗi bannguɗi dariiɗi, dow narral waandu ngal walaa keerol.
"Ɗiɗabre, nde ni walaa limngal naa anndaangal tagirteengal kompas e sitirayghtedge, nden ɗum waɗataako ""sukoyoo tarde""."
Indiyankeejo anndanɗo koode Aryabhata e teddiniino bote 3.1416 nder Āryabhaṭīya maako (499 AD).
Paasiyankeejo anndanɗo koode Jamshīd al-Kāshī wannginii dijitji ɗi buttuli cappanɗe joweego'o kanji 9, bano wi'a ni ko foti dijitji ɗi toɓɓe 16, nder 1424 dow naftirki ɗuuɗi coɓɓuli ko woodi buttuli 3×228, kanngal jooɗii to duuniyaaru to dow wadduki duuɓi 180.
Ɗi'iI kaɗi daranaaki tokkootiro ngo timmitaa.
Bano Salamin e Brent mo''iniri-ngal, jooni e ngal noddiree algooritim Brent–Salamin.
Ɗu'um e feerootiri e siiriiji ɗi ngalaa keerol malla algooritimji jahooji ngarta, jogotooɗi kadin naftira fuu dijitji gonɗi hakkunde maa wattam sakitiiɗam ɗam waɗake.
Ɗate ballooje dursol kanje mbi'etee mnemonics.
Dijitji ɗin ɗi binndi kefaaɗi to leɗɗe ɗe takka to siilin kippaaɗum.
"Dijitwol ngol limngal yo aaya ngo'oota naftirteeka kanka tan (bano ""2"") malla nder kawte (bano ""25""), darorde limɗe nder ɗatal limoode to darii."
Ɗatal darorde limngal e woodi dijitwol feerewol dow kala intejaare gila hownde yahugo, amma hawtataa , raadiiji ɗatal limngal.
Limooɗe asliije ɗen e nanndi masin e ɗe jaman hannde, faa yaago gilayɗe e ɓe naftirayno darorde dijitji.
Maayasɓe naftirii aaya koɓal darorde hownde.
Ɗatal limoogal ngal himɓe Thai e nanndi e ɗatal lomoogal ngal Hindu–Aarabre ko feerootiri woni aayaaje naftiraaɗe darorde dijitji.
Ɗe fuu maaje dow ɗate dunngal 3.
Winndooɓe ɗuuɗɓe nder duuɓi 300 maandake huunde nde darorde nooteson hewtunde limngal toɓɓere darnaa wo''itinaande .
Misaalu, 1111 (ujuneere go'o, teemerre go'o e joweeɗiɗi) yo puɗɗitol yunitwol.
Gaɗa limuki kooli sappo, aade woɓɓe e lima jokke kooli, hakkunde kooli ɗin, e jaaɓille kosɗe e kadin kooli ɗin.
Aade huuwduɓe e kaaƴe, hawti e yimɓe ndenno ɓe asungol Ameerikaaɓe, naftirii talliije ngam caaca, huuwanki hoore, e sooruki are.
fuɗɗuki bano 3500 BC, kuuje leydi e hakkiilo ngaylaama ngartii aayaaje limngal nanndinaa kowaagol to coɓɓuli feere-feere nder allooje leydi (asli desirɗe ɗe kuuje ) sarde nden e ɗe njuɗee.
Aayaaje ɗe'e ɗe kuukon limngal e nanndi e aayaaje limngal kowaangal ɗe ndaranii kadin ɗe njooɗii dow ɓesdaari ndi bote nooteson ɗe aayaaje limngal taariingal.
Limooɗe buttuli sappo e joweego'o laatino kawte ɗatal reediiji dariiɗi dunngal gaylotoongal ngal dunngal 10 e dunngal 6 nder tokkootiro ngo kuuje leydi dariiɗe taɓɓorɗe e sefronji.
Limɗe cuuɗi sooja-en feere-en e poondirɗe maaroori nannday kawte feereeje ɗe taaliiji ɗi'i.
Taaliiji ɗi jaman jooni e ɗi caɗi ɗi cowee e kadin ɗi cenndee.
Yaahudanko-en puɗɗii naftirki ɗatal nanndungal e nga'al (limooɗe Hebiruuɓe), hawti e misaaluuji ɓurɗi hiiɗuki ngoni jamɗe gila bano 100 BC.
Maaya-en ɓe Caka Ameerika naftirii dunngal kawtaangal ngal ɗatal 18 e dunngal ngal ɗatal 20, teema roni gila Olmek, hawti e fiiji ɓamtaaɗi bano joonde nooteson e hownde.
Anndal resuki kaɓɓe ɗen e noone ɗen yo nyo''ira Honooɓe Espaani-en nder hitaande teemrre nde 16, kadin yeeɗaayi amma woodi koyɗum ɗum winnduki nanndi kuyfufaa hannde e naftiree nder najyri Andean.
Hownde naftira arannde nder India nder hitaande teemerre 7 CE naftirɗo woni Brahmagupta.
Limtooɓe Aaraɓɓe njaajini ɗatal ngal faa hawti e cennde ɗe toɓɓe, kadin Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī winndi kuugal manngal dow dow maagal nder hitaande temrre nde 9.
Ɗatal baynari (dunngal 2), anndinaama nder hitaande duuɓi teemerre nde 17 kuuwɗongal boo Gottfried Leibniz.
Ko senndi nder fotootiro doole huuwee e wi'ee ɗi anndaaka, kadin boteeji ɗi anndaaka ɗin jaadooji e pottidal e mbi'ee kuuwanooji ɗi pottidal ngal.
Pottidal deenongal yo laatoto goonga ngam boteeji goɗɗi ɗi peerootiral.
Ɓurna fuu fecco junngo nano pottidal ngal e hoosiree woni hownde.
Kanngal pottidal yo nanndalla foondirgo to teddeenga resetee.
Ɗo'o woni fuɗɗoode haala joomeetiri aljebira, nokkuure mawnde nde limle.
To huuway pottidal gila to ɓesngu ngun ƴiwoy fuu, neɗɗo naftiray badareeji aligorim malla joomeetiri puɗɗoyɗi gila alijebira diggol malla raartuki limle.
Pottide ɗe'e e caɗi masin; neɗɗo sarde wonnde tefay lincite ngam tan heɓa woodeende malla walaa kuuwgal, e, to e ɗe ɗon, lima limngal kuuɗe ɗen.
Nder kollaangal, x, y e z ɗe ngoodi ɗuuɗalji feere-feere (nder haala ka'a limɗe e goonga) kolliraaɗe teddeenga taariinga , e kadin kala nder x, y, e z e woodi teddeenga muuɗum feere.
Ngam non, pottidal ngal R ngal wi'aaka woni pottidal ngal tarde.
Ɗatal huuwuki kuugal ngal, malla, nder haala paramiitaaji, tinndinki ko anndaaka nder kuuje paramiitaaji, e wi'ee huuwuki pottidal ngal.
Sowuki malla sennduki pecce ɗiɗi ɗe pottidal e nafirki ɗuuɗal ngal walaa hownde.
Pottidal ngal aljebira yo meemi duuniyaaru fuu to ni ngal hawtii lurral go'ootal tan.
Nder limle, narral ɗate tokkootiro yo danrage kadin yebre mawnde nde aljebira pottidal, anndal naftirteengal nder ɓurna geɓe limle jaman.
Nandi ɗu'um accay neɗɗo tabbitina darorɗe e goodane ɗe geese konre.
Tammude nde'e, nde Descartes wanngini, e semmbiɗina e kadin wo''ina nanndi joomeetiri numaandi ndi limle Girkanko'en saawi.
Pottidal ngal esponensiyal Daayofantayin yo go'o nder esponenji ɗi kalimaaji pottidal waaway laatoo anndaakaaji.
Joomeetiri aljebira ndi jaman e darii dow dabareeji ɗi ngi'ataake ɗi aljebira, naa bano aljebira loruki, hawti e wolde e gacce joomeetiri.
Nokkuure piirowal ngal to njayri wuuraaki aljebira woni to jokke maagal yahidii e ɗuuɗa buttuli pottidal ngal.
Nder limle laaɓɗe, pottidi peerootirɗe e njanngiree gila daarte ɗuuɗɗe ɗe hakkiilo, ɓurna fuu e yahida e kuuwuɗe maaje — the set of functions that satisfy the equation.
Pottide tokkootirɗe feereeje, gooduɗe kuuwgal ɓesdeteengal nden kadin sowiree kooefficienji, e ɗepirtaa no wooɗi e ɓe paamaa , e kadin kuuɗe goongaaje e ɗe keɓee.
PDEji mbaaway naftiree tinndina kuuɗe ɗuuɗɗe ɗe tagdi bano sonnyo, gulol, elektorostatikwal, elektorodaynamiwal, ilol ndiyam,neefotoo, malla anndal kaanikaaku ngu ɗuuɗal.
Kuugal ɗum waɗuki boteeji to peerootirɗe ɗe anndaaka gaɗooje fotootiro nder pottidal warta goonga.
Setwol fuu kuuɗe ɗe pottidal yo kuugal maajo ɗe setwol.
E yaada dow ko laatii, walluki pottidal waaway hawta ngam hebta kuugal ngale ma (hebtuki kuugal go'ootal maa heƴii), fuu kuuɗe, malla kuugal kewtungal goodane goɗɗe, bano taweeki nder hakkunde hokkaande.
Nder ka'a haala, kuuɗe ɗen limataake.
Peerootiral nder ɗuuɗal pottide e mawni, non kadin ɗate jaadooje ɗen.
Ɗu'um laatoto ngam soynde anndal limle ; gacce goɗɗe ɗen kuuwana ɓaaawo duuɓi teemerre e habduki .
Ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije mbannga nder nokkuuje ɗuuɗɗe ɗe limle e kiimiiiyaaku.
Wiindooɓe ɗuuɗɓe e naftira kalimaaji ɗiɗi ɗi'i feere-feere.
Ndenno ton, innde ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nden yo P, naa P(x), amma nafirki nooteson kuuwoojum P(x) fuɗɗii gila wakkatiire nde ɗum senndiri hakkunde ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire e kuugal jaadowal faamidaaka.
Fuu e non, neɗɗo waaway naftira-nde dow kala njayri fuu to ɓesdaari e sowuki e kollaa (kannka woni, kala hootonnde).
Ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije ɗe digirii pamɗundi kokkaa inɗe laaɓɗe.
Ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire 0, waawaynde hoositiree nde walaa inɗe fewfew, e inniree ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nde hownde.
Ngam digirii ndi naa hownde ɗuuɗa coɓɓiliire yo ɓuri fuu manngu ngu kala tam go'ootum, ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nde'e e woodi digirii ɗiɗi.
Ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije mbaaway kasee dow ɗuuɗal limngal inɗe ɗen hawti e naa hownde kooefficienji, heɓe innde wo'oyre nde ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire, inɗe ɗiɗi ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire e wi'ee baynomiyal, e kadin nde inɗe tati ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire e wi'ee tiraayinoominal.
To nde naftiraama nde firta baɗal, nden kam doomen nden suraaka.
Ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nder go'o ko tabbintaake e wi'ee yunibaariyaati ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire, ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nder ko ɓuri go'o ko tabbintaake e wi'ee multibaariyaate ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire.
Nder njayri limɗe sukkuɗe, faktooji ɗi ɓustataake ɗi tokkootiro.
To digirii ndin towtanii go'o, diidol ngol ngol walaa asymptote.
Inder fuɗɗoode aljebira, ɗate bano foomula quadiratkre e ɗe kollitee ngam wurtinki digiri aranndeeri e digirii ɗiɗaɓri nde ɗuuɗa pottide coɓɓuliire nder feerootiro wo'ooto.
Fuu e non, heɓtuki rut ndu algooritimwal waaway naftiree ngam heɓta limoogal ɓadootiro ngo rutji ɗi bi'ol ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nde digirii fuu nannguɗum.
Gila duuɓi teemerre ɗi hitaande 16, foomulaaji annduɗi s (naftirki kib rutji nder ɓeydaari), amma e sukki masin e anndira pottide ɗe digiri tati e nayi (raaru pottidal kubik e pottidal kaartik).
Nder 1830, Évariste Galois hollii inke ɓurna pottide ɗe digiri ɓurndi nayi waaway huuwiranee raadicalji, kadin hollii inke dow kala pottidal fuu, go'o waaway haɓɓa to go'o waaway suuwiree raadicalji, e kadin, to ngal, suuwayɗum.
Fuu e non, foomulaaji pottide suuweteeɗe ɗe digiriiji 5 e 6 wannginaama (raaru kuuɗe kuintik w pottidal joweegowal).
Ko ɓuri tiiɗuki to algooritimje accay suuwuki ɗon e ɗon (dow kampita) pottide ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nde digiri kuulundi 1,000 (raaru heɓtuki Rut ɗum algooritim).
Ngam setwol pottide ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nder anndaaka ɗuuɗɗe, e woodi algooritimji numooji e ɗi ngoodi kuuɗe sukkuɗe limngal keeriwal, e, to limngal nga'al e woodi keerol, ngam limuki kuuɗe ɗen.
Pottidal ngal ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire ngal neɗɗo yiɗi tan nder kuuɗe ɗen laatiiɗe intejaaje bi'eteeɗe pottidal diyofantin.
Kooefficientji ɗin teema koosee bano limɗe goonga, ɗe kuuɗe goonga ɗe bote.
Potootiral nga'al wannginii ko waɗi kawte tokkootiro e inniree ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije.
Nder haala kooefficien nder taarde , ""naa-konstan"" doole daranoo ""naa-konstan malla or naa-yunit"" (pirti ɗiɗi fuu njaɓii nder haala kooefficien nder njayri )."
Nde kooefficien to woni kanje ngoni intejaaje, limɗe jogiiɗe hakkiilo malla njayri ndi keerol, e woodi algooritiije ngam foonda ko ɓustataake e kadin lima faktarooji yahuago ko ɓustataake ɗum ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije (raara Factaraaki ki ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije).
Mbaadi ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire nde maatirik malla kuuwoowo diggol e woodi habaru dow kuuwoowo bote eigen.
Fuu e non, nootason elkitooɗum e tinndinteeɗum min naftirta jooni wanngu nder fuɗɗoode hitaande teemerre 15.
"Ɗu'um ""hebbinii sukoya kan"", wartirki fecco nano nasta nder sukoya kewtuka ."
Darorde anndal Descartes hollii inke dow kala kebbooje nayi fuu (nder ɓernde) taarɗe, raadiiji maɓɓe hebbinii gonngal pottidal koodiriwal equation.
Limle Baabiloniyankooɓe gila bano 400 Bc e limle Siinuwa gila bano 200 BC naftirii ɗate Joomeetiri ɗi hottuki ngam huuwa pottide koodiriwal nden heɓa rutji poositif.
Euclid, Girkaajo L limloowo, waɗii ɗatal joomeetiri ngam meemataako sam bano 300 BC.
Al-Khwarizmi yahi yeeso nder yottinki kuugak keewungal ngal jaɓaangal ngal pottidal koodiriwal, jaɓuki nooto limooɗe go'o malla ɗiɗi ngam kala pottidal koodiriwal , nden e hoka daliilaaji joomeetiri nder jahargal ngal.
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (Misra, Teemerre 10re) musamman wonnoo arannde jaɓuɗo limɗe ɗe nanngaayi hakkiilo (ɓurna fuu e nanndi e rut sukoya ) woni kuuɗe dow ɗe pottide ɗe koodiri malla bano kooefficien nder pottidal.
Kuugal maako ɓurna fuu e darii dow kuugal Al-Khwarizmi.
Fuu e non, to sarde wonndefoomula koodiri fuɗɗay dulluki yahudu wooɗundu ngam boofol pilotoongol, kadin dabare ɓurnde ɓadaaki waɗay ka wooɗuki .
Dabareeji taƴuki limoogal e woodunoo, ko wi'etee pirostafayeresi, ɗu'um hokke taƴitorɗe haade kuuɗe nyaamooje wakkati bano sowuki e hoosuki townol rutje.
Limuki ki algooritimje ɗe hebtuki kuuɗe yo geɓe mawɗe to aljebira ka pottidal limoogal, kadin ngaɗaa kuugwa kuugal injiniyaaku, fiijikwal, Kemistiri, kiimiiyaaku kampita, e ekonomiwal.
To kuuɗe nder njayri caka nanndi hootonnde intejaaje, malla nder mahaaɗe goɗɗe ɗe aljebira, narre goɗɗe ɓamtaama, raaru pottidal diidol to dow hootonnde.
Ɗu'um accay fuu bolle e narral nokkuuje bekta (malla ko ɓuri anndeeki, moodulje) mburtinee to to yaasi.
Dabare nde'e kayre wi'etee dabare underdetermine.
Dabare ɗiɗaɓre nden e woodi kuugal go'o feerewal, innirteengal intasekson ngal diggi ɗiɗi ɗin.
Kala ɗiɗi nder pottide ɗe'e e ngoodi kuugal boowaangal.
Dabare nde pottide nde buttuli nano e ɗe ndarnii hoore maaje sarde fuu e ɗe ndarii.
Nde'e futtini dabare nde pottine hawtunde go'o nde pottidal pamɗungal e kadin go'o pamɗuɗum ɗum anndaaka.
Nanndi 3: Ɓesdu to diggol go'ootol ngol sikaala suwannde ngonngol.
Misaalu, dabare woodunde simmetiri poositif keerol maatiri waaway huuwee nde ɗiɗi nder yawnde hawti e nyoluki koleski.
Tokkirgal gonngal feerewal masin yo ɓurna fuu hoosiree dabareeji mawɗe, koosooji wakkatiire yuunde malla ngaandi.
Ɗu'um e yaara suudu ndu ɗate iteratif.
Nder limle,tokkootiro yo, bano wi'a ni, tindinoore kuugal ngal hawtuki walaa keerol ngol ɗuuɗal ɗuuɗngal, go'o jokkoo go'o, yahugo fuɗɗuki kokkaaki ki ɗuuɗal.
Hawti e taweeki maaje toye fuu limle, tokkootiro ngo walaa keerol e ɗe naftiree toye fuu nder annde ɗuuɗal goɗɗe bano physics, kiimiiyaaku anndal, sitaatistik e ceedeeku.
Parado Zeno ngo Achilles e huunyaare hollii nga'al goodanal ngal nafataa ngal kawtuɗe ɗe ngalaa keerol: Achilles tuuɓi runs after huunyaare, amma nde o yottii to huunyaare nden woni to fuɗɗoode gulle ɗen, huunyaare nden faa fuɗɗitii e to darorde nden; nde o yottii darorde ɗiɗaɓre, huunyaare yottake darorde tataɓre, kadin e nanndi non.
Yeddootiro ngo'o hollaayi inke dow kawtol e fottidi e 2 (amma naa non), amma ka tabbitinii inke to ɗum ɗuuɗii ɗum 2.
Poondinɗi hawtuki narral nanngii e nanndi hawto Weierstrass' M-test, foondo ergens ngo Abel, foondo Dini, e dabare Kauki.
Hawto ngon ngo fuu nanndungo dow ɗakkootirngo e kaɓɓaango (kanjum woni, kompat) cuuɗi ɗi nder ɗi diske ɗe hawto: jaɓii, e ɗe nannda kawtoo dow setji kompat.
Tokkootirngo ngol Hilbert–Poincaré yo ngol ardungal anndaangol naftirteengol ngam jannguki aljebiraaji togaaɗi.
Nder hitaande teemerre nde 17re, James Gregory huuwii nder dabare limngal toɓɓere dow tokkootiro ngo walaa keerol kadin o wannginii tokkootiro Maclaurin ɗuuɗngo.
Cauchy (1821) darii dow poonde nawɗe ɗe hawto; o hollii dow to kawte ɗiɗi kawtake ko heɓotoo naa yo doole, kadin kanko fuɗɗi heɓtuki ɗatal jamal .
Datal kawtungal yo kuugal gonngal ngal keerol to suudu setwol ngol tokkootiro feerewo laatiingol forti anndal ndenno ngal hawto.
Indiyanko-en annduɓe e naftira foomulaaji fakta gila taa ko ŋakki hitaande teemerre nde 12re.
Nder bolle kuudeteeɗe, pirtol puɗɗitotoongol e ɗuuɗi naftireeki ngam holla kuuɗe puɗɗitooje.
Goɗɗe gaɗeteeɗe (bano sofwaya kamfita bano puroogiramji sipiredshid) mbaaway njogoo boteeji mawɗi.
To haandindirii e pirtol Pickoverngol supafactoriya, hyperfactoriya e mawnira hakkiilo.
E wodi, ngewta nihi non, walaa kuuɗe koyuɗe ɗe fakootiyaakuuji; walaa kawte kawtaaɗe, keɓaaɗe, hiite, kuuɗe esponensiyal, malla loogaritim heƴay wurtina; amma ɗum waɗoto heɓa foomula jaɓaaka ka fuu faktooraaku e naftira kuuwirɗe bano integiralje e keeri gila kalkulus.
Integiralji ngewtuɗen gila fuɗɗoode hawtii kuuɗe numo, amma kuuɗe gamma boo e wara gila integiralji ɗe kuuɗe aljebira laaɓɗi.
To tokkii keeri, goɗɗe keɓeteeɗe ɗe hakkiilo ɗe ngalaa keerol faktooji ɗuɗɗi mbaaway poondee to tokkii kuuɗe gamma kannje ɗen.
Taariiha maare, naa bano ka winndaande Philip J. Davis nder ɗereewol maako nyaamnungol-mo 1963 Caahu Chauvenet, e holla ɗuuɗal ɓamtaaje mawɗe ɗuuɗɗe nde limle gila hitaande teemerrre nde 18re.
Accu heɓuki seyda laaɓka dow kala foomula fuu, ɗum ɓuri hannduki heɓa ɗatal meemoowal fuu heɓtuki kuugal gamma ngal.
Fuu e non, kuugal gamma wanngataa ngam welna pottidal feerootiro hoyngo.
Narral Bohr–Mollerup e nafa ngam e ngal hoyi seɗɗa to tabbitinki loogaritimku ɓuutuki fii ki kala fuu foomulaaji naftirteeɗum ngam firta kuugal gamma.
Kamputa nga elektironi waru ngam waɗuki teeburji nder 1950ji, teeburji ɗuuɗɗi feereeji ngam gamma sukkuka kuugal mbannginaama ngam hewta ko yiɗa, hawti e teebur jamol yottoo nokkuuje 12 ɗe toɓɓere gila Ameerika, Huuwirde Lesdi nde Semmbiɗinki.
Nder kiimiiyaaku , foomula yo ɗatal koyungal to wurtinki habaru nder aay, bano nder foomula limle malla foomula kemikal.
Nder limle, foomula woni ɓurna fuu ko hollata tinndinoore nanndinoore wurtinoore limle wo'ore yahgo wonnde, hawti e mawnde maaje ngoni narre limle.
Ko holla ɗu'um, ndaa walaa saman nder foomula koyuɗum, hollii limtooɓe mbaaway yawke keɓta foomulaaji laatiiɗi mawɗi e ɓurɗi sukkuki.
Misaalu, H2O yo foomula kemikal ka ndiyam, e ka holla kal wabbere fuu e hawti atomje ɗiɗi ɗe haydirojen (H) e kadin atomre oksijen (O) go'o.
Nder foomulaaji kolleteeɗi, ɗe'e kawte fuɗɗir elemenre semmbiɗnde nden kadin hokka limɗe atomje ɗe elemenje goɗɗe nder kampawon kan —bano raasiyongo elemenre semmbiɗɗi ɗin .
Goɗɗit kampawunji ayooniya, fuu e non, mbaaawata mbinndee kolla foomulaaji to yaasi gooduɗi limɗe keewuɗe.
E woodi foomulaaji nanndi ɗi'i fuu, hawti e foomulaaji gabbe e foomulaaji kawtaaɗi.
Kuuɗe ton arannde ɗe ɗonno wannginki numo no waɗata ɗuuɗal gonngal no darii dow gonngal ɗuuɗal.
"Firtuki ""giraf"" woni setwol kuuje ɗiɗi."
Nde doomen e koodomen ngarti setji ɗi limɗe goonga, kala go'o nder ɗiɗi waaway hoositiree jokkirɗe kaatesiyanko-en ɗe toɓɓere dow njayri.
Sarde ni, nde waaway nde heɓtiree dow kuugal ngal, amma nga'al e suuɗa pirtol boowaangol ngol kuugal laatiingal ɗatal.
Taswiira waawat tawiree setwol wona koodoomen, nden boo, nder goɗɗi daliilaaji, ɓurna nder defte kiiɗe, koodoomen kuugal yo takanas setwol limɗe goonga malla sukkuɗe.
Goɗɗum misaalu anndaaɗum woni boofol kuugal.
Binndi tokkootirɗi dow semmbe mbaaway naftiree to firtuki kuuɗe dow doomen to ɗe kawtii.
Nden, binndi tokkootirɗi ɗi semmbe mbaaway naftiree ɗi mawnina doomen kuugal ngal.
Geɓe nde'e mbaaway mburtina yaayre darorde (geɓe) kuugal ngal.
Nga'al woni semmbe faktoraaki ki.
Nder wakkatiire nden, kuuɗe gooduɗe bote-goonga ɗe peerootiral ngal goonga kanje ndaaraa, kadin fuu kuuɗe ɗen e koositira e poortii.
Kuuɗe jooni e naftiree fuu nokkuuje limle.
Nihi kuuɗe tirigonometirik kippaaɗi kuuwirta e ɗe pirtiraa dow haala kuuɗe tirigonometirik, to kuuɗe tirigonometiric laatii e kaaɓi.
Bote ko jogaangal ngal kuuɗe ɗe bote-ɗuuɗɗe e ɓuri laaɓuki to e maaandoo kuuɗe sukkuɗe, kuuɗe lincituki ki goonga.
Kuugal nanndi nga'al e wi'ee bote mawɗe ɗe kuugal ngal.
Puroogiraamin kuugal yo taskinki kase kawtuɗe mahuki puroogiraamuuji laawol naftirki tan ɗatol mbaakon bano kuuɗe limle.
"Maa ni kalmaaji- kampita , ""kuugal "" e woodi maana no woowa ka limle nder kiimiiyaaku kampita."
Kalmaaji e kawtiree goɗɗi keeri, (ɗi-nanndi, ɗi -ɓustuki, e ɗi -wayluki), laatiiɗi danrange narral ngal e kadin ɗi pirteteeɗi diidi limuki.
Nicolas Chuquet naftorake notatson ɗum joonde esponensiyal nder hitaaande teemerre nde 15re, ngal ɗum naftorii yeeso, naftoriiɓe ngoni Henricus Grammateus e Michael Stifel nder hitaande teemerre nde 16re.
Ngam non ɓe mbinnday ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliije, misaalu, bano.
Wattam ɗam woni sarde fuu limngal goonga ngal poositif, e tinndinooje e goodane kollaaɗe to dow ngam intejaaje ɗe esponenje warti goonga hawti e pirti ɗi'i ɗe esponenji goonga.
Kuugal nga'al fottidii ko woowaa to rut ɗum raadikanji goonga ɗi poositif.
Ɗu'um woni fuɗɗoode narral limle ɗe cuuɗi hakkundeeji.
En mbaaway kadin mbattitiren setwol N e ngol limngal limuki ngal n ngam heɓa Vn, amma naa e subtuki darorde wonnde nde setwol hawti e limngal ngal n, ɗu'um e firtira tan faa yahugo nanndalla.
Nicolas Bourbaki, Elemenji Limle, Narral Setji, Sipringa-Verlag, 2004, III.§3.5.
Jomutuki jokke e yottina kuugal gonngal, e kadin ko nanndi non, jogaande inndiraande hayiperoperason.
Nder joonde naftirteende, kuuɗe esponensiyal mbaɗii sumpo wonngo nder maago mbayla e woodi sarde fuu nder kuungel dariingel hoore muuɗum ngel hokkay mbayla ngo'oota potunga (kanka woni, ɓesdaari mall ɓustaari teemerre) nder kuungel dariingel.
Kuugal nga'al ngal maral yaaray mawngu esponensiyal malla nyolo esponensiyal.
SimilarNon ma kadin, kawtal ngal dow (surjectif) kuuɗe yo sarde fuu dow.
Nden neɗɗo waaway hawta jamɗe baylooje kawtaaɗe nokkuure go'o, bano.
Altaanatif ngo'ol to nootason e wi'ee postfis nootason.
Yebre nde setji nden hawti e kuuɗe laatii moofijimji woni yebre nyemmbitaande.
Misaalu, desibel ngel (dB) yo yunit naftirteende ngam holla rasiyo dow loogaritim, ɓurna fuu ngam semmbe aaya e kadin ampilitud (nde semmbe hoolo yo misaalu huunde anndaande).
Ɓe mballii ɓe tiindinii ɗuuɗal rasiyoji ɗe hakkunde gimi , wannga nder foomulaaji limuki limɗe pirayim malla faktooji ɓadootinirɗi, anndina moodelji goɗɗi nder saykofiysiks, kadin wallay nder lincitirki ceede foorensik.
Intejaare nde yeeso woni 4, laatiinde limngal ngal dijitji ɗi 1430.
Bako bannginol Napier, e woodi goɗɗi dabareeji nanɗi maaji nder jaaje ɗen, bano misaalu pirostafaayeresis malla naftirki teeburji ɗi pa'ol yeeso, gaɗaaɗi e semmbe, ɗi Jost Bürgi waɗi bano 1600.
To e ɗum wolwa dow limngal e ɗum yiɗi limirɗi ɗuuɗɗi yo numo tan yaago loogaritim anndaangal, kadin e ngal holliree inke Archimedes woni “tiitol ngol limngal ”.
Ɗate ɗe'e e mbi'ee pirostafaayeresis.
Misaalu, kala suudu koɓal ngal nautilus yo foonda ngo tabbitinaaka ngo koopi ngo yeeso ngon ton , kuutinirol fakta dariika.
Loogaaritimji e kadin nanndindiree nanndalla-hoore.
Ɗum foonduki ɗuuɗal dullere semmbe darorɗe hiite nder wadduki aayaaje hiite, tinndina darorɗe hiite nder nanɗe, e kadin yartuki jayngol nder jaaje sipektirometirie daarorɗe.
Baynega hanyum e woodi pH hewti bano 3.
"Ngo'ol ""keeriwol"", fuu e non, yo lest to goonga naa bano moodelji kesi, bano keeriwol hiite ngol Stevens.)"
Nde loogaaritim ngal peerootiral non tan e woodi senndo haandungo, peerootiral ngal e wi'ee e woodi peerootial ngal lok-normal.
Ngal moodelwol ngo'ol, kuugal nanndungal e darii dow ko salataako paarameta go'o ka doole muuɗum hetee.
Kadin ma, hawtindiro sennda algooritim nannde ɗe senndaaka lima laawol sennduki limngal ngal yahuki reetaaji e kadin yeɓuki ɗi'i aranndeeji bako hawtuki wattamji ɗin.
Esponeji Lyapunov e naftira loogaaritim ngam poonda digiri hoolo ngo ɗatal gaylotoongal.
Kaatanwol ngol Sierpinsiki (footowol) waaway yottore kopiiji tati ɗi maagol , kala ngole fuu e woodi buttuli laatiii reetai juutal aranndewal ngal.
Misaalu goɗɗum woni p-adik loogaaritim, kuugal kippiingal ngal ngal p-adik esponensiyal.
waɗuki esponensiyaaku waaway waɗiree no yiɗaa, amma suuɗiiɗum loogaaritim e hoola nga e saɗani limee nder cuuɗi goɗɗi .
Sukuya rut ka limɗe negatif waaway yewtee hakkunde firemwok nde limɗe sukkuɗe.
Nder ɓoyma Indiya, anndal ngal kuuɗe narral e naftiro ngo sukoya e sukoya rut yo sarde nden ko ŋakkaayi hewtaayi hiɗɗuki Sulba Sutras, duuɓi bano 800–500 BC (teema ɓuri non ɓadaaki.
Harfeere jīm e nanndi mbaadi sukoya rut ɗum jooni.
Ɗum holli konsep mawɗum ɗum sitandard diibiyason naftiraa-ɗum nder narral puroobaabiiliti.
Ɓurna kalkuletaaji tokosi e ngoodi tunnirde sukoya rut.
Sukkaande wakatiire ngam limirki sukoya n digitji ɗi cir yo fottidi e sowuki ɗiɗi n-digitji limɗe.
Gacce Hilbert yo gace noogas e tati nder limle bannginaaɗe ɗe limloowo Jaamanjo David Hilbert nder 1900.
Ngam gacce goɗɗe, bano ɗe 5, annduɓe najɓii dow ko jogaa dow pirtol go'o, e kadin kuugal ngal jaɓaangal pirtol hokaama, amma e nanndi masin pacce ɗe kuwanaaka e ɗon.
Gacce ɗiɗi e ngoodi ɗe kuuwanaaka amma ɗe teema nder goonga ɗe laatoo ɗe kuuwanaaka dow darorɗe mawɗe ɗe jaman.
Pacce ɗeya ɗen kanje noogas e go'o ɗe fuu ɗe ndaaraama darol jamol, ga'e ɗo'o nder kuugal hitaande teemerre nde dow gacce ɗe'e e raarantenoo yo huumde mawnde.
Hilbert yeeɗi duuɓi 12 ɓaawo Kurt Gödel wannginii narral muuɗum, amma nanndi bano o meeɗaa winnduki nooto wonngo ngo kuugal Gödel.
Nder ngewta dow ko o tammi inke kala gacce limle fuu doole tawee e woodi kuugal, Hilbert accii ko waɗotoo to kuugal laatooma holloore seyda inke asli gacce yo ko wwaɗataako .
Arannde nder fiiji ɗi'I woni ko hollii kuugal Bernard D; ɗum seyda ngoɗka feere ka arannde ɗiɗi, laawol ℓ-adik anndal kohomol, Alexander Grothendieck hokki.
Fuu e non, numooji Weil laatake, nder yayre maaji, ɓuri nannduki e gaccere Hilbert wo'ore, kadin Weil meeɗaa anniyaaki maaji bano poroogiram ka fuu limle.
Erdős ɓurna fuu ɗon hokka caahuuji ceede; manngu caahu ngun ɗon darii dow seko saɗerma gaccere nden.
To ŋakkere nder laabi wolde anndaaɗi, laatiiɗi analok kannji ɗi hitaaande teemerre nde 21 ɗe gacce Hilbert yo limtol ngol Gacce caahu Millenniyum Joweeɗiɗi subtol sarde 2000 subtol Janngirde Kilay Limle.
Numo Riemann maandaama ngam wanngugo maago nder limngal gacce Hilbert, limngal Simale, limngal Gacce Caahu Millennium, e kadin faa e Weil numooji, nder nanndi joomeetiri maari.
1931, 1936 3re Hokka ɗiɗi keɓaaɗi ɗuuɗahoore ɗi ɗuuɗal pottudungal, ɗum waɗoto sarde fuu ɗum taƴa aranndeere yahuki ko walaa keerol gudditanɗe ɗe ɗuuɗal ngal ɗuuɗahoorejum mbaawayɗum lornetee warta ɗiɗaɓum ɗum?
— 12re Fooɗa Narral Kronecker–Weber dow pooɗi Abeliyanko-en ɗi limɗe ɗi hakkiilo yaago kala limngal dunngal njayri.
1959 15re tiggol Semmbiɗngol ngol limol kalkulus ngol Schubert.
1927 18re (a) E woodi ɗuuɗahoorejum jaɓayɗum tibbol tayil tan ngol anisohediral nder buttuli tati ?(b) Ɗume ɓuri nyiɓɓuki adol nanndi sifiya?
Limngal wartay huunde limle naftirteeɗum ngam lima, foonda, holliree.
"Fuu duuniyaaru, limɗe e ko'e maaje mbaaway kolliree aayaaje, ɗe mbi'ee limooɗe; misaalu, ""5"" yo limoogal daraniingal limngal jowi."
Limuki e limɗe e ngaɗiree kuuɗe limle, ɓurɗum anndeeki woni ɓesduki, ittuki, sowuki, sennduki, e esponensiyason.
Gilsdorf, Thomas E. Fuɗɗoode nde Limle Aade: Hawti e Jannginol nder Otomiije e Inkas, John Wiley & Sons, Feb 24, 2012.Restivo, S. Limle nder Ummaatoore e Taariiha, Sipringa Kiimiiya & Luumooku Ɗate Caakol Habaru, Nov 30, 1992.
Sarde hitaande teemerre 19re, limlooɓe puɗɗi e mburtina kuuje feere ɗuuɗɗɓe ɗe ngi'ataake laatiiɗe e ngoodi goɗɗe goodane ɗe limɗe, kadin ɗe ngi'eteeɗe bano mburtinɗe numo.
Ɗatal taali walla numo nokkuure nde bote (bano nder nootason toɓɓere ɗum jaman), kokkuɗum keeri daranaaki limɗe ɗuuɗɗe.
Numo Brahmagupta ngo Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta yo deftere aranndeere innunde hownde yo limngal, gila nden Brahmagupta e hoositiree fuu arnnde to taguki numo hownde ngon.
Nder haaala nannduka-ka, Pāṇini (hitaande teemerre 5re BC) naftiri walaa (hownde) kuuwoowal nder Ashtadhyayi, misaalu aranndeejum ɗum nahawu aljebira ngu wolde Sanskirit (kadin raaru Pingala).
E 130 AD, Ptolemy, nde Hipparchus nasti-mo kadin Baabilooniyankooɓe, e naftira aaya ka 0 (taarde tokoyre e diidol yuunngol to dow) hakkunde ɗatal limngal ngal buttulijoweego'o to naa non naftira karfeeje limooɗe Girka.
Bi'ol Diophantus ƴaɓɓiingol yewtaama masin, yewtuɓe ngoni Indiyankeejo mo limle Brahmagupta, nder Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta nder 628, naftirɗo limɗe negatif wurtini nanndalla kan ka fuu ka foomula koodaatiri naftirteeka faa hannde.
To wakkatiire woore, sinuwa-en e kollira limɗe negatify diiduki ƴaral diyaagonal nasta nder nyaamo -fuu to dijit walaa hownde yaada e limngal jaadoowal e lomoogal poositif.
Limlooɓe asli Girkaaɓe e Indiyanko-en janngii numo limɗe jaɓaaɗe, dow yebre jannde fuu nde numo limngal.
Numo taƴe toɓɓere e ngo yaada haade e toɓɓe nokkuure -bote nootason; ɗiɗi ɗen nanndi bano sarde woore ɗe ummodii.
Fuu e non, Paytagorasɓe nuɗɗinii nder semmbe limɗe, kadin mbaawata njaɓa wonuki limɗe e ngalla nder hakkiilo.
E hitaande teemerre 17re, limlooɓe ɓurna fuu e naftira taƴe toɓɓe hawti e nootason jaman.
Nder 1872, wannginki narrae ɗen ɗe Karl Weierstrass (ngol pukaraajo maako E. Kossak), Eduard Heine, Georg Cantor, e Richard Dedekind wartiraama.
Weierstrass, Cantor, e Heine darnu narre maɓɓe dow tokkootire ɗe ngalaa keerol, nden Dedekind heɓi ɗum muuɗum dow anndal taƴoode (Schnitt) nder ɗatal limɗe ɗe goonga, sennduki fuu limɗe goonga ɗen cuuɗi ɗiɗi ngam e ɗe ngoodi goodane paamaaɗe.
Nde ni wartii doole ɗum raara jaajal setwol limɗe aljebira (fuu kuuɗe ɗe pottide ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire).
Aristotle firtii ko rona dow anndal Hirna ngal limoogal ngal walaa keerol.
Amma ko woni yeeso mawɗum nder narral ngal kanngal woni ngal Georg Cantor; nder 1895 o wanngini deftere dow narral maako kesal setwol, fuɗɗuki nder goɗɗe kuuje, limɗe yeeso keeri e hawtuki foomula sekooji numo tokkungo.
"Joomeetiri kesrin ndi jaman hokkira jomeetiri kaynoori, puɗɗu-ndi ""toɓɓe goonga to walaa keerol "", go'o dow kala nokkuure tiitol."
Seko ngo hollirki footooji ɗi limɗe sukkuɗe wurtake, fuu e non, ton arannde nde 1685, nder aljebira tiraktatus ka Wallis De.
Nder 240 BC, Eratostenes naftirii Siiwirgo ngo Eratosthenes ngam nder jaawal hennda limɗe piramje.
Wattamje goɗɗe dow hennduki piramje hawtii e seyda Eulerinke hawto ngo meemitiro ngo piramje cele, kadin hoositiro Goldbach , koosuɗum inke kala limngal potungal keewungal mawngal yo hawto piramje ɗiɗi.
Bano ko rona, tokkootiro limɗe puɗɗii hawti e 1 (0 hoosiraaka yo limngal to Girkanko-en Ndenno.)
Nder ɗatal nga'al ngal dunngal 10, dijitwol nyaamowol fuu ngol limngal anndaangal e woodi bote nokkuure nde 1, nden kala dijitwol fuu e woodi nokkuure bote sowanɗe sappo dow nokkuure bote nde dijitwol yahugo nyaamo maare.
Limɗe negatif ngoni ɓurna fuu mbinndira aaya negatif (aaya itta).
Ɗo'o harfere Z wari .
Taƴe mbaaway ɗuuɗana, ŋakkana , malla fottida e 1 e kadin waaway laatoo poositif, negatif, malla 0.
Cela binndi nga'al hakkilanay dow masin dow poositif limɗe goonga.
Ngam non, misaalu , senndere woni s 0.5, go'o dow jowi woni 0.2, go'o dow-sappowel woni 0.1, kadin go'o nder cappanɗe jowiwel woni 0.02.
Naa misaaluuji ɗi'i laaɓɗi amma bano ɓurna fuu limɗe ngoni naa hakkiilo e ngam non ngalaa tagdi puɗɗitotoondi e kadin walaa limngal nanndungal e ngal toɓɓere.
Nde ni naa tan digitwol ɗiɗaɓol ɓaawo nde toɓɓere nokkuure resaa, dijitji ɗi'i ngalaa saman.
Bano misaalu, 0.999..., 1.0, 1.00, 1.000, ..., ɗe fuu e ɗe ndaranii limngal anndaangal 1.
Ragare, to ni fuu dijitji nder limoogal ɗi 0, limngal ngal woni 0, kadin to yanuki digitji nder limoogal ɗi ɓoggel ngel heenyataa ngel 9ji, a waaway kudina joweenayiiji ɗin faade nyaamo nde nokkuure toɓɓere, kadin ɓesda go'o to ɓoggel 9ji faade nano nde nokkuure toɓɓere.
Ngam non limɗe goonga ɗen yo geɓe nder limɗe sukkuɗe.
Narral semmbiɗngal ngal ngal aljebi hollii inke limɗe sukkuɗe mbaɗii njayri aljebira keelaandi, maana kala fu ɗuuɗacoɓɓuliire woondunde koefficient sukkunde e woodi ɗaɗol nder limɗe sukkuɗe.
Piramji njanngaama masin ngol duuɓi 2000 kadin ɗe njaari ƴamɗe ɗuuɗɗe, goɗɗe tan mbaawi nooteeki.
Limɗe goonga ɗe ngalaa nder limɗe hakkiilo e inniree limɗe ɗe ngalana hakkiilo.
Limɗe limeteeɗe e ndarii darnde nde kuugal limngal boowaangal, hawti e limuki rutji ɗi ɗuuɗacoɓɓuliire, kadin ngam non waɗii njayri goonga keelaandi ndi ngoondundi limɗe aljebira ɗe goonga.
Daliila ngo'oota woni walaa algooritim ngol foonduki potootiral hakkunde limɗe ɗiɗi limotooɗe.
Ɗatal limngal ngal wattam muuɗum e dow dunngal ngale naftira to dijitji: kala dunngal fuu waɗoto, amma limnal piraymwal dunngal hokkay goodane limle ɓurduɗe fuu.
Nga'al ton e hokka tokkootiro ngo setwol, nde'e nga'al ɗo'o boo e hokka manngu maagal.
Darnde nde'e yamre waɗaylimɗe sukkuɗe ngarta yayre Kaatesiyanre, wi'eteende yayre sukkunde.
Limɗe sukkuɗe ɗen ɗe bote go'o kewɗe waɗa yunit tarde.
Nder doomen joojuki bouuli yaasi ɗin e ɗe kolliree noonde e laaɓal, no tokkootiri to bi'ol.
Kuugal dow gacce fuu ɗe ɗuuɗal coɓɓuliire darannde waddi narral semmbiɗngal ngal aljebira, ko hollata to woodi limɗe sukkuɗe, kuugal e ɗon faade kala pottidal ɗuuɗa coɓɓuliire lngal digiri go'o malla ko ɓuri.
Winndaande Wessel wanngii nder binndi kawral ngal Annduɓe Copenhagen amma hakkunde ɓurna ko maandaaka.
To ɓaawo ton winndooɓe arannde'en dow narral non kawtii e Richard Dedekind, Otto Hölder, Felix Klein, Henri Poincaré, Hermann Schwarz, Karl Weierstrass e woɓɓe.
Naftirki limɗe tammeteeɗe njaɓaakano masin maa kuugal Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) e Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855).
Intejaaje ngartii suudu ɓurdundu hootonnde famɗunde woondunde limɗe ɗe goonga.
Ɗum fuɗɗoode kala fuu kuuje ɗe darnde aljebira.
Juutal tiggaangal ngal inteja nannduɗe data hetaaka (malla geɓeeji goɗɗi) e ɗe maandiree int malla Inteja nder bolle puroogiraamaaje ɗuuɗɗe (bano Algol68, C, Java, Delphi, ekn.).
Ɗi'I yo ngoodane tabbinteeɗe ɗe limɗe ɗe hakkiilo e kadin ɗate limngal ngal darorde, e kadin ɗe naftirtaake bano pirti nder limle.
Nde ni coɓɓuli tatiire yo weeɗiinde, a = b).
Nde ni e nde fottidi, senndirki c e 2 hokkii intejaare.
Battindirki 4y2 for c2 nder pottidal aranndewal (c2 = 2b2) hokkay-en 4y2= 2b2.
Nde ni b2 woni pottidal, b doole laatoto e fottidi.
Fuu e non ɗu'um lurri e numo inke e ɗe ngoodaa faktooji nannduɗi.
Hippasus, fuu e non, manaama masin ngam tiiɗal maako: habaru go'o wi'i, o heɓtu keɓtol maako nde o wurtii to maayo, ngam non o paytagooraaɓe ɓe o wonnde ngerɓi-mo o yani dow laanawal “…ngam o waddii elementwol nder duuniyaaru geddungol…diina jogaaka dow jogaa nder duuniyaaru ngartirka duuniyaaru ndun limɗe keewuɗe e rasiyo maaje.”
Misaaalu, raaru senngo diggol: senngo ngo'o waaway feccee nder reeta, rreta kan feccee reeta, reeta nder reeta kan, nden tokka non.
Ɗu'um tan Zeno yiɗi tabbitina .
Nder ɓernɗe Girkanko-en, yedduki disproving goonga numo wonngo naa doole tabbitina goonga numo wonngo, kadin ngam non lincituki doole waɗee.
Manggu fii “…naa ɗum limngal amma ɗum dari dow pecce bano taƴe diggol, coɓɓuli, ɗuuɗal njayri, deeɗi, e kadin wakkatiire laatotooɗe e peerootiri, bano no bi'eten, doogaaki.
Ngam boo walla bote ɗuuɗuɗe ɗe bote kokka mannguuji, Eudoxus waawii tabbitinii ngam ɗiɗi kewtuɗi e ɗi kewtaayi to rasiyo faa laawol firtuki rasiyo dow darnde manngu maago, e ɗuuɗal dow fottiduki hakkunde rasiyooji ɗiɗi.
Nde'e nde yaadataa hollaama nder Elemenji Euclid, Deftere X, Puroopoosison 9.
Goonga ni, nder kuuje numooji aljebira naɗana goɗɗi foomulaaji nder haalaaji joomitiri.
Faamuki goɗɗi numooji anndaaɗi hakkunde narral tawaangal to nyeeri hawti goonga ko dooli lincito hewngo kadinlaaɓungo ngo akjiyomji e sekooji gonɗi les narral ngal ɗon.
"Fuu e non, taariihiijo Carl Benjamin Boyer winndii wi'i ""bi'ooji bano ɗin ɗon ɗi mburtinaaka to yaasi boɗɗum kadin caɗum ɗi laatoo goonga""."
Limlooɓe bano Brahmagupta (nder 628 AD) e Bhāskara I (nder 629 AD) mballii nder yayre nde'e non no woɓɓe limlooɓe tokkuɓe.
Hitaande 1872 hollii bannginol narre Karl Weierstrass (ngol pukaraajo maako Ernst Kossak), Eduard Heine Jornal Krelle, 74), Georg Cantor (Annalen, 5), e Richard Dedekind.
Weierstrass, Cantor, e Heine tiggu narre maɓɓe tokkite ɗe ngalaa keerol, nden Dedekind heɓti ɗum muuɗum dow numo ngo ƴaral (Schnitt) nder ɗatal ngal fuu limɗe ɗe ɗe goonga sennduki-ɗe cuuɗi ɗiɗi wooduki goodane goɗɗe tagle.
Dirichlet kadin ɓesdii dow bi'ol non ngol narral, bano ko woɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe mballiri faade kuuwitinirɗe ɗe hollitirde.
ɗu'um semmbiɗinii inke kala intejaare fuu e woodi faktoraaku feere yaago piramje.
Ngam holla ɗu'um, hoositir en cendirii intejaaje n e m (to m woni naaa hownde).
To 0 meeɗaa waɗuki, nden kam algooritim waaway doggira ko ɓurataa m − 1 jaaɓɗe naa e naftirki horaano wonngo ko ɓutaa nde go'o.
"Nder limle , limɗe goonga ɗen ngoni ɗen ɗon naftirteeɗe nder limuki (bano nder ""e woodi jamɗejoweego'o dow teeburwal"") kadin tokkootiro ngon (bano nder ""nde'e woni galluure tatɓre ɓunde nder lesdi ndi'i"")."
Ɗe'e jokke ɗe pooɗol waɗi limɗe goonga ɗe fuɗɗoode gonɗe e saawii nder (heɓtaama) nder ɗate limngal goɗɗe.
Maɓɓitol yeeso aranndewol nder ko yi'ataake wonnoo naftirki limooɗe darorde limɗe.
